毛乌素沙地油蒿群落土壤水分分布与动态
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摘要
地处农牧交错带的毛乌素沙地是我国北方重要的生态屏障。油蒿(Artemisia ordosicaKrasch)是毛乌素沙地最重要的建群植物之一，其群落面积约占沙区总面积的31.2%，是毛乌素沙地面积最大的群落类型。油蒿具有耐旱、耐沙埋、耐贫瘠、抗风蚀、易繁殖等特性，在维持毛乌素沙地生态系统稳定中起着重要作用。在毛乌素沙地，油蒿群落经历着从流动沙地先锋物种阶段——半固定沙地稀疏阶段——固定沙地建成阶段——老固定沙地退化阶段——流动沙地，这样一个循环演替的过程。已有的研究认为土壤水分是驱动油蒿群落演替的重要因素，然而目前对毛乌素沙地油蒿群落土壤水分的研究多是定时、定点取样，数据量少，且缺少连续性，无法反映土壤水分动态。本研究通过对固定、半固定和流动沙地上分别处于建成阶段、稀疏阶段和先锋物种阶段的油蒿群落土壤水分长期连续监测，分析不同固定程度油蒿群落土壤水分特征、降水对土壤水分的补给状况、生物结皮对降水再分配过程的影响；同时结合油蒿的生理生态特征，深入探讨土壤水分在油蒿群落演替过程中的作用，以期为毛乌素沙地植被的合理保护提供科学依据。主要研究结论如下：
1.3种样地土壤水分均存在时间和空间上差异，流动沙地各层土壤含水率均显著高于固定和半固定沙地；土壤含水率受降水影响较大，降水量大小是影响土壤水分补给深度的重要因素，小于10mm的降水主要被表层土壤吸收，10～20mm的降水对土壤水分的补给深度超过30cm，不及60cm，大于30mm而小于40mm的降水补给深度大于60cm，但不及100cm；30cm及其上层土壤水分波动剧烈，60cm处土壤水分主要受大于20mm降水事件影响，波动较小，100cm以下土壤水分只受较大降水事件的影响，土壤含水率较稳定；降水补给深度及植被根系需水的层次差异是导致3种样地土壤水分时间和空间上异质性的重要因素。
2.水分是干旱、半干旱区生态系统中最重要的限制因子，而根系是植物吸收水分的重要器官。固定、半固定和流动沙地油蒿根系均以粗根最多，中粗根次之，细根最少，且随着土层深度的增加，3种级别的根量均呈指数递减；固定、半固定和流动沙地0~40cm范围内细根所占比重分别为：79.11%、74.71%和53.23%，固定和半固定沙地油蒿植株主要利用0~40cm范围内的土壤水分，而流动沙地油蒿植株能更多地利用40cm以下土层中的水分。3种样地油蒿的叶水势均在日出前5：00最高，中午13:00左右达到最低值，此后随着太阳高度角的降低，叶水势又逐渐开始升高；油蒿叶水势变化主要受大气温度和光合有效辐射强度的影响；中午13:00以前3种样地油蒿叶水势的基本情况是流动沙地>半固定沙地>固定沙地，而15：00-17:00这段时间3种油蒿叶水势与中午相反，这主要是由不同固定程度沙地上油蒿植株的年龄差异及浅层土壤水分的差异导致的。
3.毛乌素沙地油蒿群落中固定沙地生物结皮平均盖度为83.74%，半固定沙地生物结皮平均盖度为23.54%，固定沙地中苔藓、地衣和澡类结皮所占比例分别为28%、21%和51%，半固定沙地中苔藓、地衣和藻类结皮所占比例分别为6.3%、2.5%和91.2%；油蒿群落中半固定沙地生物结皮绝大部分是处于初期发育阶段的澡类结皮，而固定沙地苔藓和地衣结皮所占比例接近总盖度的一半。无论降水量大小，相同深度有结皮覆盖处(BSC)土壤水分的响应时间均显著大于无结皮覆盖处(NBSC)，且同一降水事件下，BSC的初始入渗系数和平均入渗系数均显著低于NBSC，说明生物结皮的存在阻碍降水入渗，在小降水事件时这种阻碍作用表现的更为明显；油蒿的吸收根主要分布在40cm以上土层中，主要利用这个层次内的土壤水分，而生物结皮的发育对小于20mm的降水事件具有较强的阻碍作用，在研究区降水事件以小于20mm降水为主的情况下，导致40cm以上土层水分恶化，久之将导致固定沙地油蒿群落的衰退；同时研究区降水格局的改变将对土壤水分及植被演替产生重要影响。
Mu Us sandy land is an important ecological barrier in Northern China. Artemisiaordosica is the dominant species in Mu Us sandy land, which covers31.2%of the total area.With tolerance to drought, sand buried, resistance to barren and wind erosion, and easybreeding, A. ordosica plays an important role in maintaining the local ecosystem stability. Thesuccession of A. ordosica community in Mu Us sandy land experiences the following stages:pioneer stage in shifting sand dunes--sparse stage in semi-fixed sand dunes--build phase infixed sand dunes--degradation stage in old fixed sand dunes--shifting sand dunes. Previousstudies considered that soil moisture was an important factor which driving the cyclesuccession of A. ordosica community. However, at present, most of the researches on soilmoisture in Mu Us sandy land were timing, fixed-point sampling, the dates were little and lackof continuity, which couldn’t reflect the dynamic of soil moisture. In this experiment weobserved the soil moisture of A. ordosica community of pioneer stage in shifting sand dunes,sparse stage in semi-fixed sand dunes and build stage in fixed sand dunes with a long-termcontinuous monitoring, analyzed the characteristics of soil moisture of different successionstages of A.ordosica community, supplied conditions of precipitation to soil moisture and theredistribution of biological soil crust (BSC) to precipitation; At the same time combined thephysiological and ecological characteristics of A. ordosica, in order to better understand therole of soil moisture in the succession process of A. ordosica community in Mu Us sandy land,which could provide a scientific and reasonable way for local government to rebuild vegetationin Mu Us sandy land. The main conclusions can be drawn as follows:
1. There were horizontal and vertical difference of soil moisture with all of the three kindsof samples, soil moisture of shifting sand dunes in every layer were significantly higher thanthe fixed and semi-fixed sand dunes; soil moisture was mainly influenced by rainfall, the depthof infiltration was determined by the amount of rainfall, most of less than10mm rainfalls wereabsorbed by top soil while10-20mm rainfall could infiltration deeper than30cm, the rainfall more than30mm and less than40mm could reach depth more than60cm but less than100cm;soil moisture less than30cm was dramatically, but soil moisture at60cm was less dramaticallywhich was mainly affected by rainfall events more than30mm, soil moisture at100cm and160cm were stability which almost not affected by rainfall; the heterogeneity of soil moisturebetween fixed, semi-fixed and shifting sand dunes was mainly caused by the differences ofinfiltration depth of rainfall and roots distribution of vegetation.
2. Water is the most important limited factor in the arid and semi-arid ecosystems, whileroots are the important organs for plant to uptake soil moisture. In the three kinds ofsand-dunes, the most A. ordosica roots were all coarse roots, followed by medium-coarse rootsand fine roots, and the three kinds of roots biomass were all exponential-like decreased withthe increase of soil depth. The proportion of fine roots range of0~40cm in the fixed,semi-fixed and drifting sand-dunes were79.11%,74.71%and53.23%, respectively. A.ordosicain the fixed, semi-fixed sand-dunes mainly uses the0~40cm soil moisture while A. ordosica inthe drifting sand-dunes could use more soil moisture below40cm. The leaf water potential ofA. ordosica in all of the three kinds of samples had the peak value at5:00, then decreasing withthe augmentation of the of the solar radiation intensity, reaching the lowest value around13:00,after that, the leaf water potential gradually began to rise again with the decreasing of the angleof the sun; the correlation analysis showed that the leaf water potential of A. ordosica had anegative correlation to the air temperature and the photosynthetic available radiation, but therewere no significant correlation with atmospheric relative humidity and soil moisture; the basictrend of leaf water potential of A. ordosica in the three kind of sample were in the followingorder: shifting sand dune> semi-fixed sand dune> fixed sand dune, but the trend wereopposite between15:00-17:00, which were mainly caused by age difference of A.ordosica andthe shallow soil moisture.
3. The BSC coverage was83.74%on average in fixed sand dunes, and in semi-fixed sanddunes the BSC cover was23.54%on average. The distribution proportion of mosses, lichensand alga dominated BSC were28%,21%and51%in fixed sand dunes, and6.3%,2.5%and91.2%in semi-fixed sand dunes, respectively. Most of the BSC in semi-fixed sand dunes was alga crust which belongs to the initial developmental stage. The development of BSC inA.ordosica communities could significantly improve the soil physicochemical properties andaffect the redistribution process of precipitation. Regardless of precipitation size, the responsetimes of BSC were significantly greater than NBSC at the same depth, the initial infiltrationcoefficient and the mean infiltration coefficient of BSC were all significantly lower than NBSCat the same precipitation, which means the presence of BSC hindered the infiltration ofprecipitation, this situation was more obviously in small precipitations; most of the absorbingroots of A. ordosica were within the40cm soil, primarily take advantage of soil water in thislevel, but the development of biological soil crust seriously impediment the less than20mmprecipitations, which is the most common precipitation events, that would resulting in thedeterioration of soil moisture within40cm, and led to the recession of A.ordosica in the fixedsand dunes in a long time; at the same time, the change of precipitation pattern could have animportant impact on soil moisture and vegetation succession.
1.3种样地土壤水分均存在时间和空间上差异，流动沙地各层土壤含水率均显著高于固定和半固定沙地；土壤含水率受降水影响较大，降水量大小是影响土壤水分补给深度的重要因素，小于10mm的降水主要被表层土壤吸收，10～20mm的降水对土壤水分的补给深度超过30cm，不及60cm，大于30mm而小于40mm的降水补给深度大于60cm，但不及100cm；30cm及其上层土壤水分波动剧烈，60cm处土壤水分主要受大于20mm降水事件影响，波动较小，100cm以下土壤水分只受较大降水事件的影响，土壤含水率较稳定；降水补给深度及植被根系需水的层次差异是导致3种样地土壤水分时间和空间上异质性的重要因素。
2.水分是干旱、半干旱区生态系统中最重要的限制因子，而根系是植物吸收水分的重要器官。固定、半固定和流动沙地油蒿根系均以粗根最多，中粗根次之，细根最少，且随着土层深度的增加，3种级别的根量均呈指数递减；固定、半固定和流动沙地0~40cm范围内细根所占比重分别为：79.11%、74.71%和53.23%，固定和半固定沙地油蒿植株主要利用0~40cm范围内的土壤水分，而流动沙地油蒿植株能更多地利用40cm以下土层中的水分。3种样地油蒿的叶水势均在日出前5：00最高，中午13:00左右达到最低值，此后随着太阳高度角的降低，叶水势又逐渐开始升高；油蒿叶水势变化主要受大气温度和光合有效辐射强度的影响；中午13:00以前3种样地油蒿叶水势的基本情况是流动沙地>半固定沙地>固定沙地，而15：00-17:00这段时间3种油蒿叶水势与中午相反，这主要是由不同固定程度沙地上油蒿植株的年龄差异及浅层土壤水分的差异导致的。
3.毛乌素沙地油蒿群落中固定沙地生物结皮平均盖度为83.74%，半固定沙地生物结皮平均盖度为23.54%，固定沙地中苔藓、地衣和澡类结皮所占比例分别为28%、21%和51%，半固定沙地中苔藓、地衣和藻类结皮所占比例分别为6.3%、2.5%和91.2%；油蒿群落中半固定沙地生物结皮绝大部分是处于初期发育阶段的澡类结皮，而固定沙地苔藓和地衣结皮所占比例接近总盖度的一半。无论降水量大小，相同深度有结皮覆盖处(BSC)土壤水分的响应时间均显著大于无结皮覆盖处(NBSC)，且同一降水事件下，BSC的初始入渗系数和平均入渗系数均显著低于NBSC，说明生物结皮的存在阻碍降水入渗，在小降水事件时这种阻碍作用表现的更为明显；油蒿的吸收根主要分布在40cm以上土层中，主要利用这个层次内的土壤水分，而生物结皮的发育对小于20mm的降水事件具有较强的阻碍作用，在研究区降水事件以小于20mm降水为主的情况下，导致40cm以上土层水分恶化，久之将导致固定沙地油蒿群落的衰退；同时研究区降水格局的改变将对土壤水分及植被演替产生重要影响。
Mu Us sandy land is an important ecological barrier in Northern China. Artemisiaordosica is the dominant species in Mu Us sandy land, which covers31.2%of the total area.With tolerance to drought, sand buried, resistance to barren and wind erosion, and easybreeding, A. ordosica plays an important role in maintaining the local ecosystem stability. Thesuccession of A. ordosica community in Mu Us sandy land experiences the following stages:pioneer stage in shifting sand dunes--sparse stage in semi-fixed sand dunes--build phase infixed sand dunes--degradation stage in old fixed sand dunes--shifting sand dunes. Previousstudies considered that soil moisture was an important factor which driving the cyclesuccession of A. ordosica community. However, at present, most of the researches on soilmoisture in Mu Us sandy land were timing, fixed-point sampling, the dates were little and lackof continuity, which couldn’t reflect the dynamic of soil moisture. In this experiment weobserved the soil moisture of A. ordosica community of pioneer stage in shifting sand dunes,sparse stage in semi-fixed sand dunes and build stage in fixed sand dunes with a long-termcontinuous monitoring, analyzed the characteristics of soil moisture of different successionstages of A.ordosica community, supplied conditions of precipitation to soil moisture and theredistribution of biological soil crust (BSC) to precipitation; At the same time combined thephysiological and ecological characteristics of A. ordosica, in order to better understand therole of soil moisture in the succession process of A. ordosica community in Mu Us sandy land,which could provide a scientific and reasonable way for local government to rebuild vegetationin Mu Us sandy land. The main conclusions can be drawn as follows:
1. There were horizontal and vertical difference of soil moisture with all of the three kindsof samples, soil moisture of shifting sand dunes in every layer were significantly higher thanthe fixed and semi-fixed sand dunes; soil moisture was mainly influenced by rainfall, the depthof infiltration was determined by the amount of rainfall, most of less than10mm rainfalls wereabsorbed by top soil while10-20mm rainfall could infiltration deeper than30cm, the rainfall more than30mm and less than40mm could reach depth more than60cm but less than100cm;soil moisture less than30cm was dramatically, but soil moisture at60cm was less dramaticallywhich was mainly affected by rainfall events more than30mm, soil moisture at100cm and160cm were stability which almost not affected by rainfall; the heterogeneity of soil moisturebetween fixed, semi-fixed and shifting sand dunes was mainly caused by the differences ofinfiltration depth of rainfall and roots distribution of vegetation.
2. Water is the most important limited factor in the arid and semi-arid ecosystems, whileroots are the important organs for plant to uptake soil moisture. In the three kinds ofsand-dunes, the most A. ordosica roots were all coarse roots, followed by medium-coarse rootsand fine roots, and the three kinds of roots biomass were all exponential-like decreased withthe increase of soil depth. The proportion of fine roots range of0~40cm in the fixed,semi-fixed and drifting sand-dunes were79.11%,74.71%and53.23%, respectively. A.ordosicain the fixed, semi-fixed sand-dunes mainly uses the0~40cm soil moisture while A. ordosica inthe drifting sand-dunes could use more soil moisture below40cm. The leaf water potential ofA. ordosica in all of the three kinds of samples had the peak value at5:00, then decreasing withthe augmentation of the of the solar radiation intensity, reaching the lowest value around13:00,after that, the leaf water potential gradually began to rise again with the decreasing of the angleof the sun; the correlation analysis showed that the leaf water potential of A. ordosica had anegative correlation to the air temperature and the photosynthetic available radiation, but therewere no significant correlation with atmospheric relative humidity and soil moisture; the basictrend of leaf water potential of A. ordosica in the three kind of sample were in the followingorder: shifting sand dune> semi-fixed sand dune> fixed sand dune, but the trend wereopposite between15:00-17:00, which were mainly caused by age difference of A.ordosica andthe shallow soil moisture.
3. The BSC coverage was83.74%on average in fixed sand dunes, and in semi-fixed sanddunes the BSC cover was23.54%on average. The distribution proportion of mosses, lichensand alga dominated BSC were28%,21%and51%in fixed sand dunes, and6.3%,2.5%and91.2%in semi-fixed sand dunes, respectively. Most of the BSC in semi-fixed sand dunes was alga crust which belongs to the initial developmental stage. The development of BSC inA.ordosica communities could significantly improve the soil physicochemical properties andaffect the redistribution process of precipitation. Regardless of precipitation size, the responsetimes of BSC were significantly greater than NBSC at the same depth, the initial infiltrationcoefficient and the mean infiltration coefficient of BSC were all significantly lower than NBSCat the same precipitation, which means the presence of BSC hindered the infiltration ofprecipitation, this situation was more obviously in small precipitations; most of the absorbingroots of A. ordosica were within the40cm soil, primarily take advantage of soil water in thislevel, but the development of biological soil crust seriously impediment the less than20mmprecipitations, which is the most common precipitation events, that would resulting in thedeterioration of soil moisture within40cm, and led to the recession of A.ordosica in the fixedsand dunes in a long time; at the same time, the change of precipitation pattern could have animportant impact on soil moisture and vegetation succession.
引文
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