牵张成骨中交感神经调控骨髓间充质干细胞动员与迁移的研究
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摘要
牵张成骨技术（DO）已经成为治疗颌骨畸形或缺损的重要方法，但成骨机制尚不清楚。DO中骨髓间充质干细胞（MSCs）首先要脱离干细胞龛才能向成骨方向分化，因此MSCs的动员是骨再生的先决调节。已知MSCs属血管周细胞的一个亚群，受血管内皮干细胞龛的控制，而交感神经在骨的代谢中起着非常重要的作用，交感神经能反向调控骨再生，且多伴行于血管分布，因此我们推测交感神经对MSCs动员及迁移有一定的调控作用，目前尚未见相关报道。本研究在大鼠下颌骨牵张成骨复合颈交感干离断模型的基础上，进一步探讨交感神经在牵张应力下调控MSCs动员的分子机理，揭示DO的骨再生机制提供重要的实验依据，为临床上改进DO技术提供更全面的理论支持。本文分为6个部分：
1SD大鼠下颌骨交感神经与干细胞分布关系的研究
目的：检测SD大鼠下颌骨交感神经分布与干细胞龛的关系。方法：SD成年雄性大鼠2只处死，取双侧下颌骨，对交感神经纤维标志物TH及MSCs标志物Nestin的表达进行检测。结果：免疫组化染色显示，大鼠下颌骨TH/Nestin表达分布关系密切，且交感神经纤维与血管伴行。结论：大鼠下颌骨交感神经与MSCs关系密切，为下一步研究提供了解剖学依据。
2大鼠下颌骨牵张成骨复合颈交感干神经离断术模型的建立
目的：建立大鼠下颌骨牵张成骨复合颈交感干神经离断术模型。方法：SD成年雄性大鼠6只，分两组，实验组全麻下先行双侧颈交感干离断术，后行右侧下颌骨外置式牵张器植入术，对照组仅行右侧下颌骨外置式牵张器植入术。术后观察大鼠霍纳征眼部表现；固定期2周处死，行离断神经节组织学检测及下颌骨标本牵张区的大体观察和组织切片HE染色。结果：6只大鼠均耐受手术，实验组出现双侧霍纳征，对照组正常；牵张器固定良好，两组右侧下颌骨均被成骨延长，平均长度为3.4mm，达预期长度85%，HE染色示两组牵张间隙均出现新生骨小梁，但颈交感干离断组骨小梁数量更多且更加致密。结论：大鼠下颌骨牵张成骨复合颈交感干神经离断术模型具有良好的可行性与重复性，适合牵张成骨中相关分子机制的研究。
3断颈交感神经干大鼠DO中牵张区NE/adrb3的表达及其与MSCs动员关系的研究
目的：检测断颈交感神经干后牵张区NE/adrb3、Nestin的表达情况，并分析其中的关联性。方法：SD成年雄性大鼠20只，分四组（n=5），实验组行右侧下颌骨牵张器植入术复合颈交感神经干离断书，对照组行右侧下颌骨牵张器植入术，分别于牵张期开始和牵张期结束处死并取材，行免疫组化检测。结果：NE/adrb3主要于表达血管周，与对照组相比，断交感神经后NE/adrb3随着时间延长，表达逐渐减弱，到牵张期结束已无明显表达；实验组Nestin在牵张期开始及结束时，均广泛表达于成骨基质和血管周，且主要集中于成骨基质，而对照组Nestin主要表达于血管周。结论：DO中交感神经通过NE/adrb3反向调控MSCs动员及向成骨基质迁移。
4断颈交感神经干大鼠DO中牵张区SDF-1表达的研究
目的：检测断颈交感神经干后牵张区SDF-1的表达情况。方法：SD成年雄性大鼠30只，分6组（n=5），实验组行右侧下颌骨牵张器植入术复合颈交感神经干离断书，对照组行右侧下颌骨牵张器植入术，分别于牵张期结束、固定期2周及固定期4周处死并取材，行免疫荧光检测。结果：免疫荧光显示，DO+TCST组在各个时间段，牵张区成骨基质或骨小梁SDF-1表达都明显高于血管周，且血管周SDF-1表达百分比要明显低于DO组；DO组从固定期2周开始，骨小梁周与血管周SDF-1表达已无明显差异。结论TCST能使牵张区SDF-1形成从血管周到成骨基质由低到高浓度梯度。
5大鼠下颌骨MSCs的分离培养及相关受体的表达的鉴定
目的：组织块消化贴壁筛选法分离培养大鼠下颌骨MSCs，并鉴定表面受体Nestin、adrb3及CXCR4的表达。方法：组织块消化法培养大鼠下颌骨MSCs，进行生长曲线测定及干细胞表面标志流式细胞术鉴定；成骨、成脂诱导分化；Nestin/adrb3、CXCR4细胞免疫组化检测。结果：大鼠下颌骨MSCs流式细胞术鉴定其细胞表面标志物特征为CD29、CD44、CD90阳性，CD34和CD45阴性；在体外可大量扩增，符合典型的MSCs形态特征及生长增殖规律；细胞表面表达Nestin、adrb3及CXCR4。结论：培养的大鼠下颌骨MSCs具有自我更新和多向分化能力，为NE和SDF-1的靶细胞，能为后续实验提供可靠的MSCs和实验依据。
6NE对大鼠下颌骨MSCs增殖、分化及迁移影响的研究
目的：检测NE对大鼠颌骨MSCs增殖、分化及迁移的影响。方法：分别将10-7mol/L NE共培养MSCs与常规培养MSCs，进行细胞倍增指数、Brdu标记法检测及成骨诱导分化。Transwell迁移小室模型中，上室分别加入200μL含浓度为10-7mol/L NE或不含NE的GFP-MSCs（5×10~5/ml）单细胞悬液，下室加入200μL含SDF-1α（25ng/mL）的DMEM培养液，培养12小时后计数迁移细胞。结果：10-7mol/L NE共培养MSCs其细胞倍增数、BrdU阳性细胞百分比、矿化结节均少于对照组。含10-7mol/L NE组迁移细胞数量明显低于对照组，具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论：NE负向调控MSCs增殖及分化能力，并抑制MSCs在SDF-1诱导下的迁移能力。
Distraction osteogenesis (DO) has been widely used to regenerate bone tissues fordeformities, defects and fractures in long bones and maxillofacial bones.However, itremains largely unknown on the osteogenic mechanisms during DO and the efficiency ofDO awaits improvement. In order to differentiate into osteoblasts, mesenchymal stemcells (MSCs) are needed to migrate from their stem cell niches to bone-forming sites.Therefore, MSC mobilization is prerequisite to the bone formation in DO. It has beendemonstrated that MSCs are a subset of perivascular cells, and sympathetic nervoussystem (SNS) profusely innervate skeletal system and regulate the bone formation andresorption. Therefore, it is very likely that sympathetic nerves contribute to the perivascular stem cell niche for MSCs to reside in the bone marrow. The aim of thisstudy was to investigate the mechanism of effect of sympathetic denervation on MSCsmobilization and migration in rat mandibular DO. Six parts were included in this study:
1Sympathic innervation and MSCs distribution in SD rat mandible
Objective: To determine the sympathic innervation and MSCs ditribution in SD ratmandible. Methods: Normal mandibles of2adult male Sprague-dawley (SD) rats wereused in Immunofluorescence assay for staining of sympathetic fiber marker TH and MSCsmarker Nestin. Results: Nestin+cells were abundant in perivascular regions andsympathetic fiber marker TH staining was intense along blood vessels. Conclusion:Mandibular bone morrow MSCs were confined by sympathetic nerves under normalcircumstance. This provide the foundation for following study.
2Rat unilateral mandibular DO with transection of cervical sympathetictrunk (TCST) model
Objective: Establishment of rat unilateral mandibular DO combined with transectionof cervical sympathetic trunk model. Methods:6adult male SD rats were devided into2equal groups(n=3) as DO group and DO+TCST group. DO group only received the rightmandibular distractor implantation surgery. DO+TCST group underwent the rightmandibular distractor implantation surgery and bilateral TCST operation. Rats cervicalsympathetic ganglia of DO+TCST group were resected and underwent histologicalobservation. Sympathetic denervation was confirmed by observation of Horner’ssyndrome and HE stain of ganglia. Rats were sacrificed at consolidation time of4weeks,the new regenerated tissues were harvested for general observation and histomorphometricassay. Results: After surgery, DO+TCST group rats showed classic Horner’s syndrome,and the ganglia HE staining was consistent with typical neurohistology character. Theright mandibles of all6rats were lengthened successfully. The average length of disractionwas3.4mm, which was85%of the prospective length. HE staining indicated that theregenerated tissue was similar with normal bone at the4weeks of consolidation time in both groups, but the DO+TCST group showed more volume and quality bone trabeculae.Conclusion: This rat model is reliable for further molecular study.
3Effect of sympathetic denervation on alternation of NE/adrb3expre-ssion and MSCs distribution in rat DO medol
Objective: To determine the alternation of NE/adrb3, Nestin expression in rat medol.Methods: According to intervention and time point,20adult male SD rats were devidedinto4equal groups(n=5) respectively. The right mandibles and the distraction zonespecimens were harvested for immunohistochemistry assays at specific time point.Results: The expression of NE was hardly found, and very little adrb3expression wasobserved around the blood vessel in TCST group, but the expression of NE and adrb3wasabundant in the control group; the Nestin+MSCs were abundant and mainly distrubuted incallus matrix in TCST group, whereas that Nestin+MSCs were mainly located adjacentto perivascular region in the control group. Conclusion: TCST depleted sympatheticmediator NE and its receptor adrb3in distraction zone; Nestin+MSCs have highertendency of migration from perivascular region to callus matrix under distraction stressafter TCST in vivo.
4The expression of SDF-1/CXCR4in rat mandibular DO+TCST model
Objective: To examine the alternation of SDF-1/CXCR4expression in theregenerated tissue during DO after TCST. Methods: According to intervention and timepoint,30adult male SD rats were devided into6equal groups(n=5) respectively. The rightmandibles and the distraction zone specimens were harvested for immunohistochemistryassays at specific time point. Results: The expression of SDF-1in osteogenic zone wassignificantly higher than that in perivas-cular region in DO+TCST groups. The percentageof perivascular region SDF-1expression in DO+TCST groups were apparently lower thanthat in DO groups. Conclusion: SDF-1emerged low-to-high concentration gradient fromperivascular region to callus matrix after TCST.
5Isolation, culture and identification of jaw bone marrow mesenchymalstem cells(MSCs) in vitro
Objective: To isolate and characterize rat jaw bone marrow MSCs and verify theexpression of Nestin, adrb3and CXCR4. Methods: The rat jaw bone marrow MSCs werecultured by tissue enzymatic digestion-adherent explants method. The morphological andgrowth characteristics of cells were observed, cell surface markers expression wereidentified by flow cytometry, and osteogenic, adipogenic differentiations were induced.Nestin, adrb3and CXCR4expression were detected by immunohistochemistry. Results:The cultured cells can proliferate rapidly in vitro, and can differentiate into osteoblasts andadipocytes under special conditions. Flow cytometry confirmed that cell surface markersCD34(-), CD45(-), CD29(+), CD44(+) and CD90(+). The cell surface expression Nestin,adrb3and CXCR4. Conclusion: The cells obtained from jaw bone are multipotentialMSCs and target cells of NE and SDF-1.
6Effect of NE on MSCs proliferation, differentiationand migration in vitro
Objective: To determine effect of NE on MSCs proliferation, differentiation andmigration in vitro. Methods: The rat jaw bone marrow MSCs were cultured with10-7mol/L NE or without. Population Doubling (PD) assay, BrdU incorporation assay andOsteogenic assay were performed. Migration was assayed using a24-well transwell inpolycarbonate porous membrane insert (pore diameter of8um). GFP-MSCsat a densityof5×10~5cells/ml each with NE10-7mol/L DMEM or without, were placed in the upperchamber. The lower chamber contained a concentration of25ng/ml SDF-1in600ul ofmedium. Following12h of incubation, the migrated MSCs were counted. Results: PD,BrdU+cells%and mineralized area%of NE10-7mol/L co-cultured MSCs were lowerthan non-NE co-cultured MSCs. The number of migrated GFP-MSCs in10-7mol/L NEtreatment group were markedly decreased. Conclusion: NE can negatively modulateMSCs proliferation and differentiation, and inhibit MSC migration in vitro.
1SD大鼠下颌骨交感神经与干细胞分布关系的研究
目的：检测SD大鼠下颌骨交感神经分布与干细胞龛的关系。方法：SD成年雄性大鼠2只处死，取双侧下颌骨，对交感神经纤维标志物TH及MSCs标志物Nestin的表达进行检测。结果：免疫组化染色显示，大鼠下颌骨TH/Nestin表达分布关系密切，且交感神经纤维与血管伴行。结论：大鼠下颌骨交感神经与MSCs关系密切，为下一步研究提供了解剖学依据。
2大鼠下颌骨牵张成骨复合颈交感干神经离断术模型的建立
目的：建立大鼠下颌骨牵张成骨复合颈交感干神经离断术模型。方法：SD成年雄性大鼠6只，分两组，实验组全麻下先行双侧颈交感干离断术，后行右侧下颌骨外置式牵张器植入术，对照组仅行右侧下颌骨外置式牵张器植入术。术后观察大鼠霍纳征眼部表现；固定期2周处死，行离断神经节组织学检测及下颌骨标本牵张区的大体观察和组织切片HE染色。结果：6只大鼠均耐受手术，实验组出现双侧霍纳征，对照组正常；牵张器固定良好，两组右侧下颌骨均被成骨延长，平均长度为3.4mm，达预期长度85%，HE染色示两组牵张间隙均出现新生骨小梁，但颈交感干离断组骨小梁数量更多且更加致密。结论：大鼠下颌骨牵张成骨复合颈交感干神经离断术模型具有良好的可行性与重复性，适合牵张成骨中相关分子机制的研究。
3断颈交感神经干大鼠DO中牵张区NE/adrb3的表达及其与MSCs动员关系的研究
目的：检测断颈交感神经干后牵张区NE/adrb3、Nestin的表达情况，并分析其中的关联性。方法：SD成年雄性大鼠20只，分四组（n=5），实验组行右侧下颌骨牵张器植入术复合颈交感神经干离断书，对照组行右侧下颌骨牵张器植入术，分别于牵张期开始和牵张期结束处死并取材，行免疫组化检测。结果：NE/adrb3主要于表达血管周，与对照组相比，断交感神经后NE/adrb3随着时间延长，表达逐渐减弱，到牵张期结束已无明显表达；实验组Nestin在牵张期开始及结束时，均广泛表达于成骨基质和血管周，且主要集中于成骨基质，而对照组Nestin主要表达于血管周。结论：DO中交感神经通过NE/adrb3反向调控MSCs动员及向成骨基质迁移。
4断颈交感神经干大鼠DO中牵张区SDF-1表达的研究
目的：检测断颈交感神经干后牵张区SDF-1的表达情况。方法：SD成年雄性大鼠30只，分6组（n=5），实验组行右侧下颌骨牵张器植入术复合颈交感神经干离断书，对照组行右侧下颌骨牵张器植入术，分别于牵张期结束、固定期2周及固定期4周处死并取材，行免疫荧光检测。结果：免疫荧光显示，DO+TCST组在各个时间段，牵张区成骨基质或骨小梁SDF-1表达都明显高于血管周，且血管周SDF-1表达百分比要明显低于DO组；DO组从固定期2周开始，骨小梁周与血管周SDF-1表达已无明显差异。结论TCST能使牵张区SDF-1形成从血管周到成骨基质由低到高浓度梯度。
5大鼠下颌骨MSCs的分离培养及相关受体的表达的鉴定
目的：组织块消化贴壁筛选法分离培养大鼠下颌骨MSCs，并鉴定表面受体Nestin、adrb3及CXCR4的表达。方法：组织块消化法培养大鼠下颌骨MSCs，进行生长曲线测定及干细胞表面标志流式细胞术鉴定；成骨、成脂诱导分化；Nestin/adrb3、CXCR4细胞免疫组化检测。结果：大鼠下颌骨MSCs流式细胞术鉴定其细胞表面标志物特征为CD29、CD44、CD90阳性，CD34和CD45阴性；在体外可大量扩增，符合典型的MSCs形态特征及生长增殖规律；细胞表面表达Nestin、adrb3及CXCR4。结论：培养的大鼠下颌骨MSCs具有自我更新和多向分化能力，为NE和SDF-1的靶细胞，能为后续实验提供可靠的MSCs和实验依据。
6NE对大鼠下颌骨MSCs增殖、分化及迁移影响的研究
目的：检测NE对大鼠颌骨MSCs增殖、分化及迁移的影响。方法：分别将10-7mol/L NE共培养MSCs与常规培养MSCs，进行细胞倍增指数、Brdu标记法检测及成骨诱导分化。Transwell迁移小室模型中，上室分别加入200μL含浓度为10-7mol/L NE或不含NE的GFP-MSCs（5×10~5/ml）单细胞悬液，下室加入200μL含SDF-1α（25ng/mL）的DMEM培养液，培养12小时后计数迁移细胞。结果：10-7mol/L NE共培养MSCs其细胞倍增数、BrdU阳性细胞百分比、矿化结节均少于对照组。含10-7mol/L NE组迁移细胞数量明显低于对照组，具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论：NE负向调控MSCs增殖及分化能力，并抑制MSCs在SDF-1诱导下的迁移能力。
Distraction osteogenesis (DO) has been widely used to regenerate bone tissues fordeformities, defects and fractures in long bones and maxillofacial bones.However, itremains largely unknown on the osteogenic mechanisms during DO and the efficiency ofDO awaits improvement. In order to differentiate into osteoblasts, mesenchymal stemcells (MSCs) are needed to migrate from their stem cell niches to bone-forming sites.Therefore, MSC mobilization is prerequisite to the bone formation in DO. It has beendemonstrated that MSCs are a subset of perivascular cells, and sympathetic nervoussystem (SNS) profusely innervate skeletal system and regulate the bone formation andresorption. Therefore, it is very likely that sympathetic nerves contribute to the perivascular stem cell niche for MSCs to reside in the bone marrow. The aim of thisstudy was to investigate the mechanism of effect of sympathetic denervation on MSCsmobilization and migration in rat mandibular DO. Six parts were included in this study:
1Sympathic innervation and MSCs distribution in SD rat mandible
Objective: To determine the sympathic innervation and MSCs ditribution in SD ratmandible. Methods: Normal mandibles of2adult male Sprague-dawley (SD) rats wereused in Immunofluorescence assay for staining of sympathetic fiber marker TH and MSCsmarker Nestin. Results: Nestin+cells were abundant in perivascular regions andsympathetic fiber marker TH staining was intense along blood vessels. Conclusion:Mandibular bone morrow MSCs were confined by sympathetic nerves under normalcircumstance. This provide the foundation for following study.
2Rat unilateral mandibular DO with transection of cervical sympathetictrunk (TCST) model
Objective: Establishment of rat unilateral mandibular DO combined with transectionof cervical sympathetic trunk model. Methods:6adult male SD rats were devided into2equal groups(n=3) as DO group and DO+TCST group. DO group only received the rightmandibular distractor implantation surgery. DO+TCST group underwent the rightmandibular distractor implantation surgery and bilateral TCST operation. Rats cervicalsympathetic ganglia of DO+TCST group were resected and underwent histologicalobservation. Sympathetic denervation was confirmed by observation of Horner’ssyndrome and HE stain of ganglia. Rats were sacrificed at consolidation time of4weeks,the new regenerated tissues were harvested for general observation and histomorphometricassay. Results: After surgery, DO+TCST group rats showed classic Horner’s syndrome,and the ganglia HE staining was consistent with typical neurohistology character. Theright mandibles of all6rats were lengthened successfully. The average length of disractionwas3.4mm, which was85%of the prospective length. HE staining indicated that theregenerated tissue was similar with normal bone at the4weeks of consolidation time in both groups, but the DO+TCST group showed more volume and quality bone trabeculae.Conclusion: This rat model is reliable for further molecular study.
3Effect of sympathetic denervation on alternation of NE/adrb3expre-ssion and MSCs distribution in rat DO medol
Objective: To determine the alternation of NE/adrb3, Nestin expression in rat medol.Methods: According to intervention and time point,20adult male SD rats were devidedinto4equal groups(n=5) respectively. The right mandibles and the distraction zonespecimens were harvested for immunohistochemistry assays at specific time point.Results: The expression of NE was hardly found, and very little adrb3expression wasobserved around the blood vessel in TCST group, but the expression of NE and adrb3wasabundant in the control group; the Nestin+MSCs were abundant and mainly distrubuted incallus matrix in TCST group, whereas that Nestin+MSCs were mainly located adjacentto perivascular region in the control group. Conclusion: TCST depleted sympatheticmediator NE and its receptor adrb3in distraction zone; Nestin+MSCs have highertendency of migration from perivascular region to callus matrix under distraction stressafter TCST in vivo.
4The expression of SDF-1/CXCR4in rat mandibular DO+TCST model
Objective: To examine the alternation of SDF-1/CXCR4expression in theregenerated tissue during DO after TCST. Methods: According to intervention and timepoint,30adult male SD rats were devided into6equal groups(n=5) respectively. The rightmandibles and the distraction zone specimens were harvested for immunohistochemistryassays at specific time point. Results: The expression of SDF-1in osteogenic zone wassignificantly higher than that in perivas-cular region in DO+TCST groups. The percentageof perivascular region SDF-1expression in DO+TCST groups were apparently lower thanthat in DO groups. Conclusion: SDF-1emerged low-to-high concentration gradient fromperivascular region to callus matrix after TCST.
5Isolation, culture and identification of jaw bone marrow mesenchymalstem cells(MSCs) in vitro
Objective: To isolate and characterize rat jaw bone marrow MSCs and verify theexpression of Nestin, adrb3and CXCR4. Methods: The rat jaw bone marrow MSCs werecultured by tissue enzymatic digestion-adherent explants method. The morphological andgrowth characteristics of cells were observed, cell surface markers expression wereidentified by flow cytometry, and osteogenic, adipogenic differentiations were induced.Nestin, adrb3and CXCR4expression were detected by immunohistochemistry. Results:The cultured cells can proliferate rapidly in vitro, and can differentiate into osteoblasts andadipocytes under special conditions. Flow cytometry confirmed that cell surface markersCD34(-), CD45(-), CD29(+), CD44(+) and CD90(+). The cell surface expression Nestin,adrb3and CXCR4. Conclusion: The cells obtained from jaw bone are multipotentialMSCs and target cells of NE and SDF-1.
6Effect of NE on MSCs proliferation, differentiationand migration in vitro
Objective: To determine effect of NE on MSCs proliferation, differentiation andmigration in vitro. Methods: The rat jaw bone marrow MSCs were cultured with10-7mol/L NE or without. Population Doubling (PD) assay, BrdU incorporation assay andOsteogenic assay were performed. Migration was assayed using a24-well transwell inpolycarbonate porous membrane insert (pore diameter of8um). GFP-MSCsat a densityof5×10~5cells/ml each with NE10-7mol/L DMEM or without, were placed in the upperchamber. The lower chamber contained a concentration of25ng/ml SDF-1in600ul ofmedium. Following12h of incubation, the migrated MSCs were counted. Results: PD,BrdU+cells%and mineralized area%of NE10-7mol/L co-cultured MSCs were lowerthan non-NE co-cultured MSCs. The number of migrated GFP-MSCs in10-7mol/L NEtreatment group were markedly decreased. Conclusion: NE can negatively modulateMSCs proliferation and differentiation, and inhibit MSC migration in vitro.
引文
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