草鲢复合养殖池塘主要营养要素生物学循环过程的研究
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摘要
本论文首先通过研究草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)主要营养要素的收支情况评估了其集约化养殖的排污问题,并利用稳定同位素技术探讨了其营养要素收支的生理学机制,然后基于稳定同位素的混合模型研究了在混养生态系统中鲢鱼(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)的食物来源及其对养殖排污的去除作用,并根据经济效益和环境效益优化了集约化养殖结构,随后通过其营养要素的收支情况进一步分析了鲢鱼对养殖排污的去除能力,最后测定了浮游植物对鱼类代谢产生碳源的再利用效率。通过上述研究,阐明了草鲢复合养殖池塘主要营养要素的生物学循环过程,以及鲢鱼作为生物过滤器对草鱼集约化养殖排污的生物学修复机理。主要研究结果如下：
1.草鱼C、N和P的收支及其养殖排污问题：本实验通过搭建围隔生态系统,对草鲢混养模式下草鱼主要营养要素的收支情况进行了测定。结果表明,不同月份草鱼C、N和P三种营养要素的净收支率和吸收总量有显著变动。投喂饲料中大部分的营养要素(81.7%的C、65.6%的N和67.5%的P)排放到养殖水环境中。通过计算每生产一吨草鱼就会向水环境中排放355-385kg的C、30-40kg的N和3-4kg的P。
2.草鱼不同体组织碳氮稳定同位素周转和分馏作用的研究：本实验基于稳定同位素的富集-稀释法,通过投喂稳定同位素信号差异的人工饲料,对草鱼进行摄食转换实验,研究了草鱼不同组织稳定同位素周转过程以及代谢和生长对稳定同位素周转过程的驱动作用。结果表明,草鱼体组织碳氮稳定同位素的周转率按鳃、肌肉和肝脏的顺序递增,并且碳稳定同位素的周转率要明显快于氮稳定同位素。生长作用和代谢作用共同驱动了草鱼体组织稳定同位素的周转过程,而两者的贡献比例在不同体组织间有所差异。草鱼不同体组织间碳氮稳定同位素的分馏系数也有所不同,并且氮同位素的分馏系数要明显大于碳同位素的分馏系数。
3.鲢鱼的食物来源及其对养殖排污的去除作用：本实验基于稳定同位素的混合模型,通过搭建不同放养比例的草鲢混养围隔生态系统,分析了鲢鱼的食物来源及其作为生物过滤器对养殖排污(残饵、鱼粪)的去除作用。结果表明,鲢鱼可以有效的降低水体中的总颗粒物浓度和有机质含量,对水体起到净化作用。颗粒有机物是鲢鱼主要的食物来源,其次是残饵,最后是鱼粪。鲢鱼一方面通过直接滤食水体中的残饵和鱼粪等颗粒物以去除养殖排污,另一方面对浮游植物较高的利用效率也暗示其对去除水体中溶解态养殖排污的巨大潜力。
4.鲢鱼C、N和P的收支及其对养殖排污的去除能力：本实验通过测定优化的养殖模式中鲢鱼C、N和P三种营养要素的收支情况,评估了鲢鱼对养殖排污的去除能力。结果表明,在养殖周期内受环境因子和自身生理因素的影响,不同月份鲢鱼主要营养要素收支出现显著波动。通过计算每生产一吨鲢鱼,对残饵和鱼粪的直接滤食达到185.01kg,而从水体中去除的C、N和P三种营养要素的总量分别为73.65、18.84和1.57kg。
5.浮游植物对鱼类代谢碳营养要素再利用效率的研究：本实验基于稳定同位素技术研究了浮游植物对鱼类呼吸代谢产生碳源的再利用效率。结果表明,鱼类呼吸代谢产生的碳源对水体中溶解态无机碳的浓度和碳稳定同位素值均有较大的影响。浮游植物的生长和繁殖对鱼类呼吸代谢产生的碳源表现出了较强的选择性,并有较高的利用效率。鲢鱼通过滤食浮游植物,间接的吸收了水体中溶解态的营养盐,从而在浮游植物和鲢鱼间形成了“短路”和类似浮游动物“微食物环”的互惠互利机制,一方面降低了水体的富营养化,另一方面提高了渔副产量,实现了经济效益和环境效益的双赢。
The present study assessed nutrient pollution derived from intensive farming of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) by means of determining the carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus budgets and the physiological mechanisms of nutrient budgets by using the enrichment-dilution approach of stable isotopes. Based on the stable isotopic mixing model, we studied the food sources of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and uptake of farming wastes in the pelyculture ecosystems, to optimize the aquaculture mode in accordance with an economic and environmental win-win resolution scheme. Subsequently, the nutrient budgets of silver carp in the optimized mode and phytoplankton fixation of the carbon excretion by grass carp and silver carp were studies. Finally, the biological cycling of nutrients in polyculture ponds were constructed, which evaluated the feasibility and capacity of using silver carp as a biofilter to remove the farming wastes of grass carp. The results are summarized as follows:
Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus budgets-ograss carp and assessment of nutrient pollution in polyculture ponds. We-developed mesocosmic enclosures and studied the main nutrient budgets of grass carp in monoculture and polyculture comprising grass carp and silver carp. The results showed that the net budget rate in terms of scope for growth (SFG) and total assimilation of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus varied during the culture period. We estimated that for each ton of grass carp production,355～385kg C,30～40kg N and3～4kg P, on average, were released into the water column and approximately81.7%C,65.6%N and67.5%P in feed were not retained by fish, which could become nutrient pollution in the form of uneaten pellets, feces and excretion.
Turnover and fractionation of carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes in tissues of grass carp. Based on the enrichment-dilution approach, we conducted a diet-switch experiment using grass carp cultured using artificial feed with distinct stable isotopic compositions, to assess turnover and fractionation of carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes in different tissues, including liver, muscle and gill. The results revealed that the turnover rates exhibited significant differences between tissues and stable isotopes, and increased in the sequence of gill Uptake of farming wastes by silver carp in polyculture ponds of grass carp. Based on the stable isotopic mixing model, we developed mesocosmic enclosures combing grass carp and silver carp with different proportions, to analyze the food sourcess of silver carp and evaluate the feasibility and capacity of using silver carp as a biofilter to remove the farming wastes. The results showed that silver carp can efficiently reduced total particulate matter and organic content in water column. Particulate organic matter was the most principal food source of silver carp, followed by feed residues, then fish feces. Filter-feeding silver carp can directly take up feed residues-and fish feces in water to remove farming wastes. On the other hand, the high filtration rate in phytoplankton demonstrated that silver carp had great potential to remove-dissolved farming wastes, i.e. nitrogen and phosphorus excretion derived from grass carp.
Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus budgets of silver carp:implication, for removal of nutrients. We assessed the feasibility and capacity of silver carp.as a biofilter to remove excess nutrient pollution through carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus budgets in optimized polyculture mode. The results revealed that the metabolic acquisition and expenditure of silver carp exhibited considerable temporal fluctuation during the culture period, owing to changes in exogenous environmental conditions and autogenous physiological status. Silver carp can efficiently remove nutrient pollution in polyculture pond by taking up particulate organic matter, feed residues and fish feces. We estimated that for each ton of silver carp production,73.65kg C,18.84kg N and1.57kg P were removed from water and the total uptake of feed residues and fish feces reached185.01kg.
Study on the phytoplankton fixation of the carbon excretion by the grass carp and silver carp. The phytoplankton Synedra sp. fixation of the carbon excretion by the grass carp and silver carp was studied by using carbon stable isotope technique. The results revealed that the respiration activities by fishes significantly altered the concentration and carbon stable isotope value of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). The growth and reproduction of phytoplankton coold effectively utilize the carbon excretion by fish, and exhibited strong preferential selectivity. In polyculture ecosystem, calculation with stable isotopic moxing model showed that the proportional contributions of carbon excretion by grass carp and silver carp to the phytoplankton fixation were51.66%and14.27%, respectively, while that of DIC was34.07%, which indicated that there were mutually beneficial mechanisms between fishes and phytoplankton.
1.草鱼C、N和P的收支及其养殖排污问题：本实验通过搭建围隔生态系统,对草鲢混养模式下草鱼主要营养要素的收支情况进行了测定。结果表明,不同月份草鱼C、N和P三种营养要素的净收支率和吸收总量有显著变动。投喂饲料中大部分的营养要素(81.7%的C、65.6%的N和67.5%的P)排放到养殖水环境中。通过计算每生产一吨草鱼就会向水环境中排放355-385kg的C、30-40kg的N和3-4kg的P。
2.草鱼不同体组织碳氮稳定同位素周转和分馏作用的研究：本实验基于稳定同位素的富集-稀释法,通过投喂稳定同位素信号差异的人工饲料,对草鱼进行摄食转换实验,研究了草鱼不同组织稳定同位素周转过程以及代谢和生长对稳定同位素周转过程的驱动作用。结果表明,草鱼体组织碳氮稳定同位素的周转率按鳃、肌肉和肝脏的顺序递增,并且碳稳定同位素的周转率要明显快于氮稳定同位素。生长作用和代谢作用共同驱动了草鱼体组织稳定同位素的周转过程,而两者的贡献比例在不同体组织间有所差异。草鱼不同体组织间碳氮稳定同位素的分馏系数也有所不同,并且氮同位素的分馏系数要明显大于碳同位素的分馏系数。
3.鲢鱼的食物来源及其对养殖排污的去除作用：本实验基于稳定同位素的混合模型,通过搭建不同放养比例的草鲢混养围隔生态系统,分析了鲢鱼的食物来源及其作为生物过滤器对养殖排污(残饵、鱼粪)的去除作用。结果表明,鲢鱼可以有效的降低水体中的总颗粒物浓度和有机质含量,对水体起到净化作用。颗粒有机物是鲢鱼主要的食物来源,其次是残饵,最后是鱼粪。鲢鱼一方面通过直接滤食水体中的残饵和鱼粪等颗粒物以去除养殖排污,另一方面对浮游植物较高的利用效率也暗示其对去除水体中溶解态养殖排污的巨大潜力。
4.鲢鱼C、N和P的收支及其对养殖排污的去除能力：本实验通过测定优化的养殖模式中鲢鱼C、N和P三种营养要素的收支情况,评估了鲢鱼对养殖排污的去除能力。结果表明,在养殖周期内受环境因子和自身生理因素的影响,不同月份鲢鱼主要营养要素收支出现显著波动。通过计算每生产一吨鲢鱼,对残饵和鱼粪的直接滤食达到185.01kg,而从水体中去除的C、N和P三种营养要素的总量分别为73.65、18.84和1.57kg。
5.浮游植物对鱼类代谢碳营养要素再利用效率的研究：本实验基于稳定同位素技术研究了浮游植物对鱼类呼吸代谢产生碳源的再利用效率。结果表明,鱼类呼吸代谢产生的碳源对水体中溶解态无机碳的浓度和碳稳定同位素值均有较大的影响。浮游植物的生长和繁殖对鱼类呼吸代谢产生的碳源表现出了较强的选择性,并有较高的利用效率。鲢鱼通过滤食浮游植物,间接的吸收了水体中溶解态的营养盐,从而在浮游植物和鲢鱼间形成了“短路”和类似浮游动物“微食物环”的互惠互利机制,一方面降低了水体的富营养化,另一方面提高了渔副产量,实现了经济效益和环境效益的双赢。
The present study assessed nutrient pollution derived from intensive farming of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) by means of determining the carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus budgets and the physiological mechanisms of nutrient budgets by using the enrichment-dilution approach of stable isotopes. Based on the stable isotopic mixing model, we studied the food sources of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and uptake of farming wastes in the pelyculture ecosystems, to optimize the aquaculture mode in accordance with an economic and environmental win-win resolution scheme. Subsequently, the nutrient budgets of silver carp in the optimized mode and phytoplankton fixation of the carbon excretion by grass carp and silver carp were studies. Finally, the biological cycling of nutrients in polyculture ponds were constructed, which evaluated the feasibility and capacity of using silver carp as a biofilter to remove the farming wastes of grass carp. The results are summarized as follows:
Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus budgets-ograss carp and assessment of nutrient pollution in polyculture ponds. We-developed mesocosmic enclosures and studied the main nutrient budgets of grass carp in monoculture and polyculture comprising grass carp and silver carp. The results showed that the net budget rate in terms of scope for growth (SFG) and total assimilation of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus varied during the culture period. We estimated that for each ton of grass carp production,355～385kg C,30～40kg N and3～4kg P, on average, were released into the water column and approximately81.7%C,65.6%N and67.5%P in feed were not retained by fish, which could become nutrient pollution in the form of uneaten pellets, feces and excretion.
Turnover and fractionation of carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes in tissues of grass carp. Based on the enrichment-dilution approach, we conducted a diet-switch experiment using grass carp cultured using artificial feed with distinct stable isotopic compositions, to assess turnover and fractionation of carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes in different tissues, including liver, muscle and gill. The results revealed that the turnover rates exhibited significant differences between tissues and stable isotopes, and increased in the sequence of gill
Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus budgets of silver carp:implication, for removal of nutrients. We assessed the feasibility and capacity of silver carp.as a biofilter to remove excess nutrient pollution through carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus budgets in optimized polyculture mode. The results revealed that the metabolic acquisition and expenditure of silver carp exhibited considerable temporal fluctuation during the culture period, owing to changes in exogenous environmental conditions and autogenous physiological status. Silver carp can efficiently remove nutrient pollution in polyculture pond by taking up particulate organic matter, feed residues and fish feces. We estimated that for each ton of silver carp production,73.65kg C,18.84kg N and1.57kg P were removed from water and the total uptake of feed residues and fish feces reached185.01kg.
Study on the phytoplankton fixation of the carbon excretion by the grass carp and silver carp. The phytoplankton Synedra sp. fixation of the carbon excretion by the grass carp and silver carp was studied by using carbon stable isotope technique. The results revealed that the respiration activities by fishes significantly altered the concentration and carbon stable isotope value of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). The growth and reproduction of phytoplankton coold effectively utilize the carbon excretion by fish, and exhibited strong preferential selectivity. In polyculture ecosystem, calculation with stable isotopic moxing model showed that the proportional contributions of carbon excretion by grass carp and silver carp to the phytoplankton fixation were51.66%and14.27%, respectively, while that of DIC was34.07%, which indicated that there were mutually beneficial mechanisms between fishes and phytoplankton.
引文
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