20-35kg杜寒杂交羔羊能量与蛋白质需要量参数的研究
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摘要
本研究以20—35kg杜泊（♂）×小尾寒羊（♀）杂交F1代公羔和母羔为试验动物，应用饲养试验、比较屠宰试验、消化代谢试验和气体代谢试验，获得了羔羊生长性能、屠宰性能、器官指数、能量与蛋白质的消化代谢参数、甲烷排放量、能量和蛋白质的组织分布、机体组成的预测模型等研究结果，总结出了20—35kg杜寒杂交羔羊（公、母）维持和生长的代谢能和净能需要量、维持和生长的净蛋白质和可代谢蛋白质需要量参数。具体研究内容包括以下五部分：
试验一：不同饲喂水平对杜寒杂交羔羊生长性能、屠宰性能及器官指数的影响
研究不同饲喂水平对20—35kg杜寒杂交F1代公羔和母羔的生长性能、屠宰性能和器官指数的影响。针对公羔和母羔的两个试验设计相同。将21只杜寒杂交羔羊随机分为三组，按照自由采食（AL）、自由采食量的70%（IR70）和自由采食量的40%（IR40）三个水平饲喂，每个处理7只羊。当自由采食组试验羊达到35kg时进行屠宰试验，测定其生长（产）性能、屠宰性能及内脏器官（组织）的发育情况。结果表明：饲喂水平对AL组、IR70组及IR40组净增重、平均日增重和干物质采食量等指标有显著的影响，公羔的生长速度在数值上高于母羔；公羔和母羔的生长性能和部分屠宰指标（胴体重、净肉重和内脏脂肪重）顺序为AL组＞IR70组＞IR40组，三组之间差异显著（P<0.05）；公羔和母羔的瘤胃占胃总重比例在AL组和IR70组差异不显著（P>0.05）；肝脏占宰前活重比例以AL组最高，三组间差异显著（P<0.05）；公羔和母羔在净肉率和胴体净肉率指标上三组间差异不显著（P>0.05）。饲喂水平对杂交肉羊生长性能、饲料转化效率、复胃的重量与发育程度、主要生理器官的发育具有不同程度的影响；用NRC标准配制的日粮与试验结果有一定的差距。
试验二：不同饲喂水平对杜寒杂交羔羊能量与蛋白质消化代谢的影响
本试验旨在探明自由采食及限饲条件下杜寒杂交羔羊（公、母）对主要营养物质的消化代谢规律，为比较屠宰试验提供基础参数。两个试验设计相同。将15只杜寒杂交羔羊随机分为三组，按自由采食、自由采食量的70%和自由采食量的40%三个水平饲喂，通过消化代谢试验和气体代谢试验确定蛋白质和能量的代谢规律及气体代谢规律。结果显示，公羔IR40组干物质（DM）、有机物（OM）消化率在数值上随饲喂水平的降低而升高，但差异不显著（P>0.05），氮的表观消化率三组间差异不显著（P>0.05）；母羔DM、OM和N的表观消化率IR40组显著高于AL组和IR70组（P<0.05）。公羔和母羔中性洗涤纤维（NDF）和酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）消化率IR40组显著高于AL组（P<0.05），与IR70组差异不显著（P>0.05）；公羔和母羔总能摄入量、粪能、甲烷气体能、CO2排出量和甲烷产生量三组间均差异显著（P<0.05）；甲烷能占总能比例变化范围公羔为7.45—8.75，母羔为7.55—8.85,三组间差异不显著(P>0.05)；公羔和母羔呼吸熵的变化范围分别在在0.68—0.84和0.82—0.98之间。公羔和母羔在限饲时主要营养物质的表观消化率高于自由采食水平，但限饲条件下氮的沉积率较低；日粮饲喂水平对甲烷能占总能比例和消化能的代谢率等指标影响不显著，但会显著影响肉羊的甲烷产量。
试验三：杜寒杂交羔羊能量与蛋白质的组织分布及机体组成的预测模型研究
本试验旨在揭示不同饲喂水平对20—35kg杜寒杂交羔羊（公、母）机体组织中能量和蛋白质的含量及分布规律，建立通过活体体重估测杂交羔羊机体组成和化学组成的预测模型。两个试验设计相同。将21只杜寒杂交羔羊随机分为三组，按照自由采食（AL）、自由采食量的70%（IR70）和自由采食量的40%（IR40）三个水平饲喂，每个处理7只羊。当自由采食组羊只达到35kg时进行屠宰试验，测定不同组织（骨骼、肌肉、脂肪、血+内脏、皮和毛）的干物质、粗蛋白、粗脂肪及总能含量。从机体组成看，脂肪/水分在AL组最高，与IR40组差异显著（P<0.05）；蛋白/脂肪在IR40组最高，与AL组差异显著（P<0.05）；组织鲜重占去毛空体重的比例，肌肉、血+内脏和皮三组间差异不显著（P>0.05），但骨骼在三组间差异显著（P<0.05）；所有组织在不同组别间能量含量（MJ/kg）和蛋白质含量（%）均差异不显著（P>0.05）；羊毛中能量和蛋白总量在三个饲喂水平间差异不显著（P>0.05）；三组间干物质和粗蛋白占去毛空体的比例差异不显著（P>0.05），但水分和灰分比例IR40组显著高于AL组及IR70组（P<0.05）。饲喂水平显著影响20—35kg杜寒杂交羔羊机体中粗蛋白、脂肪和水分的比例，其中脂肪和水分含量成高度负相关关系；不同组织的能值/机体总能值、蛋白/机体总蛋白参数受饲喂水平的影响不尽相同；机体的蛋白含量相对稳定，脂肪含量受年龄和饲喂水平的影响；羔羊空腹体重与不同的组织与器官存在强相关关系，去毛空体重与机体的主要化学成分存在强相关关系。
试验四：20—35kg杜寒杂交羔羊能量需要参数
试验研究20—35kg杜寒杂交F1代羔羊（公羔和母羔）维持和生长的代谢能与净能需要量，为杜寒杂交羔羊的能量需要和科学饲养提供依据。两个试验均采用完全随机化设计。选取杜寒杂交羔羊（公羔和母羔分期进行，初始体重分别19.14±2.37kg和20.34±2.15kg）50只，其中35只用于比较屠宰试验，15只用于消化代谢试验。用于比较屠宰试验的35只羊体重为20kg时，随机抽取7只进行屠宰用以估测羔羊初始体组成；剩余的28只羊分为自由采食组（AL，14只）、70%自由采食组（IR70，7只）和40%自由采食组（IR40，7只）3个饲喂水平组。当自由采食组的14只羊体重达到28kg时，随机选取7只羊屠宰；将剩余的21只羊按上述3个饲喂水平饲喂，每个饲喂水平包括7只羊。当自由采食组羊只平均体重达到35kg时，所有羔羊屠宰。在消化代谢试验中，将15只同品种羔羊（公羔：30.24±1.93kg；母羔：28.71±1.75kg）随机分为3个处理组（每个处理组5只羊），试验日粮及饲喂水平同比较屠宰试验，采用全收粪尿法收集粪、尿，采用开路式呼吸测热系统测定24h甲烷产生量、CO2排放量和耗氧量。结果显示：杜寒杂交公羔和母羔维持净能与维持代谢能需要量分别为250.6、374.2kJ·kg~(-1)SBW0.75d~(-1)和247.7、386.7kJ/kgSBW0.75d~(-1)；代谢能的维持利用效率公羔和母羔分别为0.67和0.64；在20—35kg体重阶段，日增重分别为100、200、300和350g·d~(-1)公羔和母羔的生长净能和生长代谢能的需要量为1.10—5.04MJ·d~(-1)、2.43—11.13MJ·d~(-1)和1.18—5.18MJ·d~(-1)、2.68—11.71MJ·d~(-1)；代谢能的生长利用效率公羔为0.45，母羔为0.44。20—35kg杜寒杂交F1代羔羊能量代谢参数（包括维持净能、维持代谢能、生长净能和生长代谢能）参数略低于NRC和AFRC的推荐标准。
试验五：20—35kg杜寒杂交羔羊蛋白质需要参数
试验研究20—35kg杜寒杂交F1代羔羊（公羔和母羔）维持和生长的蛋白质需要量，为杜寒杂交羔羊的蛋白质需要和科学饲养提供依据。采用饲养试验和比较屠宰试验相结合的研究方法，结合先期研究得到的瘤胃微生物蛋白质合成量的基本参数，得出了以下结果：公羔和母羔维持净蛋白质需要量分别为1.86和1.82g/kg SBW0.75d~(-1)，可代谢蛋白质的维持需要量分别为2.80和2.86g/kg SBW0.75d~(-1)，公羔和母羔可代谢蛋白质的维持利用效率为0.66和0.64；在20—35kg体重阶段，日增重分别为100、200、300和350g·d~(-1)公羔和母羔的生长净蛋白质和生长可代谢蛋白质的需要量为12.43—42.35g·d~(-1)、18.17—61.92g·d~(-1)和12.12—38.12g·d~(-1)、18.34—57.67g·d~(-1)；公羔和母羔可代谢蛋白质的生长利用效率分别为0.68和0.66。在相同体重和日增重，净蛋白质需要量和可代谢蛋白质需要量公羔略高于母羔；美国NRC对绵羊可代谢蛋白质的推荐量高于本研究的结果。
Experiment1: Effects of feeding levels on growth, carcass traits and organ indexes of Dorper×thin-tailed Han crossbred lambs
This experiment was conducted to investigate the growth patterns, carcass traits and organ indexesof Dorper×thin tailed Han crossbred lambs from20to35kg of live weight. The same experimentaldesign was used in two experiments. Twenty-one lambs were randomly assigned to three groups withone group fed ad libitum (AL), and the other two groups fed either70(IR70) or40%(IR40) of ad libitum.A slaughter trial was performed when the lambs in AL group reached35kg of live weight. The resultsshowed that there were significant differences in net gain, average daily gain and dry matter intake amongthree groups. ADG of ram lambs were higher than ewe lambs and the F/G was also lower. No significantdifference was found between AL group and IR70group in the ratio of relative rumen weight to totalstomach (P>0.05). Besides, the relative liver weight in AL group was higher than that in either of theother two groups (P<0.05). No significant differences were found in meat percentage and meatpercentage of carcass (P>0.05). Feeding levels had different effects on growth performance, feedconversion ratios, weight of the four stomach and other main organs of the lambs. Results of growth,carcass traits and organ indexes of Dorper×thin-tailed Han lambs were different from therecommendations of NRC (2007).
Experiment2: Effect of feeding levels on digestion and metabolism of energy and protein inDorper×thin-tailed Han crossbred lambs
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different levels of feed intake on digestibilityof main nutrients in Dorper×thin-tailed Han crossbred lambs, and provide some basic parameters forthe slaughter experiment. The same experimental design was used in two experiments. Fifteen Dorper×thin-tailed Han crossbred ram or ewe lambs were assigned to3levels of dry matter (DM) intake: adlibitum, or restricted to70%(IR70) or40%(IR40) of the ad libitum intake. Digestibility trial andrespiratory trial were conducted to determine the metabolic parameters of protein and energy, as well asCH4, CO2and O2. The values of digestibility of DM, OM increased with decreasing levels of feed intakeand the difference was not significant among ram lambs (P>0.05). There is no significant difference inN digestibility among three feed intake levels in ram lambs. The digestibility of DM, OM and N in IR40was higher than AL and IR70(P<0.05). The digestibility of NDF and ADF in IR40was significantlyhigher than AL (P<0.05) and showed no significantly difference compare to IR70in ram lambs and ewelambs (P>0.05). The gross energy intake, fecal energy, methane energy, carbon dioxide emissions andmethane production were significant difference among three groups in ram lambs and ewe lambs(P<0.05) The ratio of methane energy to gross energy increased from7.45to8.75in ram lambs andfrom7.55to8.85in ewe lambs, respectively, but the value was not significant (P>0.05). The respiratoryquotient ranged from0.68to0.84in ram lambs and0.82to0.98in ewe lambs. The apparentdigestibility of main nutrients was higher in intake restriction groups than the group fed ad libitum, but the N retention was lower in intake restriction groups. The feeding levels did not affect the ratio ofmethane energy to gross energy and the metabolic rate of digestible energy, but significantly influencedthe methane emissions of lambs.
Experiment3: The distribution of energy and protein in body tissues and mathematical modelsfor predicting body composition of Dorper×thin-tailed Han crossbred lambs
This study was aimed to determine the content and distribution of energy and protein in differentbody tissues of20-35kg Dorper×thin-tailed Han crossbred lambs, and to develop mathematicalmodels to predict body composition and chemical composition from live weight of lambs. Twenty-oneanimals were randomly assigned to three groups with one group fed ad libitum (AL), and the other twogroups fed either70(IR70) or40%(IR40) of ad libitum. Each group had7lambs. A slaughter trial wasperformed when the lambs in AL group reached35kg of live weight. Dry matter, crude protein, fat, aswell as gross energy were measured in bone, muscle, fat, blood, viscera, hide, and fleece. For bodycomposition, AL group lambs had the highest proportion of fat to moisture and showed a significantdifference from IR40group (P<0.05), while the proportion of protein/fat was higher in IR40group thanin AL group (P <0.05). No significant difference was found in the ratio of the muscle, blood plusviscera or hide weight to fleece-free empty body weight (P>0.05), but the ratio of bone to fleece-freeempty body weight was significantly different (P<0.05) among three treatments. There were nosignificant differences (P>0.05) in energy or protein content among three feeding levels. The ratio ofdry matter or protein to fleece-free empty body weight was not significantly different among the threegroups (P>0.05). However, IR40group had a higher ratio in moisture and ash contents than that in ALand IR70group (P <0.05). The feeding level significantly affected the proportion of crude protein, fatand moisture in Dorper×thin-tailed Han crossbred ram lambs growing from20to35kg of live weight,and a highly negative correlation was found between body fat and moisture. The parameters of E/GEand CP/GCP in different tissues were affected by the feeding levels, but the effects were different. Theprotein content was relatively stable while the fat content was largely affected by age and feeding levels.There was a strong correlation between empty body weight and the weight of different tissues andorgans, and a strong correlation relationship was also found between fleece-free empty body weight andthe main chemical composition of the body.
Experiment4: Energy requirements of20-35kg Dorper×thin-tailed Han crossbred lambs
The study aimed to define the energy requirement of metabolizable energy (ME) and net energy(NE) for maintenance and growth for20-35kg Dorper×thin-tailed Han crossbred F1lambs. The trialwas conducted according to a completely random design. Fifty Dorper×thin-tailed Han ram lambs wereselected, thirty five lambs were used for a comparative slaughter trial and15lambs were used for adigestibility trial. Seven lambs were randomly chosen and slaughtered at20kg BW for measuring theinitial body composition. The remaining28ram lambs were offered a pelleted mixture diet at ad libitumintake, or70or40%of the ad libitum intake. Seven of the ram lambs were randomly chosen and slaughtered when the14ram lambs fed ad libitum reached28kg. The remained21ram lambs wererandomly divided into3intake levels and fed a pelleted mixture diet, and the lambs were all slaughteredwhen the lambs in ad libitum treatment group reached at35kg of BW. In a digestibility trial, fifteenlambs were randomly divided into three groups (five lambs in each group) with the same feeding regimeas the comparative slaughter trial. Total feces and urine was collected. Methane production, carbondioxide output and oxygen consumption were measured by open-circuit respirometry. The resultsshowed that the maintenance requirements for NE and ME were250.6and374.2kJ·kg~(-1)metabolicshrunk BW (SBW0.75) for ram lambs and247.74and386.65kJ·kg~(-1)metabolic shrunk BW (SBW0.75) forewe lambs. The efficiency of ME utilization for maintenance were0.67and0.64, respectively. Netenergy and metabolic energy requirements for growth ranged from1.10to5.04MJ·d~(-1)and2.43to11.13MJ·d~(-1)for ram lambs and1.18—5.18MJ·d~(-1)and2.68—11.71MJ·d~(-1)of ewe lambs, respectively. Theefficiency of ME for growth was0.45and0.44, respectively. These parameters were lower than thoserecommended by NRC and AFRC.
Experiment5: Protein requirements of20-35kg Dorper×thin-tailed Han Crossbred lambs
This experiment was conducted to determine the protein requirements for maintenance and growthof Dorper×thin-tailed Han crossbred lambs growing from20to35kg of live weight. A feeding trialand a comparative slaughter trial were used. According to the data of ruminal microbial proteinsynthesis from other trials of our studies, the results showed that the maintenance requirements of netprotein (NP) for ram lambs and ewe lambs were1.86and1.82g/kg SBW0.75, respectively, and thecorresponding values of requirement for metabolizable protein (MP) were2.80and2.86g/kg SBW0.75.The utilization efficiency of MP for maintenance was0.66and0.64for ram lambs and ewe lambs. Theresults also showed that NP and MP requirements for growth ranged from12.43to42.35g·d~(-1),18.17to61.92g·d~(-1)for ram lambs and12.12to38.12g·d~(-1),18.34to57.67g·d~(-1)for ewe lambs that gained100to350g/d. Estimated efficiencies of MP use for body weight gain were0.68and0.66, respectively. Theram lambs shows a higher net protein requirements and MP requirements than ewe lambs with the samelive weight and ADG.
试验一：不同饲喂水平对杜寒杂交羔羊生长性能、屠宰性能及器官指数的影响
研究不同饲喂水平对20—35kg杜寒杂交F1代公羔和母羔的生长性能、屠宰性能和器官指数的影响。针对公羔和母羔的两个试验设计相同。将21只杜寒杂交羔羊随机分为三组，按照自由采食（AL）、自由采食量的70%（IR70）和自由采食量的40%（IR40）三个水平饲喂，每个处理7只羊。当自由采食组试验羊达到35kg时进行屠宰试验，测定其生长（产）性能、屠宰性能及内脏器官（组织）的发育情况。结果表明：饲喂水平对AL组、IR70组及IR40组净增重、平均日增重和干物质采食量等指标有显著的影响，公羔的生长速度在数值上高于母羔；公羔和母羔的生长性能和部分屠宰指标（胴体重、净肉重和内脏脂肪重）顺序为AL组＞IR70组＞IR40组，三组之间差异显著（P<0.05）；公羔和母羔的瘤胃占胃总重比例在AL组和IR70组差异不显著（P>0.05）；肝脏占宰前活重比例以AL组最高，三组间差异显著（P<0.05）；公羔和母羔在净肉率和胴体净肉率指标上三组间差异不显著（P>0.05）。饲喂水平对杂交肉羊生长性能、饲料转化效率、复胃的重量与发育程度、主要生理器官的发育具有不同程度的影响；用NRC标准配制的日粮与试验结果有一定的差距。
试验二：不同饲喂水平对杜寒杂交羔羊能量与蛋白质消化代谢的影响
本试验旨在探明自由采食及限饲条件下杜寒杂交羔羊（公、母）对主要营养物质的消化代谢规律，为比较屠宰试验提供基础参数。两个试验设计相同。将15只杜寒杂交羔羊随机分为三组，按自由采食、自由采食量的70%和自由采食量的40%三个水平饲喂，通过消化代谢试验和气体代谢试验确定蛋白质和能量的代谢规律及气体代谢规律。结果显示，公羔IR40组干物质（DM）、有机物（OM）消化率在数值上随饲喂水平的降低而升高，但差异不显著（P>0.05），氮的表观消化率三组间差异不显著（P>0.05）；母羔DM、OM和N的表观消化率IR40组显著高于AL组和IR70组（P<0.05）。公羔和母羔中性洗涤纤维（NDF）和酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）消化率IR40组显著高于AL组（P<0.05），与IR70组差异不显著（P>0.05）；公羔和母羔总能摄入量、粪能、甲烷气体能、CO2排出量和甲烷产生量三组间均差异显著（P<0.05）；甲烷能占总能比例变化范围公羔为7.45—8.75，母羔为7.55—8.85,三组间差异不显著(P>0.05)；公羔和母羔呼吸熵的变化范围分别在在0.68—0.84和0.82—0.98之间。公羔和母羔在限饲时主要营养物质的表观消化率高于自由采食水平，但限饲条件下氮的沉积率较低；日粮饲喂水平对甲烷能占总能比例和消化能的代谢率等指标影响不显著，但会显著影响肉羊的甲烷产量。
试验三：杜寒杂交羔羊能量与蛋白质的组织分布及机体组成的预测模型研究
本试验旨在揭示不同饲喂水平对20—35kg杜寒杂交羔羊（公、母）机体组织中能量和蛋白质的含量及分布规律，建立通过活体体重估测杂交羔羊机体组成和化学组成的预测模型。两个试验设计相同。将21只杜寒杂交羔羊随机分为三组，按照自由采食（AL）、自由采食量的70%（IR70）和自由采食量的40%（IR40）三个水平饲喂，每个处理7只羊。当自由采食组羊只达到35kg时进行屠宰试验，测定不同组织（骨骼、肌肉、脂肪、血+内脏、皮和毛）的干物质、粗蛋白、粗脂肪及总能含量。从机体组成看，脂肪/水分在AL组最高，与IR40组差异显著（P<0.05）；蛋白/脂肪在IR40组最高，与AL组差异显著（P<0.05）；组织鲜重占去毛空体重的比例，肌肉、血+内脏和皮三组间差异不显著（P>0.05），但骨骼在三组间差异显著（P<0.05）；所有组织在不同组别间能量含量（MJ/kg）和蛋白质含量（%）均差异不显著（P>0.05）；羊毛中能量和蛋白总量在三个饲喂水平间差异不显著（P>0.05）；三组间干物质和粗蛋白占去毛空体的比例差异不显著（P>0.05），但水分和灰分比例IR40组显著高于AL组及IR70组（P<0.05）。饲喂水平显著影响20—35kg杜寒杂交羔羊机体中粗蛋白、脂肪和水分的比例，其中脂肪和水分含量成高度负相关关系；不同组织的能值/机体总能值、蛋白/机体总蛋白参数受饲喂水平的影响不尽相同；机体的蛋白含量相对稳定，脂肪含量受年龄和饲喂水平的影响；羔羊空腹体重与不同的组织与器官存在强相关关系，去毛空体重与机体的主要化学成分存在强相关关系。
试验四：20—35kg杜寒杂交羔羊能量需要参数
试验研究20—35kg杜寒杂交F1代羔羊（公羔和母羔）维持和生长的代谢能与净能需要量，为杜寒杂交羔羊的能量需要和科学饲养提供依据。两个试验均采用完全随机化设计。选取杜寒杂交羔羊（公羔和母羔分期进行，初始体重分别19.14±2.37kg和20.34±2.15kg）50只，其中35只用于比较屠宰试验，15只用于消化代谢试验。用于比较屠宰试验的35只羊体重为20kg时，随机抽取7只进行屠宰用以估测羔羊初始体组成；剩余的28只羊分为自由采食组（AL，14只）、70%自由采食组（IR70，7只）和40%自由采食组（IR40，7只）3个饲喂水平组。当自由采食组的14只羊体重达到28kg时，随机选取7只羊屠宰；将剩余的21只羊按上述3个饲喂水平饲喂，每个饲喂水平包括7只羊。当自由采食组羊只平均体重达到35kg时，所有羔羊屠宰。在消化代谢试验中，将15只同品种羔羊（公羔：30.24±1.93kg；母羔：28.71±1.75kg）随机分为3个处理组（每个处理组5只羊），试验日粮及饲喂水平同比较屠宰试验，采用全收粪尿法收集粪、尿，采用开路式呼吸测热系统测定24h甲烷产生量、CO2排放量和耗氧量。结果显示：杜寒杂交公羔和母羔维持净能与维持代谢能需要量分别为250.6、374.2kJ·kg~(-1)SBW0.75d~(-1)和247.7、386.7kJ/kgSBW0.75d~(-1)；代谢能的维持利用效率公羔和母羔分别为0.67和0.64；在20—35kg体重阶段，日增重分别为100、200、300和350g·d~(-1)公羔和母羔的生长净能和生长代谢能的需要量为1.10—5.04MJ·d~(-1)、2.43—11.13MJ·d~(-1)和1.18—5.18MJ·d~(-1)、2.68—11.71MJ·d~(-1)；代谢能的生长利用效率公羔为0.45，母羔为0.44。20—35kg杜寒杂交F1代羔羊能量代谢参数（包括维持净能、维持代谢能、生长净能和生长代谢能）参数略低于NRC和AFRC的推荐标准。
试验五：20—35kg杜寒杂交羔羊蛋白质需要参数
试验研究20—35kg杜寒杂交F1代羔羊（公羔和母羔）维持和生长的蛋白质需要量，为杜寒杂交羔羊的蛋白质需要和科学饲养提供依据。采用饲养试验和比较屠宰试验相结合的研究方法，结合先期研究得到的瘤胃微生物蛋白质合成量的基本参数，得出了以下结果：公羔和母羔维持净蛋白质需要量分别为1.86和1.82g/kg SBW0.75d~(-1)，可代谢蛋白质的维持需要量分别为2.80和2.86g/kg SBW0.75d~(-1)，公羔和母羔可代谢蛋白质的维持利用效率为0.66和0.64；在20—35kg体重阶段，日增重分别为100、200、300和350g·d~(-1)公羔和母羔的生长净蛋白质和生长可代谢蛋白质的需要量为12.43—42.35g·d~(-1)、18.17—61.92g·d~(-1)和12.12—38.12g·d~(-1)、18.34—57.67g·d~(-1)；公羔和母羔可代谢蛋白质的生长利用效率分别为0.68和0.66。在相同体重和日增重，净蛋白质需要量和可代谢蛋白质需要量公羔略高于母羔；美国NRC对绵羊可代谢蛋白质的推荐量高于本研究的结果。
Experiment1: Effects of feeding levels on growth, carcass traits and organ indexes of Dorper×thin-tailed Han crossbred lambs
This experiment was conducted to investigate the growth patterns, carcass traits and organ indexesof Dorper×thin tailed Han crossbred lambs from20to35kg of live weight. The same experimentaldesign was used in two experiments. Twenty-one lambs were randomly assigned to three groups withone group fed ad libitum (AL), and the other two groups fed either70(IR70) or40%(IR40) of ad libitum.A slaughter trial was performed when the lambs in AL group reached35kg of live weight. The resultsshowed that there were significant differences in net gain, average daily gain and dry matter intake amongthree groups. ADG of ram lambs were higher than ewe lambs and the F/G was also lower. No significantdifference was found between AL group and IR70group in the ratio of relative rumen weight to totalstomach (P>0.05). Besides, the relative liver weight in AL group was higher than that in either of theother two groups (P<0.05). No significant differences were found in meat percentage and meatpercentage of carcass (P>0.05). Feeding levels had different effects on growth performance, feedconversion ratios, weight of the four stomach and other main organs of the lambs. Results of growth,carcass traits and organ indexes of Dorper×thin-tailed Han lambs were different from therecommendations of NRC (2007).
Experiment2: Effect of feeding levels on digestion and metabolism of energy and protein inDorper×thin-tailed Han crossbred lambs
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different levels of feed intake on digestibilityof main nutrients in Dorper×thin-tailed Han crossbred lambs, and provide some basic parameters forthe slaughter experiment. The same experimental design was used in two experiments. Fifteen Dorper×thin-tailed Han crossbred ram or ewe lambs were assigned to3levels of dry matter (DM) intake: adlibitum, or restricted to70%(IR70) or40%(IR40) of the ad libitum intake. Digestibility trial andrespiratory trial were conducted to determine the metabolic parameters of protein and energy, as well asCH4, CO2and O2. The values of digestibility of DM, OM increased with decreasing levels of feed intakeand the difference was not significant among ram lambs (P>0.05). There is no significant difference inN digestibility among three feed intake levels in ram lambs. The digestibility of DM, OM and N in IR40was higher than AL and IR70(P<0.05). The digestibility of NDF and ADF in IR40was significantlyhigher than AL (P<0.05) and showed no significantly difference compare to IR70in ram lambs and ewelambs (P>0.05). The gross energy intake, fecal energy, methane energy, carbon dioxide emissions andmethane production were significant difference among three groups in ram lambs and ewe lambs(P<0.05) The ratio of methane energy to gross energy increased from7.45to8.75in ram lambs andfrom7.55to8.85in ewe lambs, respectively, but the value was not significant (P>0.05). The respiratoryquotient ranged from0.68to0.84in ram lambs and0.82to0.98in ewe lambs. The apparentdigestibility of main nutrients was higher in intake restriction groups than the group fed ad libitum, but the N retention was lower in intake restriction groups. The feeding levels did not affect the ratio ofmethane energy to gross energy and the metabolic rate of digestible energy, but significantly influencedthe methane emissions of lambs.
Experiment3: The distribution of energy and protein in body tissues and mathematical modelsfor predicting body composition of Dorper×thin-tailed Han crossbred lambs
This study was aimed to determine the content and distribution of energy and protein in differentbody tissues of20-35kg Dorper×thin-tailed Han crossbred lambs, and to develop mathematicalmodels to predict body composition and chemical composition from live weight of lambs. Twenty-oneanimals were randomly assigned to three groups with one group fed ad libitum (AL), and the other twogroups fed either70(IR70) or40%(IR40) of ad libitum. Each group had7lambs. A slaughter trial wasperformed when the lambs in AL group reached35kg of live weight. Dry matter, crude protein, fat, aswell as gross energy were measured in bone, muscle, fat, blood, viscera, hide, and fleece. For bodycomposition, AL group lambs had the highest proportion of fat to moisture and showed a significantdifference from IR40group (P<0.05), while the proportion of protein/fat was higher in IR40group thanin AL group (P <0.05). No significant difference was found in the ratio of the muscle, blood plusviscera or hide weight to fleece-free empty body weight (P>0.05), but the ratio of bone to fleece-freeempty body weight was significantly different (P<0.05) among three treatments. There were nosignificant differences (P>0.05) in energy or protein content among three feeding levels. The ratio ofdry matter or protein to fleece-free empty body weight was not significantly different among the threegroups (P>0.05). However, IR40group had a higher ratio in moisture and ash contents than that in ALand IR70group (P <0.05). The feeding level significantly affected the proportion of crude protein, fatand moisture in Dorper×thin-tailed Han crossbred ram lambs growing from20to35kg of live weight,and a highly negative correlation was found between body fat and moisture. The parameters of E/GEand CP/GCP in different tissues were affected by the feeding levels, but the effects were different. Theprotein content was relatively stable while the fat content was largely affected by age and feeding levels.There was a strong correlation between empty body weight and the weight of different tissues andorgans, and a strong correlation relationship was also found between fleece-free empty body weight andthe main chemical composition of the body.
Experiment4: Energy requirements of20-35kg Dorper×thin-tailed Han crossbred lambs
The study aimed to define the energy requirement of metabolizable energy (ME) and net energy(NE) for maintenance and growth for20-35kg Dorper×thin-tailed Han crossbred F1lambs. The trialwas conducted according to a completely random design. Fifty Dorper×thin-tailed Han ram lambs wereselected, thirty five lambs were used for a comparative slaughter trial and15lambs were used for adigestibility trial. Seven lambs were randomly chosen and slaughtered at20kg BW for measuring theinitial body composition. The remaining28ram lambs were offered a pelleted mixture diet at ad libitumintake, or70or40%of the ad libitum intake. Seven of the ram lambs were randomly chosen and slaughtered when the14ram lambs fed ad libitum reached28kg. The remained21ram lambs wererandomly divided into3intake levels and fed a pelleted mixture diet, and the lambs were all slaughteredwhen the lambs in ad libitum treatment group reached at35kg of BW. In a digestibility trial, fifteenlambs were randomly divided into three groups (five lambs in each group) with the same feeding regimeas the comparative slaughter trial. Total feces and urine was collected. Methane production, carbondioxide output and oxygen consumption were measured by open-circuit respirometry. The resultsshowed that the maintenance requirements for NE and ME were250.6and374.2kJ·kg~(-1)metabolicshrunk BW (SBW0.75) for ram lambs and247.74and386.65kJ·kg~(-1)metabolic shrunk BW (SBW0.75) forewe lambs. The efficiency of ME utilization for maintenance were0.67and0.64, respectively. Netenergy and metabolic energy requirements for growth ranged from1.10to5.04MJ·d~(-1)and2.43to11.13MJ·d~(-1)for ram lambs and1.18—5.18MJ·d~(-1)and2.68—11.71MJ·d~(-1)of ewe lambs, respectively. Theefficiency of ME for growth was0.45and0.44, respectively. These parameters were lower than thoserecommended by NRC and AFRC.
Experiment5: Protein requirements of20-35kg Dorper×thin-tailed Han Crossbred lambs
This experiment was conducted to determine the protein requirements for maintenance and growthof Dorper×thin-tailed Han crossbred lambs growing from20to35kg of live weight. A feeding trialand a comparative slaughter trial were used. According to the data of ruminal microbial proteinsynthesis from other trials of our studies, the results showed that the maintenance requirements of netprotein (NP) for ram lambs and ewe lambs were1.86and1.82g/kg SBW0.75, respectively, and thecorresponding values of requirement for metabolizable protein (MP) were2.80and2.86g/kg SBW0.75.The utilization efficiency of MP for maintenance was0.66and0.64for ram lambs and ewe lambs. Theresults also showed that NP and MP requirements for growth ranged from12.43to42.35g·d~(-1),18.17to61.92g·d~(-1)for ram lambs and12.12to38.12g·d~(-1),18.34to57.67g·d~(-1)for ewe lambs that gained100to350g/d. Estimated efficiencies of MP use for body weight gain were0.68and0.66, respectively. Theram lambs shows a higher net protein requirements and MP requirements than ewe lambs with the samelive weight and ADG.
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