不同树莓品系果实特性评价及采后两种处理方法对果实特性的影响
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摘要
树莓是第三代新兴水果，因含有较高的天然抗氧化物质，深受消费者青睐。树莓生产中，新优品种较少、果实保鲜期短是制约这一新兴果树发展的重要因素。因此，加快培育品质优良、抗性强、适应性广的新品种，同时研究开发新的果实采后贮藏保鲜技术、延长货架期，对促进树莓产业发展具有十分重要的意义。
本研究于2011年3月—2013年3月在加拿大食品农业部园艺研究与发展中心的L’Acadie试验基地进行。选择7个树莓品系，对其果实主要外观特征、品质特性、酚类物质含量及抗病性等相关指标进行了测定分析，比较了各品系间的果实特性差异，以期为新品种的选育评价提供技术依据。同时，用4个UV-C剂量（0.43KJ/m2、2.15KJ/m2、4.3KJ/m2、6.45KJ/m2）和2种精油（linalool和fistulosa）对栽培品种进行果实采后处理，了解其对果实品质、酚类物质含量、抗病性、抗氧化能力及相关酶活性的影响，以筛选树莓贮藏保鲜的新方法。取得了以下主要研究结果：
1.7个树莓新品系果实的外观特征、品质特性、抗氧化性和抗病性之间存在明显差异。‘1-50-14’品系果实具有较好的外观特性、良好的品质、较强的抗病性和抗氧化性，有可能成为一个新品种或作为优良育种亲本材料；‘1-36-40’品系的果实外观特性、品质、抗病性和抗氧化性处于中等；‘2-1-74’品系外观特性中等、品质好，但抗病性和抗氧化能力较差；‘90-5-30’和‘97-29-35’品系外观特性和品质中等，抗病性和抗氧化性差；‘92-6-41’和‘1-86-21’品系外观特性差，品质好，抗病性和抗氧化性中等。通过相关性分析，树莓果实的货架期与硬度具显著相关性（r=0.6479，p<0.001）；果实的抗氧化能力、抗病性与酚类物质含量之间也存在明显正相关。
2. UV-C处理对采后果实品质有明显影响，可降低保鲜期果实的失重率，处理果实的可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和维生素C含量高于对照，对保持果实品质、延长保鲜期有明显效果。UV-C处理后，明显提高了果实抗氧化能力，较对照提高了酚类化合物（包括总酚、花青素、黄酮、鞣花酸、原花青素及白藜芦醇）的含量和SOD、PAL、PPO、几丁质酶及β-1,3葡聚糖酶的活性，抑制了丙二醛（MDA）含量的增加，增强了果实抗病性。在适宜的UV-C剂量范围内，UV-C剂量越大，对树莓果实品质、抗氧化性、抗病性影响效果越明显，对酶活性增加幅度越大，但是UV-C剂量增加到一定程度时，反而下降；4个剂量的UV-C处理中，4.3KJ/m2剂量的UV-C处理对树莓果实品质的保鲜效果最好。
3.精油处理能明显抑制采后树莓果实的失重率，保持果实品质，延长保鲜期；同时，对减少酚类物质的损失、抑制丙二醛含量增加，提高SOD、PAL、PPO、几丁质酶、β-1,3葡聚糖酶的活性，增强果实抗氧化能力和抗病性也有明显效果。两种精油（linalool和fistulosa）处理对保鲜期果实特性的影响无明显差异。
The raspberry was emerging third-generation fruit，favored by consumers，because it wasconsidered to be a natural source of anti-oxidants. Recently, the problems in the raspberryproduction were fewer new varieties and shorter shelf life of fruit. Therefore, accelerating thedevelopment of high quality, resistance and wide adaptability of new varieties, while researchand development of new postharvest storage and preservation technology to extend the shelflife, which had a very important significant for the promotion of raspberry industry.
This research was performed in the experimental field of Horticultural Research andDevelopment Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, at l’Acadie from2009March to2013March. Selecting of Through analysising and comparing of7different raspberry lines ofhorticultural characteristics、the quality characteristics、antioxidant capacity、polyphenolcontent and disease resistance, Through analysising and comparing of fruit characteristicsdifferent of7raspberry lines in order to breed new varieties which had strong quality, strongresistance and long shelf life. In addition, postharvest raspberry fruit was processed with fourUV-C doses (0.43KJ/m2,2.15KJ/m2,4.3KJ/m2,6.45KJ/m2) and two kinds of essential oil(linalool and fistulosa), mainly study on effect of UV-C and essential oil treatment on fruitquality, anti-diseases, antioxidant capacity, phenolic compounds content, enzyme activity inorder to find a storage and preservation method. The obtained results of research are asfollow:
1. The research was found that there were siginificant different among7raspberry lineson horticultural characteristics, qualities, antioxidant capacity and disease resistance ofraspberry fruit.‘1-50-14’had good horticultural characteristics, good quality, strong diseaseresistance and higher antioxidant capacity, had probability become a new species or as anexcellent parents of raspberry;‘1-36-40’has medium horticultural characteristics, mediumquality, medium disease resistance and antioxidant capacity;‘2-1-74’ had mediumhorticultural characteristics, good quality, but lower disease resistance and antioxidantcapacity;‘90-5-30’and‘97-29-35’had medium horticultural characteristics, medium quality, lower disease resistance and antioxidant capacity;‘92-6-41’and ‘1-86-21’had poorhorticultural characteristics, good quality, medium disease resistane and antioxidant capacity.There had a significant correlation (r=0.6479，p<0.001) between shelf life and fruit firmness;and there was a significant correlation among fruit antioxidant capacity、disease resistance andpolyphenol content.
2. UV-C treatment had a significant effect on postharvest fruit quality. It could reduce theweight loss of the fruit and improve soluble solids, titratable acidity, soluble sugar, solubleprotein, vitamin C content; it could also slow down the changes in fruit quality, extend shelflife, maintain the quality of postharvest fruit; improve the antioxidant capacity of raspberryfruit significantly. The content of polyphenols includes total phenol, flavonols, ellagic acid,procyanidins, resveratrol; reduce the morbidity, incidence index and the number of fungiduring the storage of raspberry fruit; improve the activity of enzymes (SOD、 PAL、 PPO、Chitinase and β-1,3Glucanase) and reduce MDA content and enhance raspberry fruitresistance. The higher dose of UV-C, the better effect on fruit characteristics in suitable rangeof UV-C dose, but when the dose of UV-C increase to a certain extent, it could decrease.Studies had shown that the dose of UV-C treatment at4.3KJ/m2has the best effect forpost-harvest fruit quality、antioxidant capacity and disease resistance in four UV-C treatment.
3. Essential oil treatment could reduce weight loss rate of the postharvest raspberry fruit,maintain postharvest fruit quality; could also increase phenols content and enhance theantioxidant capacity; can reduce disease incidence and enhance disease resistance; also reduceMDA content and improve the activity of enzymes (SOD、PAL、PPO、Chitinase and β-1,3Glucanase) of postharvest fruit. There were not siginificant differences between two essentialoil treatments (linalool and fistulosa) for quality、phenolics content、antioxidant capacity、disease resistance and enzymes activity of fruit treated.
本研究于2011年3月—2013年3月在加拿大食品农业部园艺研究与发展中心的L’Acadie试验基地进行。选择7个树莓品系，对其果实主要外观特征、品质特性、酚类物质含量及抗病性等相关指标进行了测定分析，比较了各品系间的果实特性差异，以期为新品种的选育评价提供技术依据。同时，用4个UV-C剂量（0.43KJ/m2、2.15KJ/m2、4.3KJ/m2、6.45KJ/m2）和2种精油（linalool和fistulosa）对栽培品种进行果实采后处理，了解其对果实品质、酚类物质含量、抗病性、抗氧化能力及相关酶活性的影响，以筛选树莓贮藏保鲜的新方法。取得了以下主要研究结果：
1.7个树莓新品系果实的外观特征、品质特性、抗氧化性和抗病性之间存在明显差异。‘1-50-14’品系果实具有较好的外观特性、良好的品质、较强的抗病性和抗氧化性，有可能成为一个新品种或作为优良育种亲本材料；‘1-36-40’品系的果实外观特性、品质、抗病性和抗氧化性处于中等；‘2-1-74’品系外观特性中等、品质好，但抗病性和抗氧化能力较差；‘90-5-30’和‘97-29-35’品系外观特性和品质中等，抗病性和抗氧化性差；‘92-6-41’和‘1-86-21’品系外观特性差，品质好，抗病性和抗氧化性中等。通过相关性分析，树莓果实的货架期与硬度具显著相关性（r=0.6479，p<0.001）；果实的抗氧化能力、抗病性与酚类物质含量之间也存在明显正相关。
2. UV-C处理对采后果实品质有明显影响，可降低保鲜期果实的失重率，处理果实的可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和维生素C含量高于对照，对保持果实品质、延长保鲜期有明显效果。UV-C处理后，明显提高了果实抗氧化能力，较对照提高了酚类化合物（包括总酚、花青素、黄酮、鞣花酸、原花青素及白藜芦醇）的含量和SOD、PAL、PPO、几丁质酶及β-1,3葡聚糖酶的活性，抑制了丙二醛（MDA）含量的增加，增强了果实抗病性。在适宜的UV-C剂量范围内，UV-C剂量越大，对树莓果实品质、抗氧化性、抗病性影响效果越明显，对酶活性增加幅度越大，但是UV-C剂量增加到一定程度时，反而下降；4个剂量的UV-C处理中，4.3KJ/m2剂量的UV-C处理对树莓果实品质的保鲜效果最好。
3.精油处理能明显抑制采后树莓果实的失重率，保持果实品质，延长保鲜期；同时，对减少酚类物质的损失、抑制丙二醛含量增加，提高SOD、PAL、PPO、几丁质酶、β-1,3葡聚糖酶的活性，增强果实抗氧化能力和抗病性也有明显效果。两种精油（linalool和fistulosa）处理对保鲜期果实特性的影响无明显差异。
The raspberry was emerging third-generation fruit，favored by consumers，because it wasconsidered to be a natural source of anti-oxidants. Recently, the problems in the raspberryproduction were fewer new varieties and shorter shelf life of fruit. Therefore, accelerating thedevelopment of high quality, resistance and wide adaptability of new varieties, while researchand development of new postharvest storage and preservation technology to extend the shelflife, which had a very important significant for the promotion of raspberry industry.
This research was performed in the experimental field of Horticultural Research andDevelopment Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, at l’Acadie from2009March to2013March. Selecting of Through analysising and comparing of7different raspberry lines ofhorticultural characteristics、the quality characteristics、antioxidant capacity、polyphenolcontent and disease resistance, Through analysising and comparing of fruit characteristicsdifferent of7raspberry lines in order to breed new varieties which had strong quality, strongresistance and long shelf life. In addition, postharvest raspberry fruit was processed with fourUV-C doses (0.43KJ/m2,2.15KJ/m2,4.3KJ/m2,6.45KJ/m2) and two kinds of essential oil(linalool and fistulosa), mainly study on effect of UV-C and essential oil treatment on fruitquality, anti-diseases, antioxidant capacity, phenolic compounds content, enzyme activity inorder to find a storage and preservation method. The obtained results of research are asfollow:
1. The research was found that there were siginificant different among7raspberry lineson horticultural characteristics, qualities, antioxidant capacity and disease resistance ofraspberry fruit.‘1-50-14’had good horticultural characteristics, good quality, strong diseaseresistance and higher antioxidant capacity, had probability become a new species or as anexcellent parents of raspberry;‘1-36-40’has medium horticultural characteristics, mediumquality, medium disease resistance and antioxidant capacity;‘2-1-74’ had mediumhorticultural characteristics, good quality, but lower disease resistance and antioxidantcapacity;‘90-5-30’and‘97-29-35’had medium horticultural characteristics, medium quality, lower disease resistance and antioxidant capacity;‘92-6-41’and ‘1-86-21’had poorhorticultural characteristics, good quality, medium disease resistane and antioxidant capacity.There had a significant correlation (r=0.6479，p<0.001) between shelf life and fruit firmness;and there was a significant correlation among fruit antioxidant capacity、disease resistance andpolyphenol content.
2. UV-C treatment had a significant effect on postharvest fruit quality. It could reduce theweight loss of the fruit and improve soluble solids, titratable acidity, soluble sugar, solubleprotein, vitamin C content; it could also slow down the changes in fruit quality, extend shelflife, maintain the quality of postharvest fruit; improve the antioxidant capacity of raspberryfruit significantly. The content of polyphenols includes total phenol, flavonols, ellagic acid,procyanidins, resveratrol; reduce the morbidity, incidence index and the number of fungiduring the storage of raspberry fruit; improve the activity of enzymes (SOD、 PAL、 PPO、Chitinase and β-1,3Glucanase) and reduce MDA content and enhance raspberry fruitresistance. The higher dose of UV-C, the better effect on fruit characteristics in suitable rangeof UV-C dose, but when the dose of UV-C increase to a certain extent, it could decrease.Studies had shown that the dose of UV-C treatment at4.3KJ/m2has the best effect forpost-harvest fruit quality、antioxidant capacity and disease resistance in four UV-C treatment.
3. Essential oil treatment could reduce weight loss rate of the postharvest raspberry fruit,maintain postharvest fruit quality; could also increase phenols content and enhance theantioxidant capacity; can reduce disease incidence and enhance disease resistance; also reduceMDA content and improve the activity of enzymes (SOD、PAL、PPO、Chitinase and β-1,3Glucanase) of postharvest fruit. There were not siginificant differences between two essentialoil treatments (linalool and fistulosa) for quality、phenolics content、antioxidant capacity、disease resistance and enzymes activity of fruit treated.
引文
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