基于固液相变传热介质的动力电池热管理研究
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摘要
随着经济、社会的不断发展和人们生活水平的不断提高，交通行业节能与减排的重要性也将日益突出。电动汽车因具有低能耗与零排放的双重优势，近年来发展迅速。发展电动汽车，关键是动力电池。无论是传统的铅酸，还是性能先进的镍氢、锂离子电池，温度对电池性能都有非常显著的影响，温度过高或过低均不利于电池性能的发挥。为延长动力电池循环寿命，提升电动汽车整车性能，进而推动电动汽车的发展与应用，本文根据电池的产热规律，通过实验与数值模拟相结合的方法，分别对基于固液相变传热介质/材料（PCM, phase change medium or material）、热管以及热管与PCM耦合传热的电池热管理系统中的热量传递规律进行了研究，并采用分子动力学和耗散粒子动力学的方法，对PCM强化传热的微观机理进行了探讨。主要研究内容与结论如下：
1、针对圆柱形锂离子动力电池，设计了基于PCM的电池散热系统，并分别建立了单体电池、电池模块散热系统的模型，研究了PCM的导热系数、用量以及环境因素对电池与电池模块热量传递与分布的影响。结果表明：（1）增加PCM导热系数有助于强化PCM内部的热量传递，降低电池与PCM接触界面处的温度梯度以及单体电池和电池模块的最高温度，但PCM导热系数增加至一定值后，对电池最高温度的影响不大。（2） PCM欠量时，电池模块局部温差在PCM熔化后将继续增加，且PCM的导热系数越小，增幅越大。PCM足量时，若环境温度为定值，则PCM相变温度越低，电池模块局部温差越小；若PCM相变温度为定值时，则环境温度越高，电池模块局部温差越小。（3）电池搁置或充电时，电池和PCM中的热量能在许可时间内将热量传递至外部环境；电动汽车停置于高温环境时，PCM能有效阻滞环境热量进入电池；当PCM辅以空冷散热时，风速越大，电池模块局部温差越大，但PCM导热系数较大时，局部温差受风速影响不大。
2、针对方形锂离子动力电池，分别设计了基于PCM的方形锂离子电池散热、加热/保温系统并建立了模型，研究了PCM和电池导热系数的相关性及其对系统传热的影响；并结合方形电池表面的平整结构，实验研究了基于扁平烧结型热管的电池散热系统热量传递与分布规律。结果表明：（1）提高电池导热系数有助于减小系统热阻，PCM导热系数与电池导热系数（kPCM: kc）相同时，倍增PCM导热系数并不能明显强化系统散热，但能强化热量在PCM中的传递，降低电池模块的局部温差。（2）对于电池的加热/保温，PCM加热与空气加热相比，加热时间短，热量分布更均匀，并能满足电池搁置长时间的保温要求。PCM导热系数低有助于减小保温过程中的热量损失，延长保温时间，但会增加电池再次放电时的温升和局部温差，因此，仍需对PCM进行强化传热。（3）针对扁平烧结型热管的电池散热系统，首次提出了有效散热能力与有效均热能力的概念。电池温升和局部温差的控制，必须同时考虑热管的有效散热能力与有效均热能力。
3、设计了基于振荡热管（OHP, oscillation heat pipe）的方形电池散热系统，并结合PCM的潜热特性，设计了PCM/OHP耦合传热的电池散热系统，实验研究了各系统中OHP摆放位置和电极朝向与电池降温和均温的协同作用。结果表明：（1）要满足电池降温与热量分布均衡性的要求，OHP的启动温度必须低于目标温度，且不高于电池局部温差达到目标温差时所对应的电池最高温度。（2） PCM/OHP散热系统具有比OHP散热系统更好的降温效果。电池电极靠近热管绝热端时，高温端热量迅速通过热管导出，电池最高温度上升至目标温度的时间变长。电极朝向相同时，电池最高温度上升至目标温度的时间以及放电结束时的最高温度受OHP放置角度影响不大。（3）电池电极远离OHP绝热端时，PCM/OHP散热系统的均温效果最好；而电池电极靠近热管绝热端时，热管散热系统的均温效果最好；但PCM/OHP散热系统的稳定性受电极与热管接触方式的影响较小。对PCM进行强化传热，仍是提高PCM/OHP散热系统降温与均温能力的关键。
4、针对电池热管理系统PCM传热强化的共同特性，以传热介质为研究对象，基于石蜡类PCM的构成，分别建立了单质烷烃、二元混合烷烃以及烷烃/水混合PCM体系的分子模型，对各体系的热质传递机理进行了分子动力学模拟。结果表明：（1）正十九烷与正二十烷固态时的定压比热容与实验值相差最大不超过20%，液态时最大不超过9.5%；温度为288~318K时，正二十二烷导热系数的模拟值介于0.1~0.4W·m~(-1)·K~(-1)，与文献中实验值的波动范围相吻合。（2）开氏温标下，单质烷烃的相变温度与文献值和实验值的偏差不超过1%。正十九烷和正二十四烷按1:1和1:3混合时，其熔化温度按自扩散系数预测分别为308.5K和315.2K，按比热预测分别为308.2K和314.6K，偏差不大。（3）在烷烃/水混合PCM体系中，烷烃的加入会降低体系的自扩散系数，宏观行为上体现为粘度增加和导热系数下降。烷烃发生相变时，C-C键和C-H键的扭转、伸缩等行为较为剧烈，体系需要外界提供更多的能量或向外接释放更多的能量，宏观上体现为蓄热或放热。
5、以烷烃为基材，建立了烷烃与高导热铝粒子混合的PCM分子模型；以烷烃为芯材，二氧化硅为壳材，分别建立了胶囊PCM模型以及胶囊与水混合的PCM模型；研究了粒子粒径、壳材软硬、厚度等对PCM扩散行为的影响。结果表明：（1）通过添加高导热粒子对石蜡类PCM进行强化传热时，粒子的粒径不宜太大，含量不宜过多，否则易出现沉淀或混合不均甚至无法混合的现象，增大传热热阻或热量传递不均。（2）胶囊壳材材质的软硬会影响胶囊类PCM的自扩散，硬质壳材会限制胶囊芯材的扭转、伸缩、振动等，降低芯材固液相变后的流动性；软质材料伸缩性强，能减小不同胶囊之间的接触热阻。（3）胶囊外壳的厚度也会影响胶囊类PCM的自扩散性能，胶囊外壳过厚时，芯材外侧分子链的扭转、拉伸等行为易受约束，流动性减弱。
6、以烷烃为芯材，分别以三聚氰胺甲醛树脂、甲基三甲氧基硅烷/3-氨丙基三甲氧基硅为壳材，建立了胶囊PCM体系的粗粒化模型，根据介观模拟的方法与理论，通过耗散粒子动力学模拟，研究了胶囊PCM的形成机理和主要影响因素。结果表明：（1）采用与文献中相似的胶囊PCM芯材与壳材材质，成功模拟出正二十二烷/三聚氰胺甲醛树脂胶囊PCM体系的介观核壳结构，并对胶囊化过程进行了机理分析，模拟出芯材过量时胶囊无法包裹的介观形态。（2）模拟出以烷烃为芯材，甲基三甲氧基硅烷和3-氨丙基三甲氧基硅烷为壳材前驱体的胶囊PCM的演化与形成过程，并根据文献中的实验条件对组分的配比进行了分析，得出了芯材含量为62.5%的模拟值（实验值64%），并指出了芯材含量的理论可能值为70%。
综上，本文结合实验与数值模拟的方法，从宏观、微观、介观多个尺度对电池热管理系统或系统中关键传热介质的热物性进行了研究，研究结果和方法能为新型传热介质的材料与结构设计、电池热管理系统的模块与成组设计提供理论指导和参考。
With the continuous development of economy and society and improvement of people'sliving standards, the importance of energy-saving and emission reduction in transport sectorwill become increasingly prominent. The electric vehicles, with the dual advantages of lowpower consumption and zero emissions, have developed rapidly in recent years. Theperformance of the batteries, including traditional lead-acid and advanced nickel-metalhydride and lithium-ion battery, are significantly affected by the temperature. Excessive highand low temperature can significantly reduce the performance of battery. For the purpose ofextending the cycle life of power battery and improving the performance of electric vehicle,and then promoting the development and application of electric vehicles, in this thesis, theheat transfer characteristic of the difference battery thermal management systems, includingby using phase change medium or material (PCM), heat pipe and heat pipe coupled with PCMas heat transfer medium, were investigated by experimental and numerical simulation. Inaddition, the heat transfer enhancement mechanisms of PCM on microscopic and mesoscopicscale were simulated and discussed by molecular dynamics and dissipative particle dynamicsmethod. The main research contents and conclusions are summarized as follows:
1. The PCM-based thermal management system was designed for cooling the cylindricallithium-ion battery. And the single battery and battery module cooling systems were modeled.The effect of the thermal conductivity and content of the PCM and the environmental factorson heat transfer and distribution within single battery and battery module were investigated,respectively. The results showed that:(1) with the increasing of thermal conductivity of PCM,the heat transfer in PCM will be enhanced, the temperature gradient of the interface of batteryand PCM, and the maximum temperature of single battery and battery module were decreased.However, the maximum temperature of battery affected slightly after the thermal conductivityof PCM increased to a certain value.(2) The local temperature difference within the batterymodule will continue to increase if the PCM is insufficient, and the smaller the thermalconductivity of the PCM, the greater the increase. The local temperature difference decreaseswith the decrease of the phase change temperature of PCM when the ambient temperature isconstant and the PCM is sufficient. And the local temperature difference decreases with the increase of the ambient temperature if the phase change temperature of PCM is constant.(3)The heat in the battery and PCM can be transferred to the external environment within desiredtime when the battery during unused or charging condition. The heat from outer can beblocked effectively by PCM when the electric vehicle parked in the high temperatureenvironment. The local temperature difference increases with the increase of the velocitywhen the air was used as auxiliary way for cooling the battery, but the local temperaturedifference affected slightly when the thermal conductivity of PCM is high enough.
2. The PCM-based cooling and heating systems for rectangular lithium-ion battery weredesigned and modeled. The relativity of the thermal conductivity between PCM and batteryand its effect on the heat transfer of the system were investigated. Based on the smoothsurface structure, the flat sintered heat pipes were used for cooling the rectangular battery andthe related heat transfer and distribution characteristic were studied experimentally. Theresults showed that:(1) the thermal resistance of the system can be reduced by increasing thethermal conductivity of battery. The heat transfer of the system cannot be strengthenedsignificantly with the exponentially increased thermal conductivity of PCM when the thermalconductivity of PCM and battery is same. However, the heat transfer in the PCM can bestrengthened and the local temperature difference of the battery module can be reduced.(2)For the battery heating/insulation condition, compared with air heating, the PCM heatingshowed short heating time, more uniform heat distribution and can meet the insulationrequirements if the battery shelved for a long time. The low thermal conductivity of PCM ishelpful for reducing heat loss in the insulation process and extend the insulated time while notconducive to increase the local temperature difference. Therefore, it is also necessary toenhance the heat transfer of PCM.(3) For the flat sintered heat pipes based battery coolingsystem, the concept of the effective cooling capacity and effective average temperaturecapability were first proposed. The effective cooling capacity and effective averagetemperature capability of the heat pipes must be considered simultaneously for controlling thebattery temperature rise and local temperature difference.
3. The oscillation heat pipe (OHP)-based cooling system for rectangular lithium-ionbattery was designed. And combined with latent heat characteristics of PCM, the PCM/OHPcoupled battery cooling system was also designed. The effect of OHP placement and electrode direction on heat transfer and distribution of the battery were investigated experimentally. Theresults showed that:(1) to meet the requirements including heat dissipation and distributionevenly of the battery, the start temperature of OHP must be lower than the target temperatureof the cooling system and not higher than the corresponding maximum temperature when thebattery local temperature difference reached the target temperature difference.(2) The coolingeffect of PCM/OHP-based cooling system is better than OHP-based cooling system. Whenthe battery electrode close to the adiabatic end of heat pipe, the time of the maximumtemperature of the battery increased to target temperature becomes longer due to the heatwhich accumulated at high-temperature-side of battery can be conducted rapidly through theheat pipe. The time of the maximum temperature of the battery increased to target temperatureand the maximum temperature in the end of discharge are affected slightly by OHP placementwhen the electrode direction of different cooling systems is same.(3) The heat distributedmore evenly in the PCM/OHP-based cooling system when the battery electrode away fromthe OHP adiabatic end. The heat distributed more evenly in the OHP-based cooling systemwhen the battery electrode close to the OHP adiabatic end. In short, the PCM/OHP-basedcooling system showed a better stability. Heat transfer enhancement for PCM is also a keyfactor for heat dissipation in the PCM/OHP-based cooling system.
4. Based on the common characteristics such as heat transfer enhancement in thedifference battery thermal management system, the research object in this section is focus onPCM. According to the ingredient of paraffin, the molecular model of pure alkane, binarymixed alkanes and alkane/water mixed PCM system were fabricated, respectively. The heatand mass transfer mechanisms were investigated by molecular dynamics simulation method.The results showed that:(1) the difference of simulated isobaric heat capacity ofn-nonadecane and n-eicosane at solid state with experiment value (from literature) does notexceed20%, and at liquid state, not exceed9.5%. The simulated thermal conductivity ofn-docosane, consistent with the fluctuation range of the experimental values in literature, isabout0.1~0.4W·m~(-1)·K~(-1)when the temperature is288~318K.(2) The difference of simulatedphase change temperature of pure alkane with the values from literature and experiment doesnot exceed1%. The melting temperature of n-nonadecane and n-tetracosane were calculatedas308.5K and315.2K by self-diffusion coefficient, as308.2Kand314.6K, by isobaric heat capacity, when the mixed proportion of n-nonadecane and n-tetracosane is1:1and1:3,respectively.(3) In the alkane/water mixed PCM system, the addition of alkane will reducethe self-diffusion coefficient of the system that reflect the increasing of viscosity anddecreasing of thermal conductivity on macroscopic point of view. The twisting and stretchingof C-C bond and C-H bond become more intense during the phase change process of alkaneand lead to more energy absorbed or released on macro.
5. The alkane and aluminum particles mixed PCM molecular model was fabricated byusing alkane as substrate material. The models such as encapsulated PCM and capsule mixedwith water composite PCM were fabricated by using alkane as core material and silicondioxide as shell material, respectively. The effect of particle size, hard and soft shell material,and the thickness of the shell on diffusion behavior of PCM was investigated. The resultsshowed that:(1) the particle size should not be too large and the content should not be toomuch, otherwise will prone to precipitation phenomenon, mixed uneven even cannot bemixed, and then increase the thermal resistance or distribute the heat uneven.(2) Theself-diffusion of the PCM capsules was affected by the hardness of shell material. The torsion,stretching and vibration of the core material can be restrict by hard shell material, and thenreducing the mobility of the core material after solid-liquid phase change.(3) Theself-diffusion of the PCM capsules was also affected by the thickness of shell material. Thetorsion, stretching and vibration of the core material can be restricted by excessive thick shelland then leading to weaken the mobility of core material.
6. The coarse-grained models of different encapsulated PCM by using alkane as corematerial were fabricated. And the shell materials are melamine formaldehyde resin, methyltrimethoxysilane/3-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane, respectively. Based on the mesoscopicsimulation methods and theory, the aggregate mechanism of the PCM capsule and the relatedmain factors were investigated by dissipative particle dynamics simulations. The resultsshowed that:(1) according to the reported PCM capsule core and shell matreials, themesoscopic core-shell structure of n-dodecane/melamine formaldehyde resin-based capsulesPCM system was simulated. The encapsulation process and mechanism was analyzed, and themesoscopic morphology of the capsule with excessive core material was simulated.(2) Theevolution and the formation process of the PCM capsule which using alkane as core material and methyl trimethoxysilane/3-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane as precursor of shell materialwere simulated. With the similar core and shell materials, the content of core material in theDPD simulation is62.5%that the value is very close to the reported as64%. The possibletheoretical content of core material is about70%if the experimental conditions can beoptimized.
In summary, the heat transfer characteristics in the battery thermal management systemsand the thermophysical properties of the main heat transfer medium in the systems wereinvestigated by experimental and numerical method on macroscopic, mesoscopic andmicroscopic point of view in this thesis. The research methods and results can providetheoretical guidance and reference for the new structure design of heat transfer medium andbattery thermal management system.
1、针对圆柱形锂离子动力电池，设计了基于PCM的电池散热系统，并分别建立了单体电池、电池模块散热系统的模型，研究了PCM的导热系数、用量以及环境因素对电池与电池模块热量传递与分布的影响。结果表明：（1）增加PCM导热系数有助于强化PCM内部的热量传递，降低电池与PCM接触界面处的温度梯度以及单体电池和电池模块的最高温度，但PCM导热系数增加至一定值后，对电池最高温度的影响不大。（2） PCM欠量时，电池模块局部温差在PCM熔化后将继续增加，且PCM的导热系数越小，增幅越大。PCM足量时，若环境温度为定值，则PCM相变温度越低，电池模块局部温差越小；若PCM相变温度为定值时，则环境温度越高，电池模块局部温差越小。（3）电池搁置或充电时，电池和PCM中的热量能在许可时间内将热量传递至外部环境；电动汽车停置于高温环境时，PCM能有效阻滞环境热量进入电池；当PCM辅以空冷散热时，风速越大，电池模块局部温差越大，但PCM导热系数较大时，局部温差受风速影响不大。
2、针对方形锂离子动力电池，分别设计了基于PCM的方形锂离子电池散热、加热/保温系统并建立了模型，研究了PCM和电池导热系数的相关性及其对系统传热的影响；并结合方形电池表面的平整结构，实验研究了基于扁平烧结型热管的电池散热系统热量传递与分布规律。结果表明：（1）提高电池导热系数有助于减小系统热阻，PCM导热系数与电池导热系数（kPCM: kc）相同时，倍增PCM导热系数并不能明显强化系统散热，但能强化热量在PCM中的传递，降低电池模块的局部温差。（2）对于电池的加热/保温，PCM加热与空气加热相比，加热时间短，热量分布更均匀，并能满足电池搁置长时间的保温要求。PCM导热系数低有助于减小保温过程中的热量损失，延长保温时间，但会增加电池再次放电时的温升和局部温差，因此，仍需对PCM进行强化传热。（3）针对扁平烧结型热管的电池散热系统，首次提出了有效散热能力与有效均热能力的概念。电池温升和局部温差的控制，必须同时考虑热管的有效散热能力与有效均热能力。
3、设计了基于振荡热管（OHP, oscillation heat pipe）的方形电池散热系统，并结合PCM的潜热特性，设计了PCM/OHP耦合传热的电池散热系统，实验研究了各系统中OHP摆放位置和电极朝向与电池降温和均温的协同作用。结果表明：（1）要满足电池降温与热量分布均衡性的要求，OHP的启动温度必须低于目标温度，且不高于电池局部温差达到目标温差时所对应的电池最高温度。（2） PCM/OHP散热系统具有比OHP散热系统更好的降温效果。电池电极靠近热管绝热端时，高温端热量迅速通过热管导出，电池最高温度上升至目标温度的时间变长。电极朝向相同时，电池最高温度上升至目标温度的时间以及放电结束时的最高温度受OHP放置角度影响不大。（3）电池电极远离OHP绝热端时，PCM/OHP散热系统的均温效果最好；而电池电极靠近热管绝热端时，热管散热系统的均温效果最好；但PCM/OHP散热系统的稳定性受电极与热管接触方式的影响较小。对PCM进行强化传热，仍是提高PCM/OHP散热系统降温与均温能力的关键。
4、针对电池热管理系统PCM传热强化的共同特性，以传热介质为研究对象，基于石蜡类PCM的构成，分别建立了单质烷烃、二元混合烷烃以及烷烃/水混合PCM体系的分子模型，对各体系的热质传递机理进行了分子动力学模拟。结果表明：（1）正十九烷与正二十烷固态时的定压比热容与实验值相差最大不超过20%，液态时最大不超过9.5%；温度为288~318K时，正二十二烷导热系数的模拟值介于0.1~0.4W·m~(-1)·K~(-1)，与文献中实验值的波动范围相吻合。（2）开氏温标下，单质烷烃的相变温度与文献值和实验值的偏差不超过1%。正十九烷和正二十四烷按1:1和1:3混合时，其熔化温度按自扩散系数预测分别为308.5K和315.2K，按比热预测分别为308.2K和314.6K，偏差不大。（3）在烷烃/水混合PCM体系中，烷烃的加入会降低体系的自扩散系数，宏观行为上体现为粘度增加和导热系数下降。烷烃发生相变时，C-C键和C-H键的扭转、伸缩等行为较为剧烈，体系需要外界提供更多的能量或向外接释放更多的能量，宏观上体现为蓄热或放热。
5、以烷烃为基材，建立了烷烃与高导热铝粒子混合的PCM分子模型；以烷烃为芯材，二氧化硅为壳材，分别建立了胶囊PCM模型以及胶囊与水混合的PCM模型；研究了粒子粒径、壳材软硬、厚度等对PCM扩散行为的影响。结果表明：（1）通过添加高导热粒子对石蜡类PCM进行强化传热时，粒子的粒径不宜太大，含量不宜过多，否则易出现沉淀或混合不均甚至无法混合的现象，增大传热热阻或热量传递不均。（2）胶囊壳材材质的软硬会影响胶囊类PCM的自扩散，硬质壳材会限制胶囊芯材的扭转、伸缩、振动等，降低芯材固液相变后的流动性；软质材料伸缩性强，能减小不同胶囊之间的接触热阻。（3）胶囊外壳的厚度也会影响胶囊类PCM的自扩散性能，胶囊外壳过厚时，芯材外侧分子链的扭转、拉伸等行为易受约束，流动性减弱。
6、以烷烃为芯材，分别以三聚氰胺甲醛树脂、甲基三甲氧基硅烷/3-氨丙基三甲氧基硅为壳材，建立了胶囊PCM体系的粗粒化模型，根据介观模拟的方法与理论，通过耗散粒子动力学模拟，研究了胶囊PCM的形成机理和主要影响因素。结果表明：（1）采用与文献中相似的胶囊PCM芯材与壳材材质，成功模拟出正二十二烷/三聚氰胺甲醛树脂胶囊PCM体系的介观核壳结构，并对胶囊化过程进行了机理分析，模拟出芯材过量时胶囊无法包裹的介观形态。（2）模拟出以烷烃为芯材，甲基三甲氧基硅烷和3-氨丙基三甲氧基硅烷为壳材前驱体的胶囊PCM的演化与形成过程，并根据文献中的实验条件对组分的配比进行了分析，得出了芯材含量为62.5%的模拟值（实验值64%），并指出了芯材含量的理论可能值为70%。
综上，本文结合实验与数值模拟的方法，从宏观、微观、介观多个尺度对电池热管理系统或系统中关键传热介质的热物性进行了研究，研究结果和方法能为新型传热介质的材料与结构设计、电池热管理系统的模块与成组设计提供理论指导和参考。
With the continuous development of economy and society and improvement of people'sliving standards, the importance of energy-saving and emission reduction in transport sectorwill become increasingly prominent. The electric vehicles, with the dual advantages of lowpower consumption and zero emissions, have developed rapidly in recent years. Theperformance of the batteries, including traditional lead-acid and advanced nickel-metalhydride and lithium-ion battery, are significantly affected by the temperature. Excessive highand low temperature can significantly reduce the performance of battery. For the purpose ofextending the cycle life of power battery and improving the performance of electric vehicle,and then promoting the development and application of electric vehicles, in this thesis, theheat transfer characteristic of the difference battery thermal management systems, includingby using phase change medium or material (PCM), heat pipe and heat pipe coupled with PCMas heat transfer medium, were investigated by experimental and numerical simulation. Inaddition, the heat transfer enhancement mechanisms of PCM on microscopic and mesoscopicscale were simulated and discussed by molecular dynamics and dissipative particle dynamicsmethod. The main research contents and conclusions are summarized as follows:
1. The PCM-based thermal management system was designed for cooling the cylindricallithium-ion battery. And the single battery and battery module cooling systems were modeled.The effect of the thermal conductivity and content of the PCM and the environmental factorson heat transfer and distribution within single battery and battery module were investigated,respectively. The results showed that:(1) with the increasing of thermal conductivity of PCM,the heat transfer in PCM will be enhanced, the temperature gradient of the interface of batteryand PCM, and the maximum temperature of single battery and battery module were decreased.However, the maximum temperature of battery affected slightly after the thermal conductivityof PCM increased to a certain value.(2) The local temperature difference within the batterymodule will continue to increase if the PCM is insufficient, and the smaller the thermalconductivity of the PCM, the greater the increase. The local temperature difference decreaseswith the decrease of the phase change temperature of PCM when the ambient temperature isconstant and the PCM is sufficient. And the local temperature difference decreases with the increase of the ambient temperature if the phase change temperature of PCM is constant.(3)The heat in the battery and PCM can be transferred to the external environment within desiredtime when the battery during unused or charging condition. The heat from outer can beblocked effectively by PCM when the electric vehicle parked in the high temperatureenvironment. The local temperature difference increases with the increase of the velocitywhen the air was used as auxiliary way for cooling the battery, but the local temperaturedifference affected slightly when the thermal conductivity of PCM is high enough.
2. The PCM-based cooling and heating systems for rectangular lithium-ion battery weredesigned and modeled. The relativity of the thermal conductivity between PCM and batteryand its effect on the heat transfer of the system were investigated. Based on the smoothsurface structure, the flat sintered heat pipes were used for cooling the rectangular battery andthe related heat transfer and distribution characteristic were studied experimentally. Theresults showed that:(1) the thermal resistance of the system can be reduced by increasing thethermal conductivity of battery. The heat transfer of the system cannot be strengthenedsignificantly with the exponentially increased thermal conductivity of PCM when the thermalconductivity of PCM and battery is same. However, the heat transfer in the PCM can bestrengthened and the local temperature difference of the battery module can be reduced.(2)For the battery heating/insulation condition, compared with air heating, the PCM heatingshowed short heating time, more uniform heat distribution and can meet the insulationrequirements if the battery shelved for a long time. The low thermal conductivity of PCM ishelpful for reducing heat loss in the insulation process and extend the insulated time while notconducive to increase the local temperature difference. Therefore, it is also necessary toenhance the heat transfer of PCM.(3) For the flat sintered heat pipes based battery coolingsystem, the concept of the effective cooling capacity and effective average temperaturecapability were first proposed. The effective cooling capacity and effective averagetemperature capability of the heat pipes must be considered simultaneously for controlling thebattery temperature rise and local temperature difference.
3. The oscillation heat pipe (OHP)-based cooling system for rectangular lithium-ionbattery was designed. And combined with latent heat characteristics of PCM, the PCM/OHPcoupled battery cooling system was also designed. The effect of OHP placement and electrode direction on heat transfer and distribution of the battery were investigated experimentally. Theresults showed that:(1) to meet the requirements including heat dissipation and distributionevenly of the battery, the start temperature of OHP must be lower than the target temperatureof the cooling system and not higher than the corresponding maximum temperature when thebattery local temperature difference reached the target temperature difference.(2) The coolingeffect of PCM/OHP-based cooling system is better than OHP-based cooling system. Whenthe battery electrode close to the adiabatic end of heat pipe, the time of the maximumtemperature of the battery increased to target temperature becomes longer due to the heatwhich accumulated at high-temperature-side of battery can be conducted rapidly through theheat pipe. The time of the maximum temperature of the battery increased to target temperatureand the maximum temperature in the end of discharge are affected slightly by OHP placementwhen the electrode direction of different cooling systems is same.(3) The heat distributedmore evenly in the PCM/OHP-based cooling system when the battery electrode away fromthe OHP adiabatic end. The heat distributed more evenly in the OHP-based cooling systemwhen the battery electrode close to the OHP adiabatic end. In short, the PCM/OHP-basedcooling system showed a better stability. Heat transfer enhancement for PCM is also a keyfactor for heat dissipation in the PCM/OHP-based cooling system.
4. Based on the common characteristics such as heat transfer enhancement in thedifference battery thermal management system, the research object in this section is focus onPCM. According to the ingredient of paraffin, the molecular model of pure alkane, binarymixed alkanes and alkane/water mixed PCM system were fabricated, respectively. The heatand mass transfer mechanisms were investigated by molecular dynamics simulation method.The results showed that:(1) the difference of simulated isobaric heat capacity ofn-nonadecane and n-eicosane at solid state with experiment value (from literature) does notexceed20%, and at liquid state, not exceed9.5%. The simulated thermal conductivity ofn-docosane, consistent with the fluctuation range of the experimental values in literature, isabout0.1~0.4W·m~(-1)·K~(-1)when the temperature is288~318K.(2) The difference of simulatedphase change temperature of pure alkane with the values from literature and experiment doesnot exceed1%. The melting temperature of n-nonadecane and n-tetracosane were calculatedas308.5K and315.2K by self-diffusion coefficient, as308.2Kand314.6K, by isobaric heat capacity, when the mixed proportion of n-nonadecane and n-tetracosane is1:1and1:3,respectively.(3) In the alkane/water mixed PCM system, the addition of alkane will reducethe self-diffusion coefficient of the system that reflect the increasing of viscosity anddecreasing of thermal conductivity on macroscopic point of view. The twisting and stretchingof C-C bond and C-H bond become more intense during the phase change process of alkaneand lead to more energy absorbed or released on macro.
5. The alkane and aluminum particles mixed PCM molecular model was fabricated byusing alkane as substrate material. The models such as encapsulated PCM and capsule mixedwith water composite PCM were fabricated by using alkane as core material and silicondioxide as shell material, respectively. The effect of particle size, hard and soft shell material,and the thickness of the shell on diffusion behavior of PCM was investigated. The resultsshowed that:(1) the particle size should not be too large and the content should not be toomuch, otherwise will prone to precipitation phenomenon, mixed uneven even cannot bemixed, and then increase the thermal resistance or distribute the heat uneven.(2) Theself-diffusion of the PCM capsules was affected by the hardness of shell material. The torsion,stretching and vibration of the core material can be restrict by hard shell material, and thenreducing the mobility of the core material after solid-liquid phase change.(3) Theself-diffusion of the PCM capsules was also affected by the thickness of shell material. Thetorsion, stretching and vibration of the core material can be restricted by excessive thick shelland then leading to weaken the mobility of core material.
6. The coarse-grained models of different encapsulated PCM by using alkane as corematerial were fabricated. And the shell materials are melamine formaldehyde resin, methyltrimethoxysilane/3-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane, respectively. Based on the mesoscopicsimulation methods and theory, the aggregate mechanism of the PCM capsule and the relatedmain factors were investigated by dissipative particle dynamics simulations. The resultsshowed that:(1) according to the reported PCM capsule core and shell matreials, themesoscopic core-shell structure of n-dodecane/melamine formaldehyde resin-based capsulesPCM system was simulated. The encapsulation process and mechanism was analyzed, and themesoscopic morphology of the capsule with excessive core material was simulated.(2) Theevolution and the formation process of the PCM capsule which using alkane as core material and methyl trimethoxysilane/3-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane as precursor of shell materialwere simulated. With the similar core and shell materials, the content of core material in theDPD simulation is62.5%that the value is very close to the reported as64%. The possibletheoretical content of core material is about70%if the experimental conditions can beoptimized.
In summary, the heat transfer characteristics in the battery thermal management systemsand the thermophysical properties of the main heat transfer medium in the systems wereinvestigated by experimental and numerical method on macroscopic, mesoscopic andmicroscopic point of view in this thesis. The research methods and results can providetheoretical guidance and reference for the new structure design of heat transfer medium andbattery thermal management system.
引文
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