采空区顶板垮落空气冲击灾害的理论及控制技术研究
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摘要
长期以来,煤炭在中国的能源构成中占有十分重要的比例。煤炭工业在我国国民经济中处于基础地位,是不可替代的。煤炭工业的安全高效开发对我国国民经济的快速、平稳和可持续发展具有十分重要的战略意义。顶板事故是煤矿的五大主要灾害之一,而煤矿顶板大面积垮落又是顶板事故中最危险的一种表现形式。采空区顶板在短时间内大面积垮落,不仅因自身重力产生严重的冲击破坏,而且更加严重的是把已采空间的空气在瞬间高速压出,形成空气冲击灾害,造成严重的人员伤害和设备损坏等后果。纵观中国煤矿历次顶板大面积垮落引起的空气冲击灾害事故,其致灾的根本原因都是因对煤矿顶板大面积垮落引起的动力冲击现象研究不够,对其灾害发生的机理和规律没有形成系统的科学预测理论和判据,难以提出实用有效的预警措施和防灾工程设计依据,以便在实践中科学地指导矿井的顶板大面积垮落空气冲击灾害防治工作。因此,非常有必要对采场顶板大面积垮落引起的空气冲击灾害进行更加深入的理论基础与现场防治实践研究,以实现我国煤炭工业的健康顺利发展。
本文采用数学物理模型、实验室模拟和现场实践研究的方法,对采空区顶板垮落空气冲击灾害理论及控制技术进行研究。构建了采空区顶板整体切落力学模型、O-X断裂垮落力学模型以及房柱式开采顶板整体切落力学模型；研究了顶板垮落过程中采空区、巷道风速和风压的发生机理及演变规律；开展了实验室模拟,验证了顶板垮落-空气耦合冲击规律的一致性；建立了不同顶板垮落形式下空气冲击灾害对巷道人员及设备的损伤和损坏模型,给出了巷道内人员损伤及设备损坏的判则；依据具体的现场工程背景,提出了采场顶板大面积垮落所导致的空气冲击灾害的防灾工程设计方法与减灾控制技术措施。
主要结论如下：
(1)构建了顶板全部切落-整体运动型、顶板O-X破断回转下沉运动型的空气冲击理论预测模型,分析了顶板整体切落时,采空区空气压强的变化规律,推导了采空区、巷道口及巷道内空气的冲击速度随顶板垮落高度变化的计算公式,并依据开采实际与边界条件,采用有限差分方法预测出了具体算例条件下空气冲击灾害的相关临界指标。
(2)设计研制出了顶板垮落-空气冲击耦合模拟实验台,通过模拟顶板不同垮落高度时采空区不同位置的空气流速,并利用MATLAB软件,采用二次插值法绘制了不同垮落高度时采空区的速度分布场,揭示了采空区风速呈以模型实验台中部为对称面的对称分布规律。试验结果表明,靠近巷道口位置风速最大,工作面煤壁侧风速次之,采空区侧风速最低。在巷道Ocm、10cm、30cm、50cm、80cm、100cm六个位置安设风速传感器,测得各自风速值,得出了随顶板垮落高度的不同,巷道某一位置风速的变化规律;顶板垮落-空气冲击时,沿巷道方向风速呈现随距离增加的衰减规律；空气自采空区流向巷道,受采空区面积与巷道断面积之比的影响规律。
(3)根据井下人员受冲击空气超压伤害的评价原则,建立了人员受空气冲击超压伤害的评判模型(Ⅰ),确定人员受伤等级；并依人员受空气冲击时被推倒或卷入风中两种模式,构建出了空气冲击力的人员伤害模型(Ⅱ),提出了人员受超压伤害及冲击力伤害的计算公式。总结出了受空气冲击时巷道内设备损伤的三种模式,建立了巷道设备损伤评价的数-力模型,推导出了设备损伤的临界风速,并依据巷道内任意位置空气冲击速度的数值,判断设备是否受到损伤以及损坏程度。
(4)提出了采空区密闭墙受空气冲击时的最大载荷设计计算公式和采空区空气冲击灾害的防冲密闭墙设计和校核方法,并在大柳塔矿活鸡兔井(长壁开采)与霍洛湾矿(房柱开采)进行了现场控制实践,验证了实际的防灾减灾效果。
For a long time, coal has been occupying a very large proportion of energy constitution in China. The basic position of coal industry in our national economy is irreplaceable. Safe and efficient mining of coal is of great strategic significance to the quick, smooth, and sustainable development of China's national economy. Roof accidents are one of the five major disasters in coal mines, and roof falling in large areas is one of the most dangerous forms of roof accidents. Goaf roof falling in large areas within a short time is not only caused by impact damage of its own gravity; what is more serious, air in the goaf is discharged instantly at a high speed, resulting in air impact disasters and serious personal injuries and equipment damages. The fundamental reason for all previous air impact disasters and accidents in Chinese coal mines caused by roof falling in large areas, is insufficient study on dynamic impact phenomenon caused by roof falling in large areas, and failure in the formation of a systematic scientific prediction theory and criterion, thus making it difficult to put forward foundations for practical and effective early warning measures and disaster prevention engineering designs, which could give scientific guidance to air impact disaster prevention and control work caused by roof falling in large areas. Therefore, it is very necessary to make further research into theory and on-site control practice of air impact disasters caused by roof falling in large areas, so as to promote healthy and smooth development of coal industry in China.
This paper studies and explores theory and control technology of air impact disasters caused by goaf roof falling through mathematical and physical models, laboratory simulation and on-site practice. Whole-cut mechanical models, O-X breaking and falling mechanical models, and whole-cut mechanical models of roof in room and pillar mining are established; occurrence mechanisms and development laws of goafs, roadway air speed and pressure are explored; laboratory simulation is made to verify the consistency of roof falling-air coupling impact laws; models are established of personnel injuries and equipment damages caused by roof falling in different forms, and judgment standards are given for personnel injuries and equipment damages. Air impact disaster prevention engineering designing methods and mitigation control techniques and measures are put forward based on specific on-site engineering background.
The main conclusions are as follows:
Ⅰ. Predicted modals of air impact theory are established of roof whole-cut and overall moving types, and roof O-X breaking, down-turning and sinking type. Changing laws of goaf air pressure in the whole-cutting processes of goals are analyzed. Formulas are deduced for air impact speed variation with roof falling height in goafs, roadway ports and roadways. Relevant critical indicators of air impact disasters under specific conditions are predicted by using finite difference methods, on the basis of mining and boundary conditions.
Ⅱ. Roof falling-air impact coupling simulation test benches are designed and made. Through simulating air flow velocities at different goaf locations when roof falls in different height, and by using quadratic interpolation methods of MATLAB software, different velocity distributions in goaf are drawn, and symmetrical distributions rules are disclosed that air speed in goafs is a symmetrical distribution with the test bench centre as the symmetrical plane. Test results show that the largest air speed is near the roadway port, followed by coal walls of working face, with the lowest speed at goaf side. Six air speed sensors are installed at Ocm,10cm,30cm,50cm,80cm and100cm of the roadways to measure different air speeds at different roadway points where roof fall, and get variation laws, get the law that in air impact caused by goaf falling, air speed reduces with distance in the direction of roadways, and get the law for the influence by the ratio between goaf area and breaking area of roadways when air flows from goafs to roadways.
Ⅲ. Judgment models(Ⅰ) are established for air overpressure impact damages based on according to the evaluation principles of personnel injuries by air overpressure impact, which is for determination of personnel injury degrees. Evaluation models(Ⅱ) of personnel injuries of air impact are established based on the two models of personnel being pulled down or getting sucked in the air, and calculation formulas of air overpressure injuries and air impact damages are put forward. Three models of equipment damages within roadways caused by air impact are summed up, and the mathematical and mechanical models(Ⅲ) for evaluation of equipment damages in roadways are established to deduce critical air speeds for equipment damages, and to judge whether the equipment is damaged and damaging degrees in accordance to air impact velocity at any position in the roadway.
Ⅳ.The maximum loading design calculation formulas caused by air impact to goaf seal walls, and design and check methods for impact-preventative seal walls are put forward. On-site control practices are arranged in Huojitu Shaft of Daliuta Coal Mine(longwall mining) and Huoluowan Coal Mine(room and pillar mining), which has proofed the practical disaster prevention and mitigation effects.
本文采用数学物理模型、实验室模拟和现场实践研究的方法,对采空区顶板垮落空气冲击灾害理论及控制技术进行研究。构建了采空区顶板整体切落力学模型、O-X断裂垮落力学模型以及房柱式开采顶板整体切落力学模型；研究了顶板垮落过程中采空区、巷道风速和风压的发生机理及演变规律；开展了实验室模拟,验证了顶板垮落-空气耦合冲击规律的一致性；建立了不同顶板垮落形式下空气冲击灾害对巷道人员及设备的损伤和损坏模型,给出了巷道内人员损伤及设备损坏的判则；依据具体的现场工程背景,提出了采场顶板大面积垮落所导致的空气冲击灾害的防灾工程设计方法与减灾控制技术措施。
主要结论如下：
(1)构建了顶板全部切落-整体运动型、顶板O-X破断回转下沉运动型的空气冲击理论预测模型,分析了顶板整体切落时,采空区空气压强的变化规律,推导了采空区、巷道口及巷道内空气的冲击速度随顶板垮落高度变化的计算公式,并依据开采实际与边界条件,采用有限差分方法预测出了具体算例条件下空气冲击灾害的相关临界指标。
(2)设计研制出了顶板垮落-空气冲击耦合模拟实验台,通过模拟顶板不同垮落高度时采空区不同位置的空气流速,并利用MATLAB软件,采用二次插值法绘制了不同垮落高度时采空区的速度分布场,揭示了采空区风速呈以模型实验台中部为对称面的对称分布规律。试验结果表明,靠近巷道口位置风速最大,工作面煤壁侧风速次之,采空区侧风速最低。在巷道Ocm、10cm、30cm、50cm、80cm、100cm六个位置安设风速传感器,测得各自风速值,得出了随顶板垮落高度的不同,巷道某一位置风速的变化规律;顶板垮落-空气冲击时,沿巷道方向风速呈现随距离增加的衰减规律；空气自采空区流向巷道,受采空区面积与巷道断面积之比的影响规律。
(3)根据井下人员受冲击空气超压伤害的评价原则,建立了人员受空气冲击超压伤害的评判模型(Ⅰ),确定人员受伤等级；并依人员受空气冲击时被推倒或卷入风中两种模式,构建出了空气冲击力的人员伤害模型(Ⅱ),提出了人员受超压伤害及冲击力伤害的计算公式。总结出了受空气冲击时巷道内设备损伤的三种模式,建立了巷道设备损伤评价的数-力模型,推导出了设备损伤的临界风速,并依据巷道内任意位置空气冲击速度的数值,判断设备是否受到损伤以及损坏程度。
(4)提出了采空区密闭墙受空气冲击时的最大载荷设计计算公式和采空区空气冲击灾害的防冲密闭墙设计和校核方法,并在大柳塔矿活鸡兔井(长壁开采)与霍洛湾矿(房柱开采)进行了现场控制实践,验证了实际的防灾减灾效果。
For a long time, coal has been occupying a very large proportion of energy constitution in China. The basic position of coal industry in our national economy is irreplaceable. Safe and efficient mining of coal is of great strategic significance to the quick, smooth, and sustainable development of China's national economy. Roof accidents are one of the five major disasters in coal mines, and roof falling in large areas is one of the most dangerous forms of roof accidents. Goaf roof falling in large areas within a short time is not only caused by impact damage of its own gravity; what is more serious, air in the goaf is discharged instantly at a high speed, resulting in air impact disasters and serious personal injuries and equipment damages. The fundamental reason for all previous air impact disasters and accidents in Chinese coal mines caused by roof falling in large areas, is insufficient study on dynamic impact phenomenon caused by roof falling in large areas, and failure in the formation of a systematic scientific prediction theory and criterion, thus making it difficult to put forward foundations for practical and effective early warning measures and disaster prevention engineering designs, which could give scientific guidance to air impact disaster prevention and control work caused by roof falling in large areas. Therefore, it is very necessary to make further research into theory and on-site control practice of air impact disasters caused by roof falling in large areas, so as to promote healthy and smooth development of coal industry in China.
This paper studies and explores theory and control technology of air impact disasters caused by goaf roof falling through mathematical and physical models, laboratory simulation and on-site practice. Whole-cut mechanical models, O-X breaking and falling mechanical models, and whole-cut mechanical models of roof in room and pillar mining are established; occurrence mechanisms and development laws of goafs, roadway air speed and pressure are explored; laboratory simulation is made to verify the consistency of roof falling-air coupling impact laws; models are established of personnel injuries and equipment damages caused by roof falling in different forms, and judgment standards are given for personnel injuries and equipment damages. Air impact disaster prevention engineering designing methods and mitigation control techniques and measures are put forward based on specific on-site engineering background.
The main conclusions are as follows:
Ⅰ. Predicted modals of air impact theory are established of roof whole-cut and overall moving types, and roof O-X breaking, down-turning and sinking type. Changing laws of goaf air pressure in the whole-cutting processes of goals are analyzed. Formulas are deduced for air impact speed variation with roof falling height in goafs, roadway ports and roadways. Relevant critical indicators of air impact disasters under specific conditions are predicted by using finite difference methods, on the basis of mining and boundary conditions.
Ⅱ. Roof falling-air impact coupling simulation test benches are designed and made. Through simulating air flow velocities at different goaf locations when roof falls in different height, and by using quadratic interpolation methods of MATLAB software, different velocity distributions in goaf are drawn, and symmetrical distributions rules are disclosed that air speed in goafs is a symmetrical distribution with the test bench centre as the symmetrical plane. Test results show that the largest air speed is near the roadway port, followed by coal walls of working face, with the lowest speed at goaf side. Six air speed sensors are installed at Ocm,10cm,30cm,50cm,80cm and100cm of the roadways to measure different air speeds at different roadway points where roof fall, and get variation laws, get the law that in air impact caused by goaf falling, air speed reduces with distance in the direction of roadways, and get the law for the influence by the ratio between goaf area and breaking area of roadways when air flows from goafs to roadways.
Ⅲ. Judgment models(Ⅰ) are established for air overpressure impact damages based on according to the evaluation principles of personnel injuries by air overpressure impact, which is for determination of personnel injury degrees. Evaluation models(Ⅱ) of personnel injuries of air impact are established based on the two models of personnel being pulled down or getting sucked in the air, and calculation formulas of air overpressure injuries and air impact damages are put forward. Three models of equipment damages within roadways caused by air impact are summed up, and the mathematical and mechanical models(Ⅲ) for evaluation of equipment damages in roadways are established to deduce critical air speeds for equipment damages, and to judge whether the equipment is damaged and damaging degrees in accordance to air impact velocity at any position in the roadway.
Ⅳ.The maximum loading design calculation formulas caused by air impact to goaf seal walls, and design and check methods for impact-preventative seal walls are put forward. On-site control practices are arranged in Huojitu Shaft of Daliuta Coal Mine(longwall mining) and Huoluowan Coal Mine(room and pillar mining), which has proofed the practical disaster prevention and mitigation effects.
引文
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