杂原子介孔磷酸铝分子筛的合成、表征及催化氧化性能研究
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摘要
介孔磷酸铝分子筛骨架由铝氧四面体与磷氧四面体交替排列而成,呈电中性,当杂原子如硅、过渡金属钴和锰等进入磷酸铝分子筛骨架结构后,其骨架则带有电荷产生酸性位,也能同时产生氧化还原活性位,从而成为潜在的催化材料。同微孔相比,介孔磷酸铝分子筛具有较高的比表面积,较大的孔径,较窄的孔径分布,从而使其应用于有较大分子参与的反应成为可能,表现出潜在的应用前景,可用于加氢、脱氢、重整、裂化、异构化、环化及氧化等多种反应。但是同微孔磷酸铝分子筛和介孔硅基分子筛相比,介孔磷酸铝分子筛的稳定性较差,且合成的影响因素较多,造成合成的经验性强、过程的可控性差,本文致力于合成出较高热稳定性的介孔磷酸铝分子筛,并对其应用进行研究。
本文采用水热合成法对介孔磷酸铝分子筛进行了合成,并通过大量的实验,讨论了四甲基氢氧化铵加入量、晶化温度、晶化时间、铝与磷原料摩尔配比、模板剂脱除方法等影响因素对分子筛晶体结构和性能的影响,并借助X射线粉末衍射(X-ray powder diffraction, XRD)、傅立叶变换红外光谱(flourier transform infrared spectrometry, FT-IR)、热重-差热分析(thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis, TG-DTA)、比表面积测定(Brunner-Emmett-Teller method, BET)等分析手段,得出介孔磷酸铝分子筛较好的合成工艺。在此基础上,将铁、钴和铬等杂原子引入介孔磷酸铝分子筛中,并通过氮气吸附、紫外可见漫反射光谱(ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, UV-Vis DRS)和电子顺磁共振波谱(electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, EPR)等分析手段对分子筛结构和杂原子存在形态进行了表征,并将所合成分子筛用于不同氧化反应,考察其催化性能。
在铁掺杂介孔磷酸铝分子筛中,铁原子进入分子筛骨架结构中,并主要以四配位形式存在,同时存在少量骨架外铁氧化物。将其用于苯酚过氧化氢羟基化制苯二酚反应中,三价铁离子(Fe3+)是催化苯酚羟基化反应的活性中心,骨架铁物种的活性要远高于非骨架的铁物种,非骨架的铁物种(主要以骨架外氧化物聚集体(簇)的形式存在)会导致过氧化氢的无效分解,采用优化的工艺条件,苯酚的转化率、苯二酚的选择性和过氧化氢有效利用率分别达到21.0%、98.2%和62.7%。同时将铁掺杂介孔磷酸铝分子筛用于催化过氧化氢氧化水溶液中苯酚的反应,苯酚去除率达到99.5%,化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand, COD)去除率达到87.9%,析出到溶液中Fe3+离子活性很低,并且浓度也很低,不会产生二次污染,克服了芬顿(Fenton)试剂的缺陷。提出了铁掺杂介孔磷酸铝分子筛催化过氧化氢氧化水溶液中苯酚的催化机理,并通过设计实验进行了验证。机理如下：反应中过氧化氢首先吸附在骨架铁物种上形成羟基自由基(OH),OH进攻苯环生成相应的中间产物,如苯醌、邻苯二酚、间苯二酚、对苯二酚等,这些中间产物继续与.OH反应生成低碳链的脂肪酸,主要有草酸、乙酸和富马酸等,低碳链的脂肪酸可进一步被氧化最终氧化为二氧化碳和水。
在钴掺杂介孔磷酸铝分子筛中,引入钴原子对700cm-附近的红外吸收峰有明显的增强作用。钴掺杂介孔磷酸铝分子筛在苯乙烯氧化制苯甲醛反应中,具有较高的活性和选择性,条件优化后苯乙烯转化率达到42.2%,苯甲醛选择性为82.0%,苯甲醛产率达到34.6%,并具有较好的稳定性。
采用XRD研究了铬掺杂介孔磷酸铝分子筛在不同晶化温度下的水热晶化过程。以相对结晶度为指标测定了结晶动力学曲线,并根据阿累尼乌斯(Arrhenius)方程计算了铬掺杂介孔磷酸铝分子筛表观成核活化能和表观晶体生长活化能,分别为63.70kJ·mol-1和14.7kJ·mol-1。将其用于乙苯选择性氧化制苯乙酮反应中,乙苯转化率可达到72.8%,苯乙酮选择性为85.4%,苯乙酮产率达到62.2%。
The mesoporous aluminophosphates represent a family of molecular sieves that are constituted of PO4(+) and AlO4(-) tetrahedral having an electronically neutral framework. Upon incorporation of heteroatoms, for example silicon or transition metal elements, into the framework of an aluminophosphate molecular sieve, silicoaluminophosphate or metalaluminophosphate which have acid sites or redox-active sites due to the replacement of phosphorus or both phosphorus and aluminums by silicon or transition metals can be obtained. The substitution of phosphorus or both phosphorus and aluminium also provides these molecular sieves with potential catalytic applications. Compared with microporous materials, the mesoporous aluminophosphates have higher specific surface area, larger pore size and narrower pore size distribution. These materials have showed potential application prospect in dealing with even large bulky molecules, such as hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, reformation, crack, isomerization, cyclization and oxidation, etc. The mesoporous aluminophosphates are thermally unstable compared with microporous aluminophosphates and mesoporous silicon-based materials. Due to many influence factors in such kind of synthetic method, the synthesis process is empirical and uncontrollable. This dissertation is devoted to improving the thermal stability and investigating the application of mesoporous aluminophosphates.
The mesoporous aluminophosphates were synthesized by hydrothermal crystallization. Based on the experiments of crystallization time, crystallization temperature, amount of tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAOH), aluminium/phosphorus molar ratio, different templates and template removal methods etc., the effects of these methods on property and structure of mesoporous aluminophosphate molecular sieves were carefully researched. Moreover, the optimum synthesis conditions were determined by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), fourier transform infrared spectrophotometery (FT-IR), thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), Brunner-Emmett-Teller method (BET), etc. Based on the above mentioned experiments, the influences of transition metal elements (iron, cobalt, chromium) on structure of mesoporous aluminophosphates and existent form of transition metal elements were investigated. The catalytic performances of mesoporous aluminophosphates were also studied.
From the obtained characterization results, it could also be concluded that both the framework and extraframework iron species (iron oxide) were together present in the iron -substituted mesoporous aluminophosphates (Fe-MAPs), and most iron ions (Fe3+) in tetrahedral coordination were incorporated into the Fe-MAPs. The catalytic performances of Fe-MAPs for hydroxylation of phenol were studied. The results indicated that the framework Fe3+species were active centers, and the catalytic performance of framework Fe3+species was higher than that of extraframework Fe3+species. The extraframework Fe3+species (mainly existing in oxide aggregates or clusters) could lead to the invalid decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Under the optimized conditions, the conversion of phenol, the selectivity to catechol and the selectivity to hydroquinone reached21.0%,66.8%and31.4%respectively.
The catalytic properties of Fe-MAPs were also studied in the wet oxidation of phenol. Fe-MAPs as heterogeneous catalysts were effective for catalytic oxidation of phenol in aqueous solutions with H2O2as oxidant. Under the optimized conditions, the removal of phenol and chemical oxygen demand (COD) reached99.5%,87.9%respectively. Compared with Fenton systems, the concentration of Fe3+in the treated solution was very lower by Fe-MAP, and the possibility of induced pollution caused by the metal ions in the solution was avoided. The catalytic oxidation mechanism of phenol was proposed and verified by the designed experiments. The phenol oxidation reaction proceeds through the radical chain mechanism. The mechanism consists of the following steps.
First, H2O2is adsorbed on the surface of the Fe-MAP and reacts with Fe3+to form hydroxyl radical (OH). Then, the benzene ring is attacked by OH to form intermediates, such as benzoquinone, catechol, hydroquinone and resorcinol. These intermediates can react with OH to form fatty acids, such as oxalic acid, acetic acid and fumaric acid. Finally, these fatty acids further react to form carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).
The cobalt-substituted mesoporous aluminophosphate (Co-MAP) was also prepared by hydrothermal synthesis. FT-IR spectrum showed that the peak around700cm-1of Co-MAP was strengthened observably than that of mesoporous aluminophosphate (MAP). Co-MAP was effective for oxidation of styrene with H2O2to benzaldehyde. Under the optimized conditions, the conversion of styrene, the selectivity to benzaldehyde and the yield of benzaldehyde reached42.2%,82.0%and34.6%, respectively.
The hydrothermal crystallization processes of chromium-substituted mesoporous aluminophosphate (Cr-MAP) at various temperatures were studied by XRD. From the crystallization curves determined by the relative cyrstallinity of each sample, the apparent activation energy for the nucleation and for crystal growth were calculated by Arrhenius equation, which were63.7kJ·mol-1and14.7kJ·mol-1for Cr-MAP. The catalytic performance of Cr-MAP for selective oxidation of ethylbenzene was studied. The results indicated that the framework chromium ions (Cr5+) were active centers. Under the optimized conditions, the conversion of ethylbenzene, the selectivity to acetophenone and the yield of acetophenone reached72.8%,85.4%, and62.2%, respectively.
本文采用水热合成法对介孔磷酸铝分子筛进行了合成,并通过大量的实验,讨论了四甲基氢氧化铵加入量、晶化温度、晶化时间、铝与磷原料摩尔配比、模板剂脱除方法等影响因素对分子筛晶体结构和性能的影响,并借助X射线粉末衍射(X-ray powder diffraction, XRD)、傅立叶变换红外光谱(flourier transform infrared spectrometry, FT-IR)、热重-差热分析(thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis, TG-DTA)、比表面积测定(Brunner-Emmett-Teller method, BET)等分析手段,得出介孔磷酸铝分子筛较好的合成工艺。在此基础上,将铁、钴和铬等杂原子引入介孔磷酸铝分子筛中,并通过氮气吸附、紫外可见漫反射光谱(ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, UV-Vis DRS)和电子顺磁共振波谱(electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, EPR)等分析手段对分子筛结构和杂原子存在形态进行了表征,并将所合成分子筛用于不同氧化反应,考察其催化性能。
在铁掺杂介孔磷酸铝分子筛中,铁原子进入分子筛骨架结构中,并主要以四配位形式存在,同时存在少量骨架外铁氧化物。将其用于苯酚过氧化氢羟基化制苯二酚反应中,三价铁离子(Fe3+)是催化苯酚羟基化反应的活性中心,骨架铁物种的活性要远高于非骨架的铁物种,非骨架的铁物种(主要以骨架外氧化物聚集体(簇)的形式存在)会导致过氧化氢的无效分解,采用优化的工艺条件,苯酚的转化率、苯二酚的选择性和过氧化氢有效利用率分别达到21.0%、98.2%和62.7%。同时将铁掺杂介孔磷酸铝分子筛用于催化过氧化氢氧化水溶液中苯酚的反应,苯酚去除率达到99.5%,化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand, COD)去除率达到87.9%,析出到溶液中Fe3+离子活性很低,并且浓度也很低,不会产生二次污染,克服了芬顿(Fenton)试剂的缺陷。提出了铁掺杂介孔磷酸铝分子筛催化过氧化氢氧化水溶液中苯酚的催化机理,并通过设计实验进行了验证。机理如下：反应中过氧化氢首先吸附在骨架铁物种上形成羟基自由基(OH),OH进攻苯环生成相应的中间产物,如苯醌、邻苯二酚、间苯二酚、对苯二酚等,这些中间产物继续与.OH反应生成低碳链的脂肪酸,主要有草酸、乙酸和富马酸等,低碳链的脂肪酸可进一步被氧化最终氧化为二氧化碳和水。
在钴掺杂介孔磷酸铝分子筛中,引入钴原子对700cm-附近的红外吸收峰有明显的增强作用。钴掺杂介孔磷酸铝分子筛在苯乙烯氧化制苯甲醛反应中,具有较高的活性和选择性,条件优化后苯乙烯转化率达到42.2%,苯甲醛选择性为82.0%,苯甲醛产率达到34.6%,并具有较好的稳定性。
采用XRD研究了铬掺杂介孔磷酸铝分子筛在不同晶化温度下的水热晶化过程。以相对结晶度为指标测定了结晶动力学曲线,并根据阿累尼乌斯(Arrhenius)方程计算了铬掺杂介孔磷酸铝分子筛表观成核活化能和表观晶体生长活化能,分别为63.70kJ·mol-1和14.7kJ·mol-1。将其用于乙苯选择性氧化制苯乙酮反应中,乙苯转化率可达到72.8%,苯乙酮选择性为85.4%,苯乙酮产率达到62.2%。
The mesoporous aluminophosphates represent a family of molecular sieves that are constituted of PO4(+) and AlO4(-) tetrahedral having an electronically neutral framework. Upon incorporation of heteroatoms, for example silicon or transition metal elements, into the framework of an aluminophosphate molecular sieve, silicoaluminophosphate or metalaluminophosphate which have acid sites or redox-active sites due to the replacement of phosphorus or both phosphorus and aluminums by silicon or transition metals can be obtained. The substitution of phosphorus or both phosphorus and aluminium also provides these molecular sieves with potential catalytic applications. Compared with microporous materials, the mesoporous aluminophosphates have higher specific surface area, larger pore size and narrower pore size distribution. These materials have showed potential application prospect in dealing with even large bulky molecules, such as hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, reformation, crack, isomerization, cyclization and oxidation, etc. The mesoporous aluminophosphates are thermally unstable compared with microporous aluminophosphates and mesoporous silicon-based materials. Due to many influence factors in such kind of synthetic method, the synthesis process is empirical and uncontrollable. This dissertation is devoted to improving the thermal stability and investigating the application of mesoporous aluminophosphates.
The mesoporous aluminophosphates were synthesized by hydrothermal crystallization. Based on the experiments of crystallization time, crystallization temperature, amount of tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAOH), aluminium/phosphorus molar ratio, different templates and template removal methods etc., the effects of these methods on property and structure of mesoporous aluminophosphate molecular sieves were carefully researched. Moreover, the optimum synthesis conditions were determined by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), fourier transform infrared spectrophotometery (FT-IR), thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), Brunner-Emmett-Teller method (BET), etc. Based on the above mentioned experiments, the influences of transition metal elements (iron, cobalt, chromium) on structure of mesoporous aluminophosphates and existent form of transition metal elements were investigated. The catalytic performances of mesoporous aluminophosphates were also studied.
From the obtained characterization results, it could also be concluded that both the framework and extraframework iron species (iron oxide) were together present in the iron -substituted mesoporous aluminophosphates (Fe-MAPs), and most iron ions (Fe3+) in tetrahedral coordination were incorporated into the Fe-MAPs. The catalytic performances of Fe-MAPs for hydroxylation of phenol were studied. The results indicated that the framework Fe3+species were active centers, and the catalytic performance of framework Fe3+species was higher than that of extraframework Fe3+species. The extraframework Fe3+species (mainly existing in oxide aggregates or clusters) could lead to the invalid decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Under the optimized conditions, the conversion of phenol, the selectivity to catechol and the selectivity to hydroquinone reached21.0%,66.8%and31.4%respectively.
The catalytic properties of Fe-MAPs were also studied in the wet oxidation of phenol. Fe-MAPs as heterogeneous catalysts were effective for catalytic oxidation of phenol in aqueous solutions with H2O2as oxidant. Under the optimized conditions, the removal of phenol and chemical oxygen demand (COD) reached99.5%,87.9%respectively. Compared with Fenton systems, the concentration of Fe3+in the treated solution was very lower by Fe-MAP, and the possibility of induced pollution caused by the metal ions in the solution was avoided. The catalytic oxidation mechanism of phenol was proposed and verified by the designed experiments. The phenol oxidation reaction proceeds through the radical chain mechanism. The mechanism consists of the following steps.
First, H2O2is adsorbed on the surface of the Fe-MAP and reacts with Fe3+to form hydroxyl radical (OH). Then, the benzene ring is attacked by OH to form intermediates, such as benzoquinone, catechol, hydroquinone and resorcinol. These intermediates can react with OH to form fatty acids, such as oxalic acid, acetic acid and fumaric acid. Finally, these fatty acids further react to form carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).
The cobalt-substituted mesoporous aluminophosphate (Co-MAP) was also prepared by hydrothermal synthesis. FT-IR spectrum showed that the peak around700cm-1of Co-MAP was strengthened observably than that of mesoporous aluminophosphate (MAP). Co-MAP was effective for oxidation of styrene with H2O2to benzaldehyde. Under the optimized conditions, the conversion of styrene, the selectivity to benzaldehyde and the yield of benzaldehyde reached42.2%,82.0%and34.6%, respectively.
The hydrothermal crystallization processes of chromium-substituted mesoporous aluminophosphate (Cr-MAP) at various temperatures were studied by XRD. From the crystallization curves determined by the relative cyrstallinity of each sample, the apparent activation energy for the nucleation and for crystal growth were calculated by Arrhenius equation, which were63.7kJ·mol-1and14.7kJ·mol-1for Cr-MAP. The catalytic performance of Cr-MAP for selective oxidation of ethylbenzene was studied. The results indicated that the framework chromium ions (Cr5+) were active centers. Under the optimized conditions, the conversion of ethylbenzene, the selectivity to acetophenone and the yield of acetophenone reached72.8%,85.4%, and62.2%, respectively.
引文
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