长江口及邻近海域百年来沉积讯息与环境变化关系的解析
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摘要
本文通过探讨长江口及其邻近海域沉积物中生源要素和微量元素的生物地球化学特征及环境指示意义,构建了指示水体环境变化的化学指标体系,解析了长江口及邻近海域百年来沉积讯息与环境变化的关系。具体工作包括1)诠释了长江口及邻近海域水体悬浮颗粒物中无机态和有机态的磷和氮来源、时空变化等行为特征,获取了长江口及邻近海域颗粒态P和N的通量；2)揭示了长江口及邻近海域表层沉积物中生源要素(TOC、TN、BSi、TP)、潜在危害性元素(PHE：V、Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Mo、Cd、Pb、Bi)及P和PHE的分级浸取形态的来源、主控因素、通量等地球化学行为特征,构建指示水域环境变化的指标体系；3)探讨了浙江近岸和东海冷涡区的两根柱状沉积物中生源要素、13C、磷的结合形态、微量金属元素及其形态与水体环境变化间的对应关系,重建了长江口海域近百年来自然的和人为的环境变化历程。获得的主要的结果和结论如下：
1.获取了关于长江口及邻近海域水体颗粒P和N的来源、时空变化、通量等行为特征的系统认识,发现颗粒磷(TPP)主要来自陆源输入,颗粒氮(TPN)则来自海洋生物。无机磷(PIP)和有机氮(PON)是颗粒态P和N的主要组成部分,PIP主要来源于长江输入,POP受海洋生物和陆源输入双重影响,其中浮游植物对POP贡献高于79%,89%以上的颗粒N由浮游植物输入,68-73%的PIP最终埋藏于沉积物中,而大部分POP和TPN被溶解进入再循环。
长江口及其邻近海域悬浮颗粒物(SPM)中PIP和PON分别占颗粒P和N总量的57.2±11.4%和78.2±16.8%,是颗粒P(TPP)和N(TPN)的主要组成部分。颗粒P和N的时空分布表明PIP主要来源于长江和江苏沿岸流泥沙输入,POP受陆源输入和海洋生物输入双重影响,PIN和PON主要来源于海洋生物输入。受水体生产力和长江输沙量的季节变化影响,颗粒态P和N含量在春季高于秋季,但有机组分的比例春季低于秋季。颗粒态P和N的通量计算显示,长江口水域SPM主要来源于长江输入,其输入比例在春夏季达88%,57%的SPM最终沉降于海底；PIP来源于长江输入,浮游植物输入在春夏季和秋冬季的分别占POP总输入的87%和79%；95%(春夏)/89%(秋冬)的颗粒N来自浮游植物输入。PIP的输入和输出通量基本处于平衡,其沉降通量占总输入通量的68-73%。POP和TPN的负丢失项占其总输入量的92%主95%,大部分颗粒有机质可能被溶解或矿化离开颗粒物。
2.获得了对长江口及其邻近海域沉积物中生源要素及磷的结合形态的来源、控制因素和环境指示意义的系统认识,发现长江、江苏沿岸流和海洋生物输入是沉积物生源要素的三大来源。柱状沉积物中Fe-P、Al-P、Det-P.BSi、δ13C含量变化可用于反演近百年来长江径流量的高/低波动；沉积柱上层粒径归一化的TOC等含量升高,记录了在20世纪80/90年代后近岸水体富营养化加剧、生产力升高的环境变化；冷涡区沉积柱中TOC、TN、δ13C、BSi、Ex-P、Fe-P和1ea-OP的变化指示了百年来东亚冬季风强度的周期性振荡。
生源要素的含量与分布显示,长江口海域沉积物中TOC和Lea-OP来源于河流输入和海洋生物输入,δ13C显示近岸沉积物中约34-70%的有机质来自陆源输入,远岸沉积物中约66-79%的有机质为自海洋自生；TN受海洋初级生产力控制,BSi来源于硅藻输入；Fe-P、Al-P和Det-P源于长江和江苏沿岸流沉积物输入；CFA-P受江苏沿岸流和钙质生物输入影响。TOC、TN、TP和非磷灰石磷富集于细粒沉积物中,Det-P基本在粗粒沉积物中富集。
浙江近岸的沉积柱中,Fe-P、Al-P与Det-P含量呈现相反的变化,其变化对应着沉积物粒度变化以及长江径流量的高/低波动,对应机制与径流量-沉积物粒度-磷形态的含量三者间的相互作用关系有关。沉积物中BSi的显著低值记录了1980年代末期长江径流量降低、溶解硅输入通量达最低值时东海近岸水体中硅藻生产力降低的环境变化。沉积柱上层,粒径归一化的TOC、TN、TP、Ex-P、Fe-P和lea-OP含量显著增加,反映了1990年代后东海近岸水体富营养化加剧、初级生产力升高的生态环境变化。冷涡区沉积柱中,TOC、TN、δ13C、BSi、Ex-P、Fe-P和lea-OP含量的变化对应近一个世纪东亚冬季风强度的20年周期性振荡,与冬季风强盛时期江苏沿岸流增强,物质输入增加使得远岸水体生产力升高有关。3.揭示了长江口海域沉积物中PHE及其形态的主控因素及环境指示意义,V、Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Mo、Cd和Bi主要在残渣态中存在,来源于陆源输入,长江输入占其总输入量的82-90%,长江口和浙江近岸沉积物中存在Cu、Zn、Cd、Bi的富集,北部中陆架区存在Pb的富集。近岸沉积柱中PHE、岩生元素及残渣态含量变化反映了1850年以来长江径流量的高/低波动,沉积柱上层Zn、Pb、Bi、Cu的富集因子及活性形态含量升高与1980年代后人为污染输入增加有关,冷涡区沉积物中微量元素含量变化对应东亚冬季风强度的周期性振荡。综合表明,沉积物生源要素与微量元素反映的长江口海域生态环境变化历程具有一致性。
长江口海域沉积物中V、Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Mo、Cd和Bi主要在残渣态中存在,含量与分布显示其主要来源于长江和江苏沿岸流物质输入；Cu、Zn、Cd、Bi和Pb的活性形态比例较高,平均值在22-51%间,结合元素富集因子值(EF),得出近岸沉积物可能存在Cu、Zn、Cd和Bi的污染,北部中陆架区存在Pb的富集,污染源可能包括长江、陆源污染排放以及Pb的大气输入。通量显示长江是PHE的主要来源,占元素总输入的82-90%。38-77%的微量元素最终埋藏于沉积物中,大部分沉积在内陆架区。
近岸沉积柱中PHE、岩生元素(Li、Sc、Rb、Cs、Th)及元素残渣态的垂直分布一致,含量变化记录了1850年以来长江径流量的干/湿变化,反映机制涉及河流直接输入、沉积物粒度效应和有机质结合三种过程。沉积柱上层,Zn、Pb、Bi和Cu的EF分别增加13%、19%、20%和4%,活性形态含量升高,表明1980年代后这些元素受到人为输入影响。可氧化态的Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb和Bi在柱上层16cm内含量升高,与1990年代后水体初级生产力增加有关。冷涡区沉积柱中,PHE和岩生元素总量的变化对应着冬季风强度的20年周期性波动,强盛的冬季风增加了江苏沿岸流和大气的物质输入,促进外海水体生产力升高,使得沉积物中微量元素含量增加。
This study investigated the geochemical characterics and environmental significances of biogenic elements and trace elements in sediments of the Changjiang Estuary and its adjacent waters, then established the geochemical proxies of environmental changes and further revealed the correlations between sedimentary records and environmental changes in the Changjiang Estuary and its adjacent waters. The following tasks have been completed:1) The geochemical behavior including sources and variations of particulate inorganic and organic P and N in the Changjiang Estuary and adjacent waters was investigated, and the budgets of particulate P and N were calculated;2) The sources, governing factors and budgets of biogenic elements (TOC, TN, BSi, TP), potential harmful elements (PHE:V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, Cd, Pb, Bi) and chemical forms of P and PHEs in surface sediments of the Changjiang Estuary and adjacent waters were investigated, and the environmental indicative significances of these elements were revealed.3) The correlations of sedimentary biogenic elements,13C, P forms, trace elements and their forms in two sediment cores from the Zhejiang coast and the offshore cold-eddy with environmental changes in waters were discussed, and the histories of natural and human-induced environmental changes in the Changjiang Estuary and adjacent waters for the past hundred years were reconstructed. Major results and conclusions are as the following:
1. Constitution, sources, variations and budgets of particulate P and N in the Changjiang Estuary and adjacent waters were revealed. Particulate inorganic P (PIP) and organic N (PON) were the major constitutions of particulate P and N, respectively. PIP was mainly input from the Changjiang. POP was from both marine biological input and terrestrial input with the former contributed more than79%of total input. Higher than89%of particulate N was from phytoplankton. PIP was stable, but most of the POP and TPN were recycled.
PIP and PON were the major components of particulate P and N, accounting for57.2±11.4%of TPP and78.2±16.8%of TPN, respectively. Distributions and variations of particulate P and N illustrated that PIP was mainly from the Changjiang River and the Jiangsu coastal current (JCC). POP was from both terrestrial and marine biological input. PIN and PON were primarily of marine source. Impacted by the seasonal variations of primary productivity and Changjiang sediment load, the concentrations of particulate P and N were higher in spring than those in autumn, while the percentage of organic component were lower in spring. The budgets of particulate P and N showed that Changjiang sediment was the major source of SPM in the Changjiang Estuary and adjacent area, contributing88%of SPM influx in spring and summer. Fifty-seven percent of SPM was finally buried in seabed. Phytoplankton input contributed87%and79%of total POP input in spring-summer and autumn-winter, respectively.95%in spring-summer and89%in autumn-winter of particulate N were from phytoplankton input. The influx and outflow of PIP were largely equal. The missing flux of POP and TPN accounted for92%and95%of their total influx, respectively, implying that most of the particulate organic matter likely was dissolved or mineralized.
2. In-depth knowledge of the sources, governing factors and environment indicative significances of biogenic elements and P species in sediments were gained. The Changjiang estuary, the JCC and marine biological input were three major sources of biogenic elements in sediments. In the coastal core sediment, the variations of Fe-P, Al-P, Det-P, BSi and δ13C were used to reflect the dry/wet variations of the Changjiang runoff for the past hundred years; Increases in grain size-normalized elements in the upper core recorded the aggravated eutrophication and elevation of productivity in inshore waters after the1990s. In the offshore core, the variations of TOC, TN,δ13C, BSi, Ex-P, Fe-P and lea-OP reflected the periodic fluctuations of the strength of the East Asia Winter Monsoon.
The distributions of biogenic elements and P species showed that TOC and Lea-OP were from both river and marine biological inut. According to δ13C, about34-70%of organic matter was of terrestrial origin in coastal sediments while66-79%was of marine source in offshore sediments. TN was governed by marine primary productivity and BSi mainly originated from diatom. Fe-P, Al-P and Det-P were primarily of terrestrial sources from the Changjiang and the JCC. CFA-P was impacted by material input from the JCC and calcium organisms. TOC, TN, TP and non-apatite P were associated with fine sediment while Det-P was largely enriched in coarse particles.
In the coastal core, the distributions of Fe-P and Al-P exhibited opposite trends to that of Det-P. Their variations were in response to the changed sediment grain size and Changjiang runoff, resulting from the interactions between runoff, sediment grain size and P contents. Marked low concentrations of BSi recorded the decreased diatom production in the late1980s due to low Changjiang runoff and the minimum flux of dissolved silicon. In the upper section of the core, grain-size normalized TOC, TN, TP, Ex-P, Fe-P and lea-OP showed marked increases. This revealed the eutrophication and elevated primary productivity in the coastal waters after the1990s. In the offshore core, the variations of TOC, TN,δ13C, BSi, Ex-P, Fe-P and lea-OP recorded the decadal oscillations of the winter monsoon strength. Strong winter monsoon strengthened the JCC and increased material delivery to the offshore water, and thus led to elevated primary productivity and higher biogenic element contents in sediments.
3. The governing factors and environmental indicative significances of PHE and their chemical forms in sediments of the Changjiang Estuary and adjacent waters were investigated. Residual fraction was the major form of V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, Cd and Bi in sediments. These elements mainly came from terrestrial input, and the Changjiang River contributed82-90%of their total input. Enrichment of Cu, Zn, Cd and Bi was observed in the estuary and Zhejiang coast, and Pb enrichmenten in the northern middle shelf. In the coastal core, the variations of PHE, lithogenic elements and their residual fractions reflected the dry/wet fluctuations of the Changjiang runoff after the1850s. Increases of the enrichment factors (EFs) and labile fraction contents of Zn, Pb, Bi and Cu revealed pollution of these elements in the coastal sediments. In the offshore core, the changes in trace element contents recorded the periodic oscillations of the winter monsoon strength for the past century. The results of sedimentary PHE in reflecting the environmental changes were in agreement with those of sedimentary biogenic elements.
Residual fraction was the major form of V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, Cd and Bi in sediments of the Changjiang Estuary and adjacent waters. Contents and distributions showed that these elements and their residual fractions came primarily from the sediment input of the Changjiang and the JCC. Sedimentary Cu, Zn, Cd, Bi and Pb had higher proportions of labile fractions which account for22-51%of their total contents. According to the distributions of EFs and labile fractions, coastal sediments might be polluted with Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb and the northern middle shelf sediments were enriched with Pb. The pollution sources of these elements likely included the Changjiang, coastal pollution discharge and atmospheric input for Pb. The budges revealed that the Changjiang was the major source of PHEs, contributing82-90%of total PHE input. Thirty-eight to77percent of PHEs were finally buried in sediments, primarily in the inshore area.
In the coastal core, the vertical distributions of PHEs, lithogenic elements (Li, Sc, Rb, Cs and Th) and residual fractions were identical. Their sediment records reflected the dry/wet fluctuations of the Changjiang runoff after the1850s. The mechanisms of this reflection included direct river input, grain-size effect and organic matter association. In the upper section of the core, the EFs of Zn, Pb, Bi and Cu increased by13%,19%,20%and4%, respectively, and the contents of the labile fractions of Zn, Pb, Bi and Cu were also elevated. This implied the anthropogenic input of these elements after the1980s. In the upper16cm, oxidizable Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb and Bi increased upward, which resulted from the elevated productivity in water after the1990s. In the offshore core, influenced by the JCC, the variations of PHEs and lithogenic elements were in agreement with the decadal fluctuations of winter monsoon. Strengthened winter monsoon increased the material input from the JCC and atmosphere, and then promoted the phytoplankton growth in offshore water, which jointly led to increased contents of trace elements in sediments.
1.获取了关于长江口及邻近海域水体颗粒P和N的来源、时空变化、通量等行为特征的系统认识,发现颗粒磷(TPP)主要来自陆源输入,颗粒氮(TPN)则来自海洋生物。无机磷(PIP)和有机氮(PON)是颗粒态P和N的主要组成部分,PIP主要来源于长江输入,POP受海洋生物和陆源输入双重影响,其中浮游植物对POP贡献高于79%,89%以上的颗粒N由浮游植物输入,68-73%的PIP最终埋藏于沉积物中,而大部分POP和TPN被溶解进入再循环。
长江口及其邻近海域悬浮颗粒物(SPM)中PIP和PON分别占颗粒P和N总量的57.2±11.4%和78.2±16.8%,是颗粒P(TPP)和N(TPN)的主要组成部分。颗粒P和N的时空分布表明PIP主要来源于长江和江苏沿岸流泥沙输入,POP受陆源输入和海洋生物输入双重影响,PIN和PON主要来源于海洋生物输入。受水体生产力和长江输沙量的季节变化影响,颗粒态P和N含量在春季高于秋季,但有机组分的比例春季低于秋季。颗粒态P和N的通量计算显示,长江口水域SPM主要来源于长江输入,其输入比例在春夏季达88%,57%的SPM最终沉降于海底；PIP来源于长江输入,浮游植物输入在春夏季和秋冬季的分别占POP总输入的87%和79%；95%(春夏)/89%(秋冬)的颗粒N来自浮游植物输入。PIP的输入和输出通量基本处于平衡,其沉降通量占总输入通量的68-73%。POP和TPN的负丢失项占其总输入量的92%主95%,大部分颗粒有机质可能被溶解或矿化离开颗粒物。
2.获得了对长江口及其邻近海域沉积物中生源要素及磷的结合形态的来源、控制因素和环境指示意义的系统认识,发现长江、江苏沿岸流和海洋生物输入是沉积物生源要素的三大来源。柱状沉积物中Fe-P、Al-P、Det-P.BSi、δ13C含量变化可用于反演近百年来长江径流量的高/低波动；沉积柱上层粒径归一化的TOC等含量升高,记录了在20世纪80/90年代后近岸水体富营养化加剧、生产力升高的环境变化；冷涡区沉积柱中TOC、TN、δ13C、BSi、Ex-P、Fe-P和1ea-OP的变化指示了百年来东亚冬季风强度的周期性振荡。
生源要素的含量与分布显示,长江口海域沉积物中TOC和Lea-OP来源于河流输入和海洋生物输入,δ13C显示近岸沉积物中约34-70%的有机质来自陆源输入,远岸沉积物中约66-79%的有机质为自海洋自生；TN受海洋初级生产力控制,BSi来源于硅藻输入；Fe-P、Al-P和Det-P源于长江和江苏沿岸流沉积物输入；CFA-P受江苏沿岸流和钙质生物输入影响。TOC、TN、TP和非磷灰石磷富集于细粒沉积物中,Det-P基本在粗粒沉积物中富集。
浙江近岸的沉积柱中,Fe-P、Al-P与Det-P含量呈现相反的变化,其变化对应着沉积物粒度变化以及长江径流量的高/低波动,对应机制与径流量-沉积物粒度-磷形态的含量三者间的相互作用关系有关。沉积物中BSi的显著低值记录了1980年代末期长江径流量降低、溶解硅输入通量达最低值时东海近岸水体中硅藻生产力降低的环境变化。沉积柱上层,粒径归一化的TOC、TN、TP、Ex-P、Fe-P和lea-OP含量显著增加,反映了1990年代后东海近岸水体富营养化加剧、初级生产力升高的生态环境变化。冷涡区沉积柱中,TOC、TN、δ13C、BSi、Ex-P、Fe-P和lea-OP含量的变化对应近一个世纪东亚冬季风强度的20年周期性振荡,与冬季风强盛时期江苏沿岸流增强,物质输入增加使得远岸水体生产力升高有关。3.揭示了长江口海域沉积物中PHE及其形态的主控因素及环境指示意义,V、Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Mo、Cd和Bi主要在残渣态中存在,来源于陆源输入,长江输入占其总输入量的82-90%,长江口和浙江近岸沉积物中存在Cu、Zn、Cd、Bi的富集,北部中陆架区存在Pb的富集。近岸沉积柱中PHE、岩生元素及残渣态含量变化反映了1850年以来长江径流量的高/低波动,沉积柱上层Zn、Pb、Bi、Cu的富集因子及活性形态含量升高与1980年代后人为污染输入增加有关,冷涡区沉积物中微量元素含量变化对应东亚冬季风强度的周期性振荡。综合表明,沉积物生源要素与微量元素反映的长江口海域生态环境变化历程具有一致性。
长江口海域沉积物中V、Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Mo、Cd和Bi主要在残渣态中存在,含量与分布显示其主要来源于长江和江苏沿岸流物质输入；Cu、Zn、Cd、Bi和Pb的活性形态比例较高,平均值在22-51%间,结合元素富集因子值(EF),得出近岸沉积物可能存在Cu、Zn、Cd和Bi的污染,北部中陆架区存在Pb的富集,污染源可能包括长江、陆源污染排放以及Pb的大气输入。通量显示长江是PHE的主要来源,占元素总输入的82-90%。38-77%的微量元素最终埋藏于沉积物中,大部分沉积在内陆架区。
近岸沉积柱中PHE、岩生元素(Li、Sc、Rb、Cs、Th)及元素残渣态的垂直分布一致,含量变化记录了1850年以来长江径流量的干/湿变化,反映机制涉及河流直接输入、沉积物粒度效应和有机质结合三种过程。沉积柱上层,Zn、Pb、Bi和Cu的EF分别增加13%、19%、20%和4%,活性形态含量升高,表明1980年代后这些元素受到人为输入影响。可氧化态的Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb和Bi在柱上层16cm内含量升高,与1990年代后水体初级生产力增加有关。冷涡区沉积柱中,PHE和岩生元素总量的变化对应着冬季风强度的20年周期性波动,强盛的冬季风增加了江苏沿岸流和大气的物质输入,促进外海水体生产力升高,使得沉积物中微量元素含量增加。
This study investigated the geochemical characterics and environmental significances of biogenic elements and trace elements in sediments of the Changjiang Estuary and its adjacent waters, then established the geochemical proxies of environmental changes and further revealed the correlations between sedimentary records and environmental changes in the Changjiang Estuary and its adjacent waters. The following tasks have been completed:1) The geochemical behavior including sources and variations of particulate inorganic and organic P and N in the Changjiang Estuary and adjacent waters was investigated, and the budgets of particulate P and N were calculated;2) The sources, governing factors and budgets of biogenic elements (TOC, TN, BSi, TP), potential harmful elements (PHE:V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, Cd, Pb, Bi) and chemical forms of P and PHEs in surface sediments of the Changjiang Estuary and adjacent waters were investigated, and the environmental indicative significances of these elements were revealed.3) The correlations of sedimentary biogenic elements,13C, P forms, trace elements and their forms in two sediment cores from the Zhejiang coast and the offshore cold-eddy with environmental changes in waters were discussed, and the histories of natural and human-induced environmental changes in the Changjiang Estuary and adjacent waters for the past hundred years were reconstructed. Major results and conclusions are as the following:
1. Constitution, sources, variations and budgets of particulate P and N in the Changjiang Estuary and adjacent waters were revealed. Particulate inorganic P (PIP) and organic N (PON) were the major constitutions of particulate P and N, respectively. PIP was mainly input from the Changjiang. POP was from both marine biological input and terrestrial input with the former contributed more than79%of total input. Higher than89%of particulate N was from phytoplankton. PIP was stable, but most of the POP and TPN were recycled.
PIP and PON were the major components of particulate P and N, accounting for57.2±11.4%of TPP and78.2±16.8%of TPN, respectively. Distributions and variations of particulate P and N illustrated that PIP was mainly from the Changjiang River and the Jiangsu coastal current (JCC). POP was from both terrestrial and marine biological input. PIN and PON were primarily of marine source. Impacted by the seasonal variations of primary productivity and Changjiang sediment load, the concentrations of particulate P and N were higher in spring than those in autumn, while the percentage of organic component were lower in spring. The budgets of particulate P and N showed that Changjiang sediment was the major source of SPM in the Changjiang Estuary and adjacent area, contributing88%of SPM influx in spring and summer. Fifty-seven percent of SPM was finally buried in seabed. Phytoplankton input contributed87%and79%of total POP input in spring-summer and autumn-winter, respectively.95%in spring-summer and89%in autumn-winter of particulate N were from phytoplankton input. The influx and outflow of PIP were largely equal. The missing flux of POP and TPN accounted for92%and95%of their total influx, respectively, implying that most of the particulate organic matter likely was dissolved or mineralized.
2. In-depth knowledge of the sources, governing factors and environment indicative significances of biogenic elements and P species in sediments were gained. The Changjiang estuary, the JCC and marine biological input were three major sources of biogenic elements in sediments. In the coastal core sediment, the variations of Fe-P, Al-P, Det-P, BSi and δ13C were used to reflect the dry/wet variations of the Changjiang runoff for the past hundred years; Increases in grain size-normalized elements in the upper core recorded the aggravated eutrophication and elevation of productivity in inshore waters after the1990s. In the offshore core, the variations of TOC, TN,δ13C, BSi, Ex-P, Fe-P and lea-OP reflected the periodic fluctuations of the strength of the East Asia Winter Monsoon.
The distributions of biogenic elements and P species showed that TOC and Lea-OP were from both river and marine biological inut. According to δ13C, about34-70%of organic matter was of terrestrial origin in coastal sediments while66-79%was of marine source in offshore sediments. TN was governed by marine primary productivity and BSi mainly originated from diatom. Fe-P, Al-P and Det-P were primarily of terrestrial sources from the Changjiang and the JCC. CFA-P was impacted by material input from the JCC and calcium organisms. TOC, TN, TP and non-apatite P were associated with fine sediment while Det-P was largely enriched in coarse particles.
In the coastal core, the distributions of Fe-P and Al-P exhibited opposite trends to that of Det-P. Their variations were in response to the changed sediment grain size and Changjiang runoff, resulting from the interactions between runoff, sediment grain size and P contents. Marked low concentrations of BSi recorded the decreased diatom production in the late1980s due to low Changjiang runoff and the minimum flux of dissolved silicon. In the upper section of the core, grain-size normalized TOC, TN, TP, Ex-P, Fe-P and lea-OP showed marked increases. This revealed the eutrophication and elevated primary productivity in the coastal waters after the1990s. In the offshore core, the variations of TOC, TN,δ13C, BSi, Ex-P, Fe-P and lea-OP recorded the decadal oscillations of the winter monsoon strength. Strong winter monsoon strengthened the JCC and increased material delivery to the offshore water, and thus led to elevated primary productivity and higher biogenic element contents in sediments.
3. The governing factors and environmental indicative significances of PHE and their chemical forms in sediments of the Changjiang Estuary and adjacent waters were investigated. Residual fraction was the major form of V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, Cd and Bi in sediments. These elements mainly came from terrestrial input, and the Changjiang River contributed82-90%of their total input. Enrichment of Cu, Zn, Cd and Bi was observed in the estuary and Zhejiang coast, and Pb enrichmenten in the northern middle shelf. In the coastal core, the variations of PHE, lithogenic elements and their residual fractions reflected the dry/wet fluctuations of the Changjiang runoff after the1850s. Increases of the enrichment factors (EFs) and labile fraction contents of Zn, Pb, Bi and Cu revealed pollution of these elements in the coastal sediments. In the offshore core, the changes in trace element contents recorded the periodic oscillations of the winter monsoon strength for the past century. The results of sedimentary PHE in reflecting the environmental changes were in agreement with those of sedimentary biogenic elements.
Residual fraction was the major form of V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, Cd and Bi in sediments of the Changjiang Estuary and adjacent waters. Contents and distributions showed that these elements and their residual fractions came primarily from the sediment input of the Changjiang and the JCC. Sedimentary Cu, Zn, Cd, Bi and Pb had higher proportions of labile fractions which account for22-51%of their total contents. According to the distributions of EFs and labile fractions, coastal sediments might be polluted with Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb and the northern middle shelf sediments were enriched with Pb. The pollution sources of these elements likely included the Changjiang, coastal pollution discharge and atmospheric input for Pb. The budges revealed that the Changjiang was the major source of PHEs, contributing82-90%of total PHE input. Thirty-eight to77percent of PHEs were finally buried in sediments, primarily in the inshore area.
In the coastal core, the vertical distributions of PHEs, lithogenic elements (Li, Sc, Rb, Cs and Th) and residual fractions were identical. Their sediment records reflected the dry/wet fluctuations of the Changjiang runoff after the1850s. The mechanisms of this reflection included direct river input, grain-size effect and organic matter association. In the upper section of the core, the EFs of Zn, Pb, Bi and Cu increased by13%,19%,20%and4%, respectively, and the contents of the labile fractions of Zn, Pb, Bi and Cu were also elevated. This implied the anthropogenic input of these elements after the1980s. In the upper16cm, oxidizable Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb and Bi increased upward, which resulted from the elevated productivity in water after the1990s. In the offshore core, influenced by the JCC, the variations of PHEs and lithogenic elements were in agreement with the decadal fluctuations of winter monsoon. Strengthened winter monsoon increased the material input from the JCC and atmosphere, and then promoted the phytoplankton growth in offshore water, which jointly led to increased contents of trace elements in sediments.
引文
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