新疆艾比湖流域抛物线沙丘发育与演变
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摘要
抛物线沙丘是一种发育在土壤、水分、植被条件较好的内陆荒漠地区以及沿海地带的固定半固定沙丘地貌类型。抛物线沙丘的研究在风沙地貌学、土地荒漠化监测与评价、区域环境演变等方面具有重要意义。
本文以新疆艾比湖流域典型的抛物线沙丘为研究对象,以风沙地貌学、风沙物理学、植物生态学和沉积学等学科理论为指导,在研究区东南梭梭林荒漠运用“3S”及RTK技术实测了22个抛物线沙丘的形态参数；在各类沙丘表层共采集220个沉积物样品,沙丘间地表层共采集110个沉积物样品；分析了研究区6个气象站7年的风况数据；进行了沙丘沙源特征的实验及沙丘发育的风动力机制探讨,旨在阐明艾比湖流域抛物线沙丘的发育及演变过程。经过综合分析,本文主要结论如下：
艾比湖流域的风沙地貌可划分为风积地貌和风蚀地貌两大类,风积地貌以灌丛沙堆和抛物线沙丘最为典型。本文按照抛物线沙丘的形态复杂程度及空间组合状况,将艾比湖流域抛物线沙丘分为半环形、V状抛物线、U状抛物线、钩形及复合型等五种类型。研究区抛物线沙丘呈集中分布,半环形、V状抛物线、U状抛物线沙丘主要分布在流域东南部、312国道以南的梭梭沙地,而钩形抛物线沙丘则主要分布在流域中部偏东、312国道以北的灌丛沙地,复合型抛物线沙丘在两地均有少量分布。
艾比湖流域的抛物线沙丘形态呈现向西北方向开口的抛物线形状,走向为西北-东南方向。抛物线沙丘的弧顶沙粱西北坡长、平缓凹进,西南坡短、陡,且呈弧线凸出,俯视平面图呈抛物线状。在所测量的抛物线沙丘中,沙丘相对高度介于2.1-15.48m,两个翼角长度约45.7-290.5m不等,两翼之间宽度介于54-162m,中轴线长度介于56.59-330.35m,沙丘长宽比介于0.8-2.11之间。
艾比湖流域的起沙风以NW和NNW风向为主,NW风向频率占年起沙风频率的54.98%,NNW风向频率占年起沙风频率的18.31%。艾比湖流域年合成输沙势介于679.88-1203.38VU,属于高风能环境；方向变率指数在研究时段内均大于0.9,为单峰风况特点；合成输沙方向为126.15°,介于ESE-SE之间。流域内输沙势强度存在较大的空间差异,阿拉山口为输沙势的高值点。因流域地形和地貌的特点,阿拉山口的强劲风力是流域风沙地貌形成的主要动力原因。
艾比湖流域下伏物质主要为第四纪的松散沉积物及湖相沉积物。经流水作用及风力的再次改造及搬运,为抛物线沙丘发育提供了丰富的沙源物质。在沙源物质的组成中还包括山区的岩石经流水及风力风化后由冰川和河流输送到山前平原带,因此流域内抛物线沙丘的沙源物质颗粒含有细砾成分。艾比湖流域抛物线沙丘表面沉积物粒径在0.399um-2116.54um之间,不同地貌部位沉积物的粒级、平均粒径、分选系数、偏态及峰态呈现出有规律的变化。此系风沙流、沙丘形态、植被和沉积物综合作用的结果。
艾比湖流域形成抛物线沙丘的植物为以梭梭为建群种的梭梭群落。抛物线沙丘不同地貌部位梭梭覆盖度的差异较大。两翼间地的覆盖度最大,其次为两翼角,再次为丘顶,迎风坡的植被覆盖度最小。两翼角较大的植被盖度对翼角的固定作用是形成抛物线沙丘的关键。两翼间地的植被盖度与沙丘的高度之间存在显著的正相关关系,在0.01置信水平下相关系数为0.856。植被可削弱风沙活动的强度并减缓其对地表的风蚀；植被的存在可以拦截风沙流中的悬浮颗粒物,并形成沉降,从而引起沙丘形态发生变化。研究区梭梭的生长位置及长势对抛物线沙丘的形成和发育起到了关键的作用。
研究区抛物线沙丘由风蚀洼地起源而来,可划分为以下五个发展演化阶段：风蚀洼地阶段、半环形沙丘阶段、初期抛物线形阶段、成熟抛物线形阶段、纵向沙垄阶段或者钩形沙丘----线形沙丘阶段。根据沙丘长宽比,可分为雏形期(0.43)。
抛物线沙丘的发育模式可归纳为两种。模式一：新月形沙丘----横向沙丘----抛物线沙丘----发夹形沙丘；模式二.风蚀洼地----弧形沙梁----抛物线沙丘---纵向沙垄或发夹形沙丘。而研究区抛物线沙丘是由风蚀洼地发育形成的沙丘类型,其模式可归纳为风蚀洼地----半环形沙丘----抛物线沙丘----纵向沙垄或者钩形沙丘----线形沙丘。成熟的抛物线沙丘可以转化为两种类型的沙丘,一种直接由抛物线形沙丘转化为纵向沙垄；一种则由抛物线形沙丘演化为钩形沙丘,逐步转化为线形沙丘。
Parabolic dunes is a developmental fixed and semi-fixed sand dune landform type in good soil, water, vegetation conditions inland desert areas and coastal zones. Study on parabolic dunes has great significance in aeolian landform, land desertification monitoring and evaluation, regional environmental evolution and so on.
This paper took Ebinur Lake basin typical parabolic dunes as the research project, regarded sand geomorphology, sand physics, plant ecology and sedimentology disciplines theory as a guide, measured morphological parameters of22parabolic dunes in Haloxylon desert in southeast of the basin by using the technology of "3S" and RTK.220sediment samples were collected from the dunes in various dune surface,110sediment samples were collected from surface among the dunes; The paper also analyzed wind conditions data of6Stations of7years in the study area, experimented on dune source characteristic and investigated on Dunes wind power mechanism, all of these aimed to clarify the development and evolution of parabolic dunes in the Ebinur Lake basin. After a comprehensive analysis, the main conclusions are as follows:
Aeolian landforms of the Ebinur lake basin can be divided into two categories: Aeolian geomorphology and Wind erosion. Nebkhas and parabolic dunes are the most typical Aeolian landforms. Parabolic dunes in the Ebinur Lake are divided into five types of semi-circular, parabola of the V-shaped, U-shaped parabolic, hook and composite according to their complexity and spatial combination conditions. Parabolic dunes of the study area showed characteristics of dense distribution, semi-circular, parabola of the V-shaped, U-shaped parabolic line are mainly distributed in the southeast of the basin, the Haloxylon sand in the south of State Road312, hook parabolic dunes are mainly distributed partial East in the middle of the basin, shrub sand in the north of State Road312and the compound parabolic dunes are distributed in both places.
The morphology of parabolic dunes in the Ebinur lake basin showed the parabolic shape opening to the northwest, towards the northwest-southeast direction. The arc sand beam on the top of the parabola dunes showed the northwestern slopes were long and gentle recessed, the southwest slopes were short and steep and showed arc-shaped protrusion and a parabola-shaped from the top plan view. The relative height of Dunes was between2.1-15.48m and the length of the two wing angles was approximately range of45.7-290.5m, the width between the two wings was among54-162m, the length of the central axis was between56.59-330.35m and the ratio of the length and the width of the dunes was between0.8-2.11.
The wind direction of the rising sand wind of the Ebinur lake basin was mainly the NW and NNW wind. The frequency of the NW wind accounted for54.98%and the NNW wind direction frequency accounted for18.31%of the annual rising sand wind frequency. The Ebinur Lake Basin belongs to a high wind environment and the annual drift potential is between679.88-1203.38VU. The direction variability index each year is more than0.9, which can be classified the characteristics of single-peak wind conditions. The synthetic sediment transport direction is126.15°that is between the ESE-SE. There is a big space difference in terms of the drift potential strength in the basin and the high value point appears in lashankou. Due to the characteristics of the topography and landforms of the basin, Alashankou strong wind is the main reason for the formation of aeolian landforms.
The underlying substances of the Ebinur Lake basin are mainly Quaternary unconsolidated sediments and lake sediments, which were re-transformed and transported by the role of water and wind, and provided rich sand source material for the development of parabolic dunes. Mountain rocks, weathered by water and wind and transported by glaciers and rivers to the piedmont zone, were included in the composition of the substance of the sand, so the source material particles of the parabolic sand dunes in the basin were coarse. The surface sediment grain size of the parabolic dunes in Ebinur Lake basin was between0.399um-2116.54um, the fraction, average particle size, sorting coefficient, skewness and kurtosis of the sediment in different landforms parts were all showing regular changes, these were the combined result of the sand flow, the dunes, vegetation and sediments.
The vegetation formed parabolic dunes in Ebinur Lake basin was Haloxylon vegetation communities for constructive species, and Haloxylon coverage differed greatly in different geomorphologic parts of parabolic sand dunes. The coverage between the two wings was the maximum, and followed by that of the two wing angles and hilltop came the third, the windward slope vegetation coverage was the minimum. The key to the formation of parabolic dunes was the fixation of greater vegetation coverage to two wing angles. Vegetation would not only lead to the deposition pattern changes of sand dunes, but also directly affect the dune morphological changes. Vegetation can weaken the strength of the wind and sand activities and slowed down its mitigation of surface wind erosion. The presence of vegetation could intercept suspended particles in the sand flow and then form the settlement, thus causing the dunes morphology changes. There was a significant positive correlation between ground vegetation cover and dune height between the two wings. Vegetation had played a key role in the formation and development of parabolic dunes.
Parabolic dunes in the Ebinur Lake basin originated from the wind erosion depressions. The formations of sand dunes were divided into the following five stages of development and evolution:wind erosion depression stage, semi-circular dune stage, the initial parabola-shaped stage, the mature parabolic stage, longitudinal dunes stage or hook-shaped-linear dunes phase. They could also be divided into Embryonic Period (0.43) according to the aspect ratio of a dune.
The developmental pattern of parabolic dunes can be summed up as follows. Mode1:the barchan----transverse dunes----parabolic dunes----hairpin-shaped dunes; mode2:wind erosion depression----curved sand Beam----parabolic dunes----longitudinal dunes or hairpin-shaped dunes. The parabolic dunes in study area formed by wind erosion depressions, the model can be summarized asfollows:wind erosion depressions----semi-circular dunes----parabolic dunes----longitudinal dunes or hook-shaped dunes----linear dunes. The parabolic dunes can be transformed into two types. One can be evolved into longitudinal dunes from parabolic dunes; another can be evolved into hook-shaped dunes from parabolic dunes, gradually transformed into linear dunes.
本文以新疆艾比湖流域典型的抛物线沙丘为研究对象,以风沙地貌学、风沙物理学、植物生态学和沉积学等学科理论为指导,在研究区东南梭梭林荒漠运用“3S”及RTK技术实测了22个抛物线沙丘的形态参数；在各类沙丘表层共采集220个沉积物样品,沙丘间地表层共采集110个沉积物样品；分析了研究区6个气象站7年的风况数据；进行了沙丘沙源特征的实验及沙丘发育的风动力机制探讨,旨在阐明艾比湖流域抛物线沙丘的发育及演变过程。经过综合分析,本文主要结论如下：
艾比湖流域的风沙地貌可划分为风积地貌和风蚀地貌两大类,风积地貌以灌丛沙堆和抛物线沙丘最为典型。本文按照抛物线沙丘的形态复杂程度及空间组合状况,将艾比湖流域抛物线沙丘分为半环形、V状抛物线、U状抛物线、钩形及复合型等五种类型。研究区抛物线沙丘呈集中分布,半环形、V状抛物线、U状抛物线沙丘主要分布在流域东南部、312国道以南的梭梭沙地,而钩形抛物线沙丘则主要分布在流域中部偏东、312国道以北的灌丛沙地,复合型抛物线沙丘在两地均有少量分布。
艾比湖流域的抛物线沙丘形态呈现向西北方向开口的抛物线形状,走向为西北-东南方向。抛物线沙丘的弧顶沙粱西北坡长、平缓凹进,西南坡短、陡,且呈弧线凸出,俯视平面图呈抛物线状。在所测量的抛物线沙丘中,沙丘相对高度介于2.1-15.48m,两个翼角长度约45.7-290.5m不等,两翼之间宽度介于54-162m,中轴线长度介于56.59-330.35m,沙丘长宽比介于0.8-2.11之间。
艾比湖流域的起沙风以NW和NNW风向为主,NW风向频率占年起沙风频率的54.98%,NNW风向频率占年起沙风频率的18.31%。艾比湖流域年合成输沙势介于679.88-1203.38VU,属于高风能环境；方向变率指数在研究时段内均大于0.9,为单峰风况特点；合成输沙方向为126.15°,介于ESE-SE之间。流域内输沙势强度存在较大的空间差异,阿拉山口为输沙势的高值点。因流域地形和地貌的特点,阿拉山口的强劲风力是流域风沙地貌形成的主要动力原因。
艾比湖流域下伏物质主要为第四纪的松散沉积物及湖相沉积物。经流水作用及风力的再次改造及搬运,为抛物线沙丘发育提供了丰富的沙源物质。在沙源物质的组成中还包括山区的岩石经流水及风力风化后由冰川和河流输送到山前平原带,因此流域内抛物线沙丘的沙源物质颗粒含有细砾成分。艾比湖流域抛物线沙丘表面沉积物粒径在0.399um-2116.54um之间,不同地貌部位沉积物的粒级、平均粒径、分选系数、偏态及峰态呈现出有规律的变化。此系风沙流、沙丘形态、植被和沉积物综合作用的结果。
艾比湖流域形成抛物线沙丘的植物为以梭梭为建群种的梭梭群落。抛物线沙丘不同地貌部位梭梭覆盖度的差异较大。两翼间地的覆盖度最大,其次为两翼角,再次为丘顶,迎风坡的植被覆盖度最小。两翼角较大的植被盖度对翼角的固定作用是形成抛物线沙丘的关键。两翼间地的植被盖度与沙丘的高度之间存在显著的正相关关系,在0.01置信水平下相关系数为0.856。植被可削弱风沙活动的强度并减缓其对地表的风蚀；植被的存在可以拦截风沙流中的悬浮颗粒物,并形成沉降,从而引起沙丘形态发生变化。研究区梭梭的生长位置及长势对抛物线沙丘的形成和发育起到了关键的作用。
研究区抛物线沙丘由风蚀洼地起源而来,可划分为以下五个发展演化阶段：风蚀洼地阶段、半环形沙丘阶段、初期抛物线形阶段、成熟抛物线形阶段、纵向沙垄阶段或者钩形沙丘----线形沙丘阶段。根据沙丘长宽比,可分为雏形期(0.4
抛物线沙丘的发育模式可归纳为两种。模式一：新月形沙丘----横向沙丘----抛物线沙丘----发夹形沙丘；模式二.风蚀洼地----弧形沙梁----抛物线沙丘---纵向沙垄或发夹形沙丘。而研究区抛物线沙丘是由风蚀洼地发育形成的沙丘类型,其模式可归纳为风蚀洼地----半环形沙丘----抛物线沙丘----纵向沙垄或者钩形沙丘----线形沙丘。成熟的抛物线沙丘可以转化为两种类型的沙丘,一种直接由抛物线形沙丘转化为纵向沙垄；一种则由抛物线形沙丘演化为钩形沙丘,逐步转化为线形沙丘。
Parabolic dunes is a developmental fixed and semi-fixed sand dune landform type in good soil, water, vegetation conditions inland desert areas and coastal zones. Study on parabolic dunes has great significance in aeolian landform, land desertification monitoring and evaluation, regional environmental evolution and so on.
This paper took Ebinur Lake basin typical parabolic dunes as the research project, regarded sand geomorphology, sand physics, plant ecology and sedimentology disciplines theory as a guide, measured morphological parameters of22parabolic dunes in Haloxylon desert in southeast of the basin by using the technology of "3S" and RTK.220sediment samples were collected from the dunes in various dune surface,110sediment samples were collected from surface among the dunes; The paper also analyzed wind conditions data of6Stations of7years in the study area, experimented on dune source characteristic and investigated on Dunes wind power mechanism, all of these aimed to clarify the development and evolution of parabolic dunes in the Ebinur Lake basin. After a comprehensive analysis, the main conclusions are as follows:
Aeolian landforms of the Ebinur lake basin can be divided into two categories: Aeolian geomorphology and Wind erosion. Nebkhas and parabolic dunes are the most typical Aeolian landforms. Parabolic dunes in the Ebinur Lake are divided into five types of semi-circular, parabola of the V-shaped, U-shaped parabolic, hook and composite according to their complexity and spatial combination conditions. Parabolic dunes of the study area showed characteristics of dense distribution, semi-circular, parabola of the V-shaped, U-shaped parabolic line are mainly distributed in the southeast of the basin, the Haloxylon sand in the south of State Road312, hook parabolic dunes are mainly distributed partial East in the middle of the basin, shrub sand in the north of State Road312and the compound parabolic dunes are distributed in both places.
The morphology of parabolic dunes in the Ebinur lake basin showed the parabolic shape opening to the northwest, towards the northwest-southeast direction. The arc sand beam on the top of the parabola dunes showed the northwestern slopes were long and gentle recessed, the southwest slopes were short and steep and showed arc-shaped protrusion and a parabola-shaped from the top plan view. The relative height of Dunes was between2.1-15.48m and the length of the two wing angles was approximately range of45.7-290.5m, the width between the two wings was among54-162m, the length of the central axis was between56.59-330.35m and the ratio of the length and the width of the dunes was between0.8-2.11.
The wind direction of the rising sand wind of the Ebinur lake basin was mainly the NW and NNW wind. The frequency of the NW wind accounted for54.98%and the NNW wind direction frequency accounted for18.31%of the annual rising sand wind frequency. The Ebinur Lake Basin belongs to a high wind environment and the annual drift potential is between679.88-1203.38VU. The direction variability index each year is more than0.9, which can be classified the characteristics of single-peak wind conditions. The synthetic sediment transport direction is126.15°that is between the ESE-SE. There is a big space difference in terms of the drift potential strength in the basin and the high value point appears in lashankou. Due to the characteristics of the topography and landforms of the basin, Alashankou strong wind is the main reason for the formation of aeolian landforms.
The underlying substances of the Ebinur Lake basin are mainly Quaternary unconsolidated sediments and lake sediments, which were re-transformed and transported by the role of water and wind, and provided rich sand source material for the development of parabolic dunes. Mountain rocks, weathered by water and wind and transported by glaciers and rivers to the piedmont zone, were included in the composition of the substance of the sand, so the source material particles of the parabolic sand dunes in the basin were coarse. The surface sediment grain size of the parabolic dunes in Ebinur Lake basin was between0.399um-2116.54um, the fraction, average particle size, sorting coefficient, skewness and kurtosis of the sediment in different landforms parts were all showing regular changes, these were the combined result of the sand flow, the dunes, vegetation and sediments.
The vegetation formed parabolic dunes in Ebinur Lake basin was Haloxylon vegetation communities for constructive species, and Haloxylon coverage differed greatly in different geomorphologic parts of parabolic sand dunes. The coverage between the two wings was the maximum, and followed by that of the two wing angles and hilltop came the third, the windward slope vegetation coverage was the minimum. The key to the formation of parabolic dunes was the fixation of greater vegetation coverage to two wing angles. Vegetation would not only lead to the deposition pattern changes of sand dunes, but also directly affect the dune morphological changes. Vegetation can weaken the strength of the wind and sand activities and slowed down its mitigation of surface wind erosion. The presence of vegetation could intercept suspended particles in the sand flow and then form the settlement, thus causing the dunes morphology changes. There was a significant positive correlation between ground vegetation cover and dune height between the two wings. Vegetation had played a key role in the formation and development of parabolic dunes.
Parabolic dunes in the Ebinur Lake basin originated from the wind erosion depressions. The formations of sand dunes were divided into the following five stages of development and evolution:wind erosion depression stage, semi-circular dune stage, the initial parabola-shaped stage, the mature parabolic stage, longitudinal dunes stage or hook-shaped-linear dunes phase. They could also be divided into Embryonic Period (0.4
The developmental pattern of parabolic dunes can be summed up as follows. Mode1:the barchan----transverse dunes----parabolic dunes----hairpin-shaped dunes; mode2:wind erosion depression----curved sand Beam----parabolic dunes----longitudinal dunes or hairpin-shaped dunes. The parabolic dunes in study area formed by wind erosion depressions, the model can be summarized asfollows:wind erosion depressions----semi-circular dunes----parabolic dunes----longitudinal dunes or hook-shaped dunes----linear dunes. The parabolic dunes can be transformed into two types. One can be evolved into longitudinal dunes from parabolic dunes; another can be evolved into hook-shaped dunes from parabolic dunes, gradually transformed into linear dunes.
引文
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