金融集聚影响因素研究
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摘要
自20世纪70年代开始,越来越多的金融机构开始采用企业间协调的方式来组织交易和生产活动,从最初的少数几家银行集中到金融控股公司的兴起,再到今天不同种类金融机构的空间集聚,集群已经成为现代金融产业组织的基本形式。世界范围内形成了以纽约、伦敦和东京为代表的三大国际金融集聚区,而在一些新兴的国家和地区也出现了明显的金融机构集聚趋势。新加坡在20世纪90年代就通过税收政策优惠吸引了大量的金融机构集聚。国内的金融机构集聚现象也是风起云涌,北京的金融街已经成为国内金融机构的集聚地,上海浦东金融机构聚集的趋势也十分明显。因此,迫切需要对金融集聚影响因素进行理论分析,以此来引导金融集聚的形成。
金融集聚是一种状态或结果,更是一个过程。一方面可以把金融集聚看成是金融资源空间运动的结果,金融机构及其服务机构在某一区域集中,从而使这一地区的金融机构及其服务机构达到一定规模和集中度,从而形成金融聚集区。另一方面,金融集聚又是一个过程,即从动态的角度来定义金融集聚,指金融资源在特定条件下向具有一定区域优势的地区流动,这里的区域优势既包括区位优势,又包括影响金融集聚的其它条件,金融资源的不断流动与选择,是金融资源达到一定规模和集中度的有机过程。
金融集聚的发展分为四个阶段,初级阶段(形成阶段)、加速阶段、稳定阶段和扩散阶段。从现实情况来看,我国的金融集聚已经超越形成阶段,进入加速发展阶段,区域性的金融中心此起彼伏。如上海、北京、广州、成都,重庆等城市均在建立区域金融中心,有些地方甚至还要打造国际金融中心。本研究认为,我国金融集聚正处于加速集聚阶段,金融资源正加速向各区域金融中心汇聚,具体表现为金融机构及分支机构在各大型城市的金融商务区汇聚。总之,我国的金融资源空间集聚正处于加速发展阶段,但发展的速度不仅取决于金融市场的发展,还取决于制度的约束情况。
金融集聚的理论基础主要有经济发展决定论、中心扩散理论、信息组合理论、金融地理理论等。金融资源的空间集聚主要有如下好处：一是金融集聚,可以相互共享信息,实现信息的优化组合。二是通过金融集聚区的建设,带动周边区域的发展。三是通过金融集聚,尤其是金融功能的集聚,可以充分发挥金融对区域经济的促进作用。在理论分析的基础上,本文接下来对影响金融集聚的因素进行了实证研究,利用2000-2011年省级面板数据,研究了固定电话和移动电话等信息通信水平指标、政府层级、经济发展水平等指标对金融资源空间集聚的影响,并重点研究了政府层级、信息化水平等指标对金融资源空间集聚的影响,研究结果表明：第一,现阶段的中国,经济发展水平仍然是促进金融资源空间集聚的主要影响因素。第二,信息基础设施对金融集聚影响明显。第三,政府层级可能会影响金融集聚。
通过理论和实证研究,我们观察到这样一种现象,即地方政府推进金融集聚区建设,偏好于土地政策、税收优惠或人才安置等优惠措施,却很少关注金融业的信息源及其传递渠道。地方政府应该转变观念,在原有外部激励政策的基础上,加强对信息源及其传导机制等内在条件的建设,注重完善金融信息的市场形成机制,谨慎处理好金融集聚过程中政府与市场的边界,从而最大化金融集聚的溢出效应。总之,信息通信技术形成的信息源是影响金融集聚的重要因素,但政府的外推力可以加速金融集聚的形成。
最后,本文通过对丽泽商务区建设的分析,得出经济发展水平仍然是引起金融集聚的主要原因。经济发展水平越高,金融需求也就越大,金融需求可以引起金融资源在某一区域内自发集聚。而这一自发集聚的区域地理位置尤其重要,不仅交通要便利,信息化水平要高,同时要背靠一个大环境,如北京这样的大城市。在其它必要条件都具备的情况下,需要一个充分条件,即政府的大力支持。政府通过各项政策措施的引导,金融资源会源源不断在某一区域集聚,从而形成金融集聚区。金融集聚区由小到大,由内到外逐步扩张,最终在城市内部形成金融商务区,在一国范围内可能形成区域金融中心,在国际范围内可能形成国际金融中心。
Since the1970s, increasing financial institutions began to adopt a coordinated manner among enterprises to organize trade and production activities, from the initial concentration of a handful of banks to the rise of a financial holding company, and then to the today's spatial agglomeration of different types of financial institutions, clustering has become a basic form of modern financial industry organizations. There has already formed the New York, London and Tokyo as the three major representative international financial gathering district in the worldwide, and in some emerging countries and regions, there is a clear trend of concentration of financial institutions. In the1990s, through the tax preferential policies Singapore attracted a large number of financial institutions to gather around. Domestic financial institutions agglomeration is also raging like a storm, Beijing Financial Street has become a gathering place of domestic financial institutions, The trend Shanghai Pudong financial institutions to move together is also very obvious. Therefore, there is a urgent need of theoretical analysis of factors affecting financial agglomeration in order to guide the financial cluster formation.
The financial agglomeration is not only a state or results, but also a process. On the one hand financial agglomeration can be seen as a result of financial resources regional movement, a regional concentration of financial institutions and their services providers, so that the financial institutions and their service providers in this region will reach certain scale and concentration degree, thereby forming a financial agglomeration district. On the other hand, the financial agglomeration is a process, that is, from the dynamic perspective to define the financial agglomeration, refers to financial resources flow to a region with some region superiority under certain conditions, where the superiority include regional advantages, and also other conditions impact the financial Agglomeration. The constant flowing and selection is a organic process of financial resources to reach a certain size and concentration degree.
Financial agglomeration development has four stages, the initial stage (formation stage), accelerated stage, steady stage and diffusion stage. From a practical point of view, China's financial agglomeration development has gone beyond the formative stages into the acceleration stage, regional financial centers emerge one after another. Such as Shanghai, Beijing, Guangzhou, Chengdu, Chongqing and other cities are all establishing regional financial center, and some places even plan to create an international financial center. This study suggests that, the financial agglomeration of China is at the acceleration gathering stage, the financial resources is accelerating converging to the regional financial center, the specific performance of the converging is financial institutions and branches in different major cities flow to financial business district together. In summary, the financial resources regional agglomeration of China is at the acceleration gathering stage, but the speed of development depends not only on the financial markets development, but also depends on institutional constraints.
Financial agglomeration theory is based primarily on economic development determinism, the central diffusion theory, the combination of information theory, financial geography theory. Spatial concentration of financial resources has the following main benefits:First, the financial agglomeration, one can share information with each other, achieving the optimal combination of information. Second, through the construction of the financial agglomeration region, it can drive the surrounding area development. Third, through financial agglomeration, especially the accumulation of financial functions, it can give full play to the financial role in promoting the regional economy. Based on the theoretical analysis, this paper did empirical research to analysis the factors affecting financial agglomeration, using the provincial panel data from2000-2011of the fixed and mobile telephony and other information and communication level indicators, government level, the level of economic development and other indicators of financial resource. Especially the indicators of government level, the level of information and other indicators of spatial concentration of financial resources, the results showed that:the first stage of China, economic development degree is still the main factor to promote financial resources spatial concentration. Second, the information infrastructure obvious affects the financial agglomeration. Third, the government may affect the financial agglomeration.
Through theoretical and empirical studies, we observed such a phenomenon, the local government promote financial gathering area construction, preferring to land policy, tax incentives or personnel placement measure and so on, but paid little attention to the financial industry information sources and transmission channels. Local governments should change their concepts, on the basis of the original external stimulus policies, strengthen the construction of the internal conditions such as information source and its transmission mechanisms, focus on improving the market formation mechanism of financial information, careful handle boundaries of financial agglomeration process of government and market to maximize financial agglomeration spillover effect. In sum, the information source formed from information and communication technology is an important factor affecting the financial agglomeration, but the government's outside thrust can accelerate financial gathering.
Finally, through analyzing the Lize Business District construction, the paper the level of economic development is still the main cause of financial agglomeration. The higher the level of economic development, the greater the financial needs, financial needs can cause financial resources gathering spontaneously in a certain area. And this spontaneous gathering geographical area is especially important, which not only with the convenient transportation, but also the high level of informatization, while a large environment to rely on, such as big cities like Beijing. Besides other necessary conditions, there is a need for a sufficient condition that the government supports. With various policy measures guiding by government, the financial resources are gathered in an area continuously, thus forming the financial agglomeration regional. Financial agglomeration regions gradually expand from small to large, inside to the outside, and finally form a financial business district in the city, within one country it may formed as regional financial center, while in an international context it may formed as an international financial center.
金融集聚是一种状态或结果,更是一个过程。一方面可以把金融集聚看成是金融资源空间运动的结果,金融机构及其服务机构在某一区域集中,从而使这一地区的金融机构及其服务机构达到一定规模和集中度,从而形成金融聚集区。另一方面,金融集聚又是一个过程,即从动态的角度来定义金融集聚,指金融资源在特定条件下向具有一定区域优势的地区流动,这里的区域优势既包括区位优势,又包括影响金融集聚的其它条件,金融资源的不断流动与选择,是金融资源达到一定规模和集中度的有机过程。
金融集聚的发展分为四个阶段,初级阶段(形成阶段)、加速阶段、稳定阶段和扩散阶段。从现实情况来看,我国的金融集聚已经超越形成阶段,进入加速发展阶段,区域性的金融中心此起彼伏。如上海、北京、广州、成都,重庆等城市均在建立区域金融中心,有些地方甚至还要打造国际金融中心。本研究认为,我国金融集聚正处于加速集聚阶段,金融资源正加速向各区域金融中心汇聚,具体表现为金融机构及分支机构在各大型城市的金融商务区汇聚。总之,我国的金融资源空间集聚正处于加速发展阶段,但发展的速度不仅取决于金融市场的发展,还取决于制度的约束情况。
金融集聚的理论基础主要有经济发展决定论、中心扩散理论、信息组合理论、金融地理理论等。金融资源的空间集聚主要有如下好处：一是金融集聚,可以相互共享信息,实现信息的优化组合。二是通过金融集聚区的建设,带动周边区域的发展。三是通过金融集聚,尤其是金融功能的集聚,可以充分发挥金融对区域经济的促进作用。在理论分析的基础上,本文接下来对影响金融集聚的因素进行了实证研究,利用2000-2011年省级面板数据,研究了固定电话和移动电话等信息通信水平指标、政府层级、经济发展水平等指标对金融资源空间集聚的影响,并重点研究了政府层级、信息化水平等指标对金融资源空间集聚的影响,研究结果表明：第一,现阶段的中国,经济发展水平仍然是促进金融资源空间集聚的主要影响因素。第二,信息基础设施对金融集聚影响明显。第三,政府层级可能会影响金融集聚。
通过理论和实证研究,我们观察到这样一种现象,即地方政府推进金融集聚区建设,偏好于土地政策、税收优惠或人才安置等优惠措施,却很少关注金融业的信息源及其传递渠道。地方政府应该转变观念,在原有外部激励政策的基础上,加强对信息源及其传导机制等内在条件的建设,注重完善金融信息的市场形成机制,谨慎处理好金融集聚过程中政府与市场的边界,从而最大化金融集聚的溢出效应。总之,信息通信技术形成的信息源是影响金融集聚的重要因素,但政府的外推力可以加速金融集聚的形成。
最后,本文通过对丽泽商务区建设的分析,得出经济发展水平仍然是引起金融集聚的主要原因。经济发展水平越高,金融需求也就越大,金融需求可以引起金融资源在某一区域内自发集聚。而这一自发集聚的区域地理位置尤其重要,不仅交通要便利,信息化水平要高,同时要背靠一个大环境,如北京这样的大城市。在其它必要条件都具备的情况下,需要一个充分条件,即政府的大力支持。政府通过各项政策措施的引导,金融资源会源源不断在某一区域集聚,从而形成金融集聚区。金融集聚区由小到大,由内到外逐步扩张,最终在城市内部形成金融商务区,在一国范围内可能形成区域金融中心,在国际范围内可能形成国际金融中心。
Since the1970s, increasing financial institutions began to adopt a coordinated manner among enterprises to organize trade and production activities, from the initial concentration of a handful of banks to the rise of a financial holding company, and then to the today's spatial agglomeration of different types of financial institutions, clustering has become a basic form of modern financial industry organizations. There has already formed the New York, London and Tokyo as the three major representative international financial gathering district in the worldwide, and in some emerging countries and regions, there is a clear trend of concentration of financial institutions. In the1990s, through the tax preferential policies Singapore attracted a large number of financial institutions to gather around. Domestic financial institutions agglomeration is also raging like a storm, Beijing Financial Street has become a gathering place of domestic financial institutions, The trend Shanghai Pudong financial institutions to move together is also very obvious. Therefore, there is a urgent need of theoretical analysis of factors affecting financial agglomeration in order to guide the financial cluster formation.
The financial agglomeration is not only a state or results, but also a process. On the one hand financial agglomeration can be seen as a result of financial resources regional movement, a regional concentration of financial institutions and their services providers, so that the financial institutions and their service providers in this region will reach certain scale and concentration degree, thereby forming a financial agglomeration district. On the other hand, the financial agglomeration is a process, that is, from the dynamic perspective to define the financial agglomeration, refers to financial resources flow to a region with some region superiority under certain conditions, where the superiority include regional advantages, and also other conditions impact the financial Agglomeration. The constant flowing and selection is a organic process of financial resources to reach a certain size and concentration degree.
Financial agglomeration development has four stages, the initial stage (formation stage), accelerated stage, steady stage and diffusion stage. From a practical point of view, China's financial agglomeration development has gone beyond the formative stages into the acceleration stage, regional financial centers emerge one after another. Such as Shanghai, Beijing, Guangzhou, Chengdu, Chongqing and other cities are all establishing regional financial center, and some places even plan to create an international financial center. This study suggests that, the financial agglomeration of China is at the acceleration gathering stage, the financial resources is accelerating converging to the regional financial center, the specific performance of the converging is financial institutions and branches in different major cities flow to financial business district together. In summary, the financial resources regional agglomeration of China is at the acceleration gathering stage, but the speed of development depends not only on the financial markets development, but also depends on institutional constraints.
Financial agglomeration theory is based primarily on economic development determinism, the central diffusion theory, the combination of information theory, financial geography theory. Spatial concentration of financial resources has the following main benefits:First, the financial agglomeration, one can share information with each other, achieving the optimal combination of information. Second, through the construction of the financial agglomeration region, it can drive the surrounding area development. Third, through financial agglomeration, especially the accumulation of financial functions, it can give full play to the financial role in promoting the regional economy. Based on the theoretical analysis, this paper did empirical research to analysis the factors affecting financial agglomeration, using the provincial panel data from2000-2011of the fixed and mobile telephony and other information and communication level indicators, government level, the level of economic development and other indicators of financial resource. Especially the indicators of government level, the level of information and other indicators of spatial concentration of financial resources, the results showed that:the first stage of China, economic development degree is still the main factor to promote financial resources spatial concentration. Second, the information infrastructure obvious affects the financial agglomeration. Third, the government may affect the financial agglomeration.
Through theoretical and empirical studies, we observed such a phenomenon, the local government promote financial gathering area construction, preferring to land policy, tax incentives or personnel placement measure and so on, but paid little attention to the financial industry information sources and transmission channels. Local governments should change their concepts, on the basis of the original external stimulus policies, strengthen the construction of the internal conditions such as information source and its transmission mechanisms, focus on improving the market formation mechanism of financial information, careful handle boundaries of financial agglomeration process of government and market to maximize financial agglomeration spillover effect. In sum, the information source formed from information and communication technology is an important factor affecting the financial agglomeration, but the government's outside thrust can accelerate financial gathering.
Finally, through analyzing the Lize Business District construction, the paper the level of economic development is still the main cause of financial agglomeration. The higher the level of economic development, the greater the financial needs, financial needs can cause financial resources gathering spontaneously in a certain area. And this spontaneous gathering geographical area is especially important, which not only with the convenient transportation, but also the high level of informatization, while a large environment to rely on, such as big cities like Beijing. Besides other necessary conditions, there is a need for a sufficient condition that the government supports. With various policy measures guiding by government, the financial resources are gathered in an area continuously, thus forming the financial agglomeration regional. Financial agglomeration regions gradually expand from small to large, inside to the outside, and finally form a financial business district in the city, within one country it may formed as regional financial center, while in an international context it may formed as an international financial center.
引文
6 IMF, "International Finance Market in the UK", British Invisibles, Dec.1998.
7 World Bank, World Development Report,1999.
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