棉田烟粉虱种群的生物生态调控模式研究
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摘要
烟粉虱MED隐种Bemisia tabaci（Gennadius）是一种世界性害虫。具有很强的入侵性，在我国于2003年云南昆明首次发现，随着国内的贸易往来，烟粉虱MED隐种借助花卉及其它经济作物的苗木迅速扩散，在全国各地取代MEAM1隐种并广泛传播并暴发成灾，现已成为很多地区农业生产上的重要害虫。利用化学农药防治烟粉虱虽然能取得一定的效果，但会带来一系列的负面影响。如何解决这一难题，在理论中缺乏研究积累，在实践中也缺少技术指导。为了探究持续有效控制烟粉虱的措施和方法，本文研究了烟粉虱在华北棉花种植区棉花、向日葵、甜瓜、苘麻、豚草等植物上的种群动态和分布；并以向日葵和甜瓜作为诱集植物，玉米作为屏障植物，结合烟粉虱专性寄生蜂海氏桨角蚜小蜂的田间释放，以期建立棉田烟粉虱的生物生态控制体系。主要研究结果如下：
（1）于2010年对廊坊地区81种田间植物上烟粉虱的发生情况进行了系统调查。结果表明，烟粉虱可为害向日葵、蜀葵、烟草等44种植物，不为害玉米、高粱和小米等37种植物，且在不同的寄主植物上烟粉虱的种群密度有显著差异。烟粉虱在香水薄荷、荆芥、甘草、薄荷、藿香、益母草、猪屎豆、白晶菊、牛膝、待宵草、蓝蓟、紫花苜蓿、极香罗勒上的虫口密度最高，危害级别达到4级（每100cm2叶片虫口密度大于50头）。在蜀葵、向日葵和烟草上的单株虫口密度较高，虽然100cm2叶片烟粉虱虫口密度较低。鉴于向日葵、玉米、高粱在中国北方棉花产区广泛种植，且植株高大，烟粉虱仅取食向日葵，但对向日葵的产量影响极小，因此可考虑选用向日葵作为田间诱集植物，玉米和高粱作为屏障植物辅助控制棉田烟粉虱。
（2）于2010和2011年对烟粉虱在我国华北棉花种植区的棉花及其它六种常见植物上的分布与种群动态进行了两年的野外调查。采用四分位法对烟粉虱发生期的分析结果表明，在华北棉区，烟粉虱首先在棉田周边杂草（豚草或者苘麻）上发生，比棉花上的发生早10天，随后再发生在其他栽培植物上。烟粉虱在棉花上的主要发生期持续2-3周，2010年和2011年的高峰期分别是从8月初到8月中旬，和8月上中旬到9月初。从不同植物上烟粉虱的种群密度来看，烟粉虱在棉田周边生长的豚草上密度最高，2010年和2011年每100cm2叶片上的虫量分别是棉花上的22倍和12倍；其次在向日葵上，2010年和2011年每100cm2叶片上的虫量分别是棉花上的2倍和1.5倍。本研究结果表明棉田周边生长的杂草如豚草可能会加重棉田烟粉虱的发生，可考虑将向日葵作为诱集作物来辅助控制棉花上的烟粉虱为害。
（3）2011年在棉田中间作或在棉田四周围种诱集植物甜瓜、向日葵和屏障植物玉米，定期调查不同作物及种植模式中棉田烟粉虱的种群密度。结果表明，相对于棉花单种的对照，所有利用诱集、屏障作物间作或围种的种植模式均能不同程度的降低棉花上的烟粉虱种群密度，其在烟粉虱主要发生期降低程度尤为明显。围种玉米模式棉花在围种模式棉花中具有较低的烟粉虱种群密度，间作玉米模式棉花在间作模式棉花中具有较低的种群密度，且间作模式对棉田烟粉虱的控制效果好于围种模式的控制效果。诱集植物甜瓜在其整个生长季节内，无论是成虫或未成熟虫期烟粉虱种群密度都显著高于棉花和向日葵上的种群密度，表明了甜瓜对烟粉虱有很强的诱集效果。但由于甜瓜的生长周期短于棉花，在利用甜瓜作为诱集植物控制棉田烟粉虱种群密度时，应掌握好甜瓜的播种时间，最好在棉花播种后40天左右播种甜瓜，使棉花和甜瓜的生长旺盛期一致，达到最好的诱集控制效果。
（4）2012年田间烟粉虱发生的高峰期之前，利用银行植物番茄在棉田诱集-屏障作物系统中释放烟粉虱的优势寄生蜂—海氏桨角蚜小蜂，调查该系统中寄生蜂对烟粉虱的控制效果。结果表明，通过围种玉米、甜瓜和向日葵，不能显著降低棉花上烟粉虱的种群密度；而间作模式能显著降低棉田烟粉虱的种群密度，其中，棉花与玉米间作时棉花上的烟粉虱种群密度最低。在两种种植模式下，甜瓜和向日葵均能诱集到大量的烟粉虱，其中甜瓜上的烟粉虱种群密度显著高于棉花上的种群密度。此外，烟粉虱在棉花植株上的垂直分布型为聚集分布，上部和中部叶具有较高的种群密度。烟粉虱在棉花样地中的水平分布情况为：未成熟虫期种群在样地中央和样地边缘种群密度无显著差异，属均匀分布；主要发生期，成虫种群在围种模式中样地中央的种群密度显著高于样地边缘的种群密度，而间作模式棉田样地中央的样地边缘的种群密度无显著差异；在整个发生期内所有棉田的成虫烟粉虱种群均属于聚集分布，主要分布于样地中央。寄生蜂的对烟粉虱若虫的寄生量在不同作物围种棉花和棉花单种棉花之间无显著差异，而不同作物间作棉花上寄生量高于棉花单种上的寄生量。寄生率的变化规律与寄生量变化规律不一致，寄生率的高低同时受烟粉虱若虫数量和寄生量影响，寄生蜂在围种甜瓜、围种玉米和间作向日葵模式中棉花上的寄生率显著高于棉花单作上的寄生率。对于捕食性天敌而言，在烟粉虱整个发生期，不同种植模式的棉花上捕食性天敌的种群密度无显著差异；而在诱集和屏障作物之间差异显著，向日葵具有较高的微小花蝽、大草蛉种群密度，玉米上具有较高的龟纹瓢虫和三突花蛛种群密度。从不同年份间的数据来看，2012年棉花上的烟粉虱种群密度在整个发生期的大部分时间内均低于2011年的种群密度，从一定程度上说明了在棉田诱集-屏障作物种植系统中释放海氏桨角蚜小蜂后降低了棉田烟粉虱的种群密度。
（5）为明确烟粉虱MED隐种优势寄生蜂的不同组合释放比例对其控制效果的影响，于2012年在棉田笼罩中单独释放海氏桨角蚜小蜂和浅黄恩蚜小蜂以及二者的不同密度比例组合（1:1、1:3、3:1）释放两种寄生蜂。结果表明，相对于不放蜂对照，所有的放蜂处理均能显著降低烟粉虱种群密度，其中，以海氏桨角蚜小蜂和浅黄恩蚜小蜂3:1释放的处理控制效果最好。海氏桨角蚜小蜂和浅黄恩蚜小蜂种群的不同增长趋势表明了这两种寄生蜂在混合释放时具有极强的非对称竞争现象。然而，没有结果证明复寄生蜂浅黄恩蚜小蜂是通过初寄生蜂海氏桨角蚜小蜂来控制烟粉虱种群密度。
The whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) MED is a destructive insect pest in the world. Ithas a strong invasive ability and first reported in Kunming, Yunnan province in2003. Whereafter,B. tabaci rapid spread coupled with seedlings of flowers and other economic crops, widelydisseminated and outbreaks throughout the country. Now it becomes an important insect pest inmany areas of agricultural production in China. Although The use of pesticides for controlling B.tabaci was effective to a certain extent, it caused many negative effects problem. The lack oftheory accumulation in research and technical guidance in practice in reduce the negative sideafter pesticide. In order to reduce these negative side effects. This paper focuses on B. tabacipopulation dynamics and distribution on main host plants in cotton planting area in north China incotton(Gossypium spp), sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), cantaloupe(Cucumis melo L.),piemarker(Abutilon theophrasti Medic), common ragweed(Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.). Sunflowerand cantaloupe used as trap plants, corn as a barrier plant, and the B. tabaci obligate parasiticwasps Eretmocerus hayati had released in cotton fields. The biological and ecological controlsystems of B. tabaci were established in cotton field. The main research contents and conclusionsare as follows:
(1) A systematic field survey was conducted on81plant species to investigate their suitability ashost plants for the B. tabaci in2012at Langfang, Hebei Province. A total of37species of thesurveyed plant, including Zea mays L., Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench and Setaria italica (L.)Beauv. were not damaged by B. tabaci. Forty-four species of the investigated plants were suitableas host plants for B. tabaci such as Althaea rosea (L.) Cavan, Helianthus annuus L. and Nicotianatabacum L.. B. tabaci densities on these host plants varied widely. The B. tabaci occurred most onMentha arvensis L., Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briq, Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch, Mentha canadensisL., Leonurus japonicus Houtt, Crotalaria pallida Ait., Chrysanthemum paludosum Poir,Achyranthes bidentata Blume, Oenothera erythrosepala Borb., Echium vulgare L., Medicagosativa L. and Ocimum basilicum L., on these plants the infection rate was grade4(>50individualsper100cm2leaf). The plant A. rosea (L.) Cavan, H. annuus L. and N. tabacum L. had somewhatlower densities per100cm2leaf, but being much larger than the former ones, whole plantssupported large B. tabaci populations. H. annuus, Z. may and S. bicolor were widely planted incotton production areas in northern China, and the economic losses caused by B. tabaci infectionon these plants were relatively low, H. annuus can be used as a trap crop, while Z. may and S.bicolor can be used as barrier crops to manage whiteflies in cotton fields.
(2) The distribution and dynamics of B. tabaci were evaluated on cotton and six other,co-occurring common plants over two-years field investigation in a cotton-growing area in2011and2012in northern China. The seasonal dynamics on the various host plants, standardized by thequartile method showed that B. tabaci appeared on weeds [common ragweed(Ambrosia artemisiifolia) or piemarker(Abutilon theophrasti)] around the cotton field about10days earlierthan in cotton, followed by other cultivated plants. The peak population dates covered a span oftwo to three weeks on cotton, starting in early August and ending in mid-August in2010, andfrom mid-August to early September in2011. Common ragweed growing adjacent to cottonsupported the highest B. tabaci, densities,22fold and12fold than in cotton in2010and2011,respectively. Sunflower had supported more B. tabaci than the other plants, about1.5-2x higherthan cotton. The above survey results indicate the possibility that weeds around cotton fields canincrease the population density on cotton, while sunflower can act as a trap crop, decreasing pestpressure by B. tabaci on cotton.
(3) Use the cantaloupe and sunflower as trap crops, maize as a barrier crop planted intercroppingwithin or as a perimeter crop planted all around the cotton fields. Through a systematic fieldsurvey of the B. tabaci population densities were conducted on different planting cotton,cantaloupe and sunflower at Langfang, Hebei Province. The results showed that all plantingtreatments were significantly lower B. tabaci densities compare to the control cotton especially inB. tabaci main activity period. The lowest B. tabaci densities B. tabacioccurred on cotton in thepattern of B. tabacimaize as a intercropping or as a perimeter crop planting around cottonrespectively. The control effects of B. tabaci on cotton in intercropping pattern was better thanthat on perimeter pattern. The cantaloupe has a strong ability to attract B. tabaci and it wassupported large B. tabaci populations than on cotton and sunflower both in immatures and adultsduring whole sampling seasons. Choose the suitable season to plant cantaloupe is very importantdue to relatively shorter growing period in cantaloupe than in cotton. Planting cantaloupe around40days later to cotton can be seen as the best season in this trapping system and this can becoincided with the vigorous growth time between these two crops so that to achieve the goodcontrol effect.
(4)Tomato as a banker plant was used to release the Eretmocerus hayati in trap-barrier croppingsystem in cotton field before B. tabaci outbreak time in2012at Langfang, Hebei Province.Through systematic field survey was conducted on B. tabaci and the number of parasitized by Er.hayati. The resulted showed that perimeter pattern can‘t successfully reduce the B. tabaci densityon cotton compare to control which one was monoculture by cotton. When enter into the mainactivity period the densities of B. tabaci were significantly reduced in intercropping cottonscompare to perimeter cottons. The treatment of maize intercropping within cotton has supportedlowest B. tabaci density in cotton among all of them. B. tabaci population densities on cantaloupeand sunflower were higher than on cotton, and cantaloupe has supported highest B. tabacipopulation in all of the crops during its growing season. In addition, the results showed that theupper and middle positions of plant was supported higher population densities than on lowerposition, vertical distribution pattern of B. tabaci density on cotton plant was belong to clumpeddistribution. The horizontal distributions of B. tabaci immatures were related to uniformdistribution and there were no differences of the population densities between the edge and the center in cotton fields. The adults B. tabaci densities in the center of cotton field were higher thanin the edge of cotton field at all of the perimeter treatments in main activity season, while thepopulation density in different intercropping patterns were no significantly different between i nthe edge and center of the cotton fields. The distribution pattern of the adults population wasbelonging to clumped distribution and the population was mainly distributed in the center ofcotton field. The parasitized densities of Er. hayati have no significant difference among differentperimeter cottons, while the densities in different intercropping cottons were achieved higherparasitized than in control cotton. The rate of parasitized nymphs change was different from theparasitized densities in different planting cottons; it was decided by both the number of B. tabacinymphs and the parasitized densities. The rate of parasitized nymphs on cotton which in thepattern of perimeter cantaloupe and perimeter maize achieved the higher parasitized nymphs thanin control cotton, while the cotton in the pattern of intercropping sunflower can supported thehighest parasitized nymphs in intercropping pattern. For the main predator natural enemiespopulation, there were no differences of the number of predator among different planting cottons.The number of predators was significantly different among cantaloupe, sunflower and maize;sunflower can supported the highest Orius minutus population than on cantaloupe and maize, andthe Orius minutus population in intercropping sunflower was higher than in perimeter sunflower.Sunflower in perimeter pattern supported the highest Chrysopa septempunctata population than inother crops in two different planting patterns. Maize supported the highest population of thePropylaea japonica and Misumenopos tricuspidata than on cantaloupe and sunflower, thepopulation in intercropping maize was higher than in perimeter maize. The B. tabaci populationdensity in2012was lower than in2011during most sampling seasons on cotton showed thatreleased the Er. hayati in trap-barrier cropping system was greatly increasing the control effect toB. tabaci in cotton field.
(5) To explore the sustainably effective biological control measure to suppress super pest B. tabaci(Gennadius) MED and better understand the biological control effects of single and multiplereleases of parasitoids, we evaluated the performance and interaction of two aphelinid parasitoidsof B. tabaci, Eretmocerus hayati Zolnerowich&Rose (an exotic primary parasitoid) and Encarsiasophia Girault&Dodd (an autoparasitoid, which is controversial in biological control program).Single species and two species were jointly (1:1,1:3and3:1density ratio) released in field cageson cotton in Hebei Province, China,2012. Results of the field cage experiment showed that allparasitoid release treatments were successful in reducing the densities of the host B. tabaci relativeto the control where no parasitoid was released. The combined release ratio of two parasitoidspecies in Er. hayati to En. sophia at3:1showed the highest control effect throughout treatments.Different population growth trajectories indicated asymmetric competitive effects of En. sophia onEr. hayati. Our results demonstrated interspecific competition between autoparasitoid En. sophiaand exotic primary parasitoid Er. hayati. However, no evidence indicated that autoparasitoid En.sophia disrupted the host suppression achieved by primary parasitoid Er. hayati. The release of density ratio in primary parasitoid were greater than or equal to autoparasitoid together caneffectively control B. tabaci.
（1）于2010年对廊坊地区81种田间植物上烟粉虱的发生情况进行了系统调查。结果表明，烟粉虱可为害向日葵、蜀葵、烟草等44种植物，不为害玉米、高粱和小米等37种植物，且在不同的寄主植物上烟粉虱的种群密度有显著差异。烟粉虱在香水薄荷、荆芥、甘草、薄荷、藿香、益母草、猪屎豆、白晶菊、牛膝、待宵草、蓝蓟、紫花苜蓿、极香罗勒上的虫口密度最高，危害级别达到4级（每100cm2叶片虫口密度大于50头）。在蜀葵、向日葵和烟草上的单株虫口密度较高，虽然100cm2叶片烟粉虱虫口密度较低。鉴于向日葵、玉米、高粱在中国北方棉花产区广泛种植，且植株高大，烟粉虱仅取食向日葵，但对向日葵的产量影响极小，因此可考虑选用向日葵作为田间诱集植物，玉米和高粱作为屏障植物辅助控制棉田烟粉虱。
（2）于2010和2011年对烟粉虱在我国华北棉花种植区的棉花及其它六种常见植物上的分布与种群动态进行了两年的野外调查。采用四分位法对烟粉虱发生期的分析结果表明，在华北棉区，烟粉虱首先在棉田周边杂草（豚草或者苘麻）上发生，比棉花上的发生早10天，随后再发生在其他栽培植物上。烟粉虱在棉花上的主要发生期持续2-3周，2010年和2011年的高峰期分别是从8月初到8月中旬，和8月上中旬到9月初。从不同植物上烟粉虱的种群密度来看，烟粉虱在棉田周边生长的豚草上密度最高，2010年和2011年每100cm2叶片上的虫量分别是棉花上的22倍和12倍；其次在向日葵上，2010年和2011年每100cm2叶片上的虫量分别是棉花上的2倍和1.5倍。本研究结果表明棉田周边生长的杂草如豚草可能会加重棉田烟粉虱的发生，可考虑将向日葵作为诱集作物来辅助控制棉花上的烟粉虱为害。
（3）2011年在棉田中间作或在棉田四周围种诱集植物甜瓜、向日葵和屏障植物玉米，定期调查不同作物及种植模式中棉田烟粉虱的种群密度。结果表明，相对于棉花单种的对照，所有利用诱集、屏障作物间作或围种的种植模式均能不同程度的降低棉花上的烟粉虱种群密度，其在烟粉虱主要发生期降低程度尤为明显。围种玉米模式棉花在围种模式棉花中具有较低的烟粉虱种群密度，间作玉米模式棉花在间作模式棉花中具有较低的种群密度，且间作模式对棉田烟粉虱的控制效果好于围种模式的控制效果。诱集植物甜瓜在其整个生长季节内，无论是成虫或未成熟虫期烟粉虱种群密度都显著高于棉花和向日葵上的种群密度，表明了甜瓜对烟粉虱有很强的诱集效果。但由于甜瓜的生长周期短于棉花，在利用甜瓜作为诱集植物控制棉田烟粉虱种群密度时，应掌握好甜瓜的播种时间，最好在棉花播种后40天左右播种甜瓜，使棉花和甜瓜的生长旺盛期一致，达到最好的诱集控制效果。
（4）2012年田间烟粉虱发生的高峰期之前，利用银行植物番茄在棉田诱集-屏障作物系统中释放烟粉虱的优势寄生蜂—海氏桨角蚜小蜂，调查该系统中寄生蜂对烟粉虱的控制效果。结果表明，通过围种玉米、甜瓜和向日葵，不能显著降低棉花上烟粉虱的种群密度；而间作模式能显著降低棉田烟粉虱的种群密度，其中，棉花与玉米间作时棉花上的烟粉虱种群密度最低。在两种种植模式下，甜瓜和向日葵均能诱集到大量的烟粉虱，其中甜瓜上的烟粉虱种群密度显著高于棉花上的种群密度。此外，烟粉虱在棉花植株上的垂直分布型为聚集分布，上部和中部叶具有较高的种群密度。烟粉虱在棉花样地中的水平分布情况为：未成熟虫期种群在样地中央和样地边缘种群密度无显著差异，属均匀分布；主要发生期，成虫种群在围种模式中样地中央的种群密度显著高于样地边缘的种群密度，而间作模式棉田样地中央的样地边缘的种群密度无显著差异；在整个发生期内所有棉田的成虫烟粉虱种群均属于聚集分布，主要分布于样地中央。寄生蜂的对烟粉虱若虫的寄生量在不同作物围种棉花和棉花单种棉花之间无显著差异，而不同作物间作棉花上寄生量高于棉花单种上的寄生量。寄生率的变化规律与寄生量变化规律不一致，寄生率的高低同时受烟粉虱若虫数量和寄生量影响，寄生蜂在围种甜瓜、围种玉米和间作向日葵模式中棉花上的寄生率显著高于棉花单作上的寄生率。对于捕食性天敌而言，在烟粉虱整个发生期，不同种植模式的棉花上捕食性天敌的种群密度无显著差异；而在诱集和屏障作物之间差异显著，向日葵具有较高的微小花蝽、大草蛉种群密度，玉米上具有较高的龟纹瓢虫和三突花蛛种群密度。从不同年份间的数据来看，2012年棉花上的烟粉虱种群密度在整个发生期的大部分时间内均低于2011年的种群密度，从一定程度上说明了在棉田诱集-屏障作物种植系统中释放海氏桨角蚜小蜂后降低了棉田烟粉虱的种群密度。
（5）为明确烟粉虱MED隐种优势寄生蜂的不同组合释放比例对其控制效果的影响，于2012年在棉田笼罩中单独释放海氏桨角蚜小蜂和浅黄恩蚜小蜂以及二者的不同密度比例组合（1:1、1:3、3:1）释放两种寄生蜂。结果表明，相对于不放蜂对照，所有的放蜂处理均能显著降低烟粉虱种群密度，其中，以海氏桨角蚜小蜂和浅黄恩蚜小蜂3:1释放的处理控制效果最好。海氏桨角蚜小蜂和浅黄恩蚜小蜂种群的不同增长趋势表明了这两种寄生蜂在混合释放时具有极强的非对称竞争现象。然而，没有结果证明复寄生蜂浅黄恩蚜小蜂是通过初寄生蜂海氏桨角蚜小蜂来控制烟粉虱种群密度。
The whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) MED is a destructive insect pest in the world. Ithas a strong invasive ability and first reported in Kunming, Yunnan province in2003. Whereafter,B. tabaci rapid spread coupled with seedlings of flowers and other economic crops, widelydisseminated and outbreaks throughout the country. Now it becomes an important insect pest inmany areas of agricultural production in China. Although The use of pesticides for controlling B.tabaci was effective to a certain extent, it caused many negative effects problem. The lack oftheory accumulation in research and technical guidance in practice in reduce the negative sideafter pesticide. In order to reduce these negative side effects. This paper focuses on B. tabacipopulation dynamics and distribution on main host plants in cotton planting area in north China incotton(Gossypium spp), sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), cantaloupe(Cucumis melo L.),piemarker(Abutilon theophrasti Medic), common ragweed(Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.). Sunflowerand cantaloupe used as trap plants, corn as a barrier plant, and the B. tabaci obligate parasiticwasps Eretmocerus hayati had released in cotton fields. The biological and ecological controlsystems of B. tabaci were established in cotton field. The main research contents and conclusionsare as follows:
(1) A systematic field survey was conducted on81plant species to investigate their suitability ashost plants for the B. tabaci in2012at Langfang, Hebei Province. A total of37species of thesurveyed plant, including Zea mays L., Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench and Setaria italica (L.)Beauv. were not damaged by B. tabaci. Forty-four species of the investigated plants were suitableas host plants for B. tabaci such as Althaea rosea (L.) Cavan, Helianthus annuus L. and Nicotianatabacum L.. B. tabaci densities on these host plants varied widely. The B. tabaci occurred most onMentha arvensis L., Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briq, Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch, Mentha canadensisL., Leonurus japonicus Houtt, Crotalaria pallida Ait., Chrysanthemum paludosum Poir,Achyranthes bidentata Blume, Oenothera erythrosepala Borb., Echium vulgare L., Medicagosativa L. and Ocimum basilicum L., on these plants the infection rate was grade4(>50individualsper100cm2leaf). The plant A. rosea (L.) Cavan, H. annuus L. and N. tabacum L. had somewhatlower densities per100cm2leaf, but being much larger than the former ones, whole plantssupported large B. tabaci populations. H. annuus, Z. may and S. bicolor were widely planted incotton production areas in northern China, and the economic losses caused by B. tabaci infectionon these plants were relatively low, H. annuus can be used as a trap crop, while Z. may and S.bicolor can be used as barrier crops to manage whiteflies in cotton fields.
(2) The distribution and dynamics of B. tabaci were evaluated on cotton and six other,co-occurring common plants over two-years field investigation in a cotton-growing area in2011and2012in northern China. The seasonal dynamics on the various host plants, standardized by thequartile method showed that B. tabaci appeared on weeds [common ragweed(Ambrosia artemisiifolia) or piemarker(Abutilon theophrasti)] around the cotton field about10days earlierthan in cotton, followed by other cultivated plants. The peak population dates covered a span oftwo to three weeks on cotton, starting in early August and ending in mid-August in2010, andfrom mid-August to early September in2011. Common ragweed growing adjacent to cottonsupported the highest B. tabaci, densities,22fold and12fold than in cotton in2010and2011,respectively. Sunflower had supported more B. tabaci than the other plants, about1.5-2x higherthan cotton. The above survey results indicate the possibility that weeds around cotton fields canincrease the population density on cotton, while sunflower can act as a trap crop, decreasing pestpressure by B. tabaci on cotton.
(3) Use the cantaloupe and sunflower as trap crops, maize as a barrier crop planted intercroppingwithin or as a perimeter crop planted all around the cotton fields. Through a systematic fieldsurvey of the B. tabaci population densities were conducted on different planting cotton,cantaloupe and sunflower at Langfang, Hebei Province. The results showed that all plantingtreatments were significantly lower B. tabaci densities compare to the control cotton especially inB. tabaci main activity period. The lowest B. tabaci densities B. tabacioccurred on cotton in thepattern of B. tabacimaize as a intercropping or as a perimeter crop planting around cottonrespectively. The control effects of B. tabaci on cotton in intercropping pattern was better thanthat on perimeter pattern. The cantaloupe has a strong ability to attract B. tabaci and it wassupported large B. tabaci populations than on cotton and sunflower both in immatures and adultsduring whole sampling seasons. Choose the suitable season to plant cantaloupe is very importantdue to relatively shorter growing period in cantaloupe than in cotton. Planting cantaloupe around40days later to cotton can be seen as the best season in this trapping system and this can becoincided with the vigorous growth time between these two crops so that to achieve the goodcontrol effect.
(4)Tomato as a banker plant was used to release the Eretmocerus hayati in trap-barrier croppingsystem in cotton field before B. tabaci outbreak time in2012at Langfang, Hebei Province.Through systematic field survey was conducted on B. tabaci and the number of parasitized by Er.hayati. The resulted showed that perimeter pattern can‘t successfully reduce the B. tabaci densityon cotton compare to control which one was monoculture by cotton. When enter into the mainactivity period the densities of B. tabaci were significantly reduced in intercropping cottonscompare to perimeter cottons. The treatment of maize intercropping within cotton has supportedlowest B. tabaci density in cotton among all of them. B. tabaci population densities on cantaloupeand sunflower were higher than on cotton, and cantaloupe has supported highest B. tabacipopulation in all of the crops during its growing season. In addition, the results showed that theupper and middle positions of plant was supported higher population densities than on lowerposition, vertical distribution pattern of B. tabaci density on cotton plant was belong to clumpeddistribution. The horizontal distributions of B. tabaci immatures were related to uniformdistribution and there were no differences of the population densities between the edge and the center in cotton fields. The adults B. tabaci densities in the center of cotton field were higher thanin the edge of cotton field at all of the perimeter treatments in main activity season, while thepopulation density in different intercropping patterns were no significantly different between i nthe edge and center of the cotton fields. The distribution pattern of the adults population wasbelonging to clumped distribution and the population was mainly distributed in the center ofcotton field. The parasitized densities of Er. hayati have no significant difference among differentperimeter cottons, while the densities in different intercropping cottons were achieved higherparasitized than in control cotton. The rate of parasitized nymphs change was different from theparasitized densities in different planting cottons; it was decided by both the number of B. tabacinymphs and the parasitized densities. The rate of parasitized nymphs on cotton which in thepattern of perimeter cantaloupe and perimeter maize achieved the higher parasitized nymphs thanin control cotton, while the cotton in the pattern of intercropping sunflower can supported thehighest parasitized nymphs in intercropping pattern. For the main predator natural enemiespopulation, there were no differences of the number of predator among different planting cottons.The number of predators was significantly different among cantaloupe, sunflower and maize;sunflower can supported the highest Orius minutus population than on cantaloupe and maize, andthe Orius minutus population in intercropping sunflower was higher than in perimeter sunflower.Sunflower in perimeter pattern supported the highest Chrysopa septempunctata population than inother crops in two different planting patterns. Maize supported the highest population of thePropylaea japonica and Misumenopos tricuspidata than on cantaloupe and sunflower, thepopulation in intercropping maize was higher than in perimeter maize. The B. tabaci populationdensity in2012was lower than in2011during most sampling seasons on cotton showed thatreleased the Er. hayati in trap-barrier cropping system was greatly increasing the control effect toB. tabaci in cotton field.
(5) To explore the sustainably effective biological control measure to suppress super pest B. tabaci(Gennadius) MED and better understand the biological control effects of single and multiplereleases of parasitoids, we evaluated the performance and interaction of two aphelinid parasitoidsof B. tabaci, Eretmocerus hayati Zolnerowich&Rose (an exotic primary parasitoid) and Encarsiasophia Girault&Dodd (an autoparasitoid, which is controversial in biological control program).Single species and two species were jointly (1:1,1:3and3:1density ratio) released in field cageson cotton in Hebei Province, China,2012. Results of the field cage experiment showed that allparasitoid release treatments were successful in reducing the densities of the host B. tabaci relativeto the control where no parasitoid was released. The combined release ratio of two parasitoidspecies in Er. hayati to En. sophia at3:1showed the highest control effect throughout treatments.Different population growth trajectories indicated asymmetric competitive effects of En. sophia onEr. hayati. Our results demonstrated interspecific competition between autoparasitoid En. sophiaand exotic primary parasitoid Er. hayati. However, no evidence indicated that autoparasitoid En.sophia disrupted the host suppression achieved by primary parasitoid Er. hayati. The release of density ratio in primary parasitoid were greater than or equal to autoparasitoid together caneffectively control B. tabaci.
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