环洱海地区乡村聚落系统的演变与优化研究
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摘要
乡村聚落，是乡村人口进行生产和生活的基本场所。作为人类聚落发展的起源，乡村聚落以其突出的地域适应性、简单实用的空间组织性，充分体现了人地关系的和谐，成为承载人类文明的重要依托。当前，我国乡村正处于社会经济全面发展的关键时期，乡村聚落的建设高潮已经来临。然而，在摆脱贫困、追求经济增长的过程中，积极的投入并未形成良好的生产环境和居住环境，重复建设、无序扩张、千篇一律、乡土特色淡化等现象极为普遍，乡村聚落面临的“发展与保护”矛盾关系亦日趋紧张，可持续发展遭受严峻挑战。本文抓住云南环洱海地区这一具有“高原湖泊生态脆弱区、民族文化多元融合区、乡村经济发展活跃区”等多重叠合特征的典型区域，深入分析西部欠发达民族地区、生态敏感地区乡村聚落的演化特征、驱动肌理及优化途径，顺应了我国“新农村建设”的实践需要，并为丰富我国乡村聚落地理理论研究做出积极努力。
本文是具有鲜明区域性的应用研究，其展开的逻辑思路是“分析研究基础条件—建立维度分析框架—还原系统演进过程—梳理系统内在机理—建构系统优化机制”。其中，“结构-功能”双维度动态分析框架的建立是本文展开的理论基石。在此分析框架下，依托RS、GIS、Fragtats等技术支持，本文从聚落结构、聚落功能双维度跟踪环洱海地区乡村聚落系统的动态演变轨迹，解构基于独特区域背景下乡村聚落系统演变的深层内在机理，并结合新农村建设和城乡统筹发展的宏观趋势和现实要求，探讨环洱海地区乡村聚落系统优化建构的统筹策略。
本文得出的主要成果和结论有：（1）读取环洱海地区乡村聚落的历史表征及其现实矛盾，全面把握环洱海地区乡村聚落的个性特质。（2）构建乡村聚落系统“结构-功能”双维度动态分析框架。借助系统科学一般范式的思维方式与分析方法，本文以“系统”的视角观察、审视乡村聚落，梳理了乡村聚落系统“结构”与“功能”的基本构成，整合构建出“结构-功能”双维度动态分析框架，并以此作为深入研究环洱海地区乡村聚落系统的逻辑工具。（3）还原环洱海地区乡村聚落系统演化的动态过程。沿袭双维度动态分析框架的思路，本文依循时间轴线（1990~2009年）剖析环洱海地区乡村聚落系统的结构、功能动态演变。结果显示，20年来环洱海地区乡村聚落系统的结构变化表现出“规模长大”、“分布加密”、“形态不规则拉伸”的显著特征；而在功能变化方面则具有“生产功能非农化转型突出”、“生活功能、服务功能不断改善”、“生态功能仍需进一步调适”等突出特点。同时，本文还讨论了不同结构特征下聚落功能的转型改变，捕捉了不同功能转化路径下聚落结构的投影变化，开展环洱海地区乡村聚落系统结构与功能的双向耦合演变分析。（4）剖析环洱海地区乡村聚落系统演化的内在机理。本文认为环洱海地区乡村聚落系统是环洱海地区自然环境因素（地貌、气候、水文、土壤、资源等）、文化传统因素（民族文化、风水观念）和社会经济因素（人口发展、经济发展、城镇牵引、交通促进以及政府调控）等多种动因合成作用的共同结果，但相对而言，社会经济因素在当代背景下的主动性、活跃性十分强盛，已成为影响乡村聚落系统演化的主导动因。（5）篦出环洱海地区乡村聚落系统优化的主要问题。本文依循“发现问题-分析问题-解决问题”的问题导向为建构逻辑，细致分析环洱海地区乡村聚落系统演化过程中出现的结构问题和功能问题，以明确系统优化的具体目标，夯实系统优化的落脚点。（6）提出环洱海地区乡村聚落系统优化的整合方略。以破解环洱海地区乡村聚落系统“结构-功能”双维度中存在的现实问题为出发点，本文提出了“创新乡村聚落产业发展的典型性路径模式”、“推进乡村聚落系统中的质密性节点建设”、“修复乡村聚落的乡土性生态本底”、“提升乡村聚落的现代化生活质量”等兼顾结构特征和功能要求的整合性建构策略。此外，本文还从强化乡村聚落系统优化的人才、资金、土地要素保障以及转换政府调控重心等辅助角度讨论了环洱海地区乡村聚落系统优化的保障机制。
A rural settlement is a basic dwelling place for rural residents for production and life. Asthe origin of human settlements, rural settlements，with its typical regional adaptability andsimple but practical special organization, reflect the harmonious relationship between manand nature to a great extent, and become a valuable carrier of human civilization.
At present, the rural areas in our country stand in a key period of social and economicdevelopment, and a new upsurge is in the making for rural settlement construction. In theprocess of anti-poverty and pursuing of economic growth, however, positive input does notnecessarily make a good environment for both production and living. Redundant construction,unregulated expansion, monotonous alikeness and lack of local color strain the paradoxicalrelationships of the rural settlements between “to develop” and “to protect”. Consequently, thesustainable development in such areas is faced with severe challenges.
The area surrounding Erhai Lake represents a region in Yunnan Province with suchstriking combining characteristics as “fragile eco-region of highland lake, hybrid region ofdiversified national cultures and lively region of rural economic development”. This paperanalyses the evolvement characteristics, actuating mechanism and optimizing approaches forthe rural settlements in such undeveloped and eco-environmental fragile minority areas inwest China. The author keeps up with the current practical need of the construction of newsocialist countryside, and also enriches the geographical theories related to rural settlements.
As a applied research with striking regional characteristics, the paper follows the logicorder of “to analyze the basic conditions–to build up an analyzing framework of dimensions–to recover the systematic evolutionary process–combing the systematic actuatingmechanism–and to formulate system optimizing mechanism”. In this order, the setup of atwo-dimensional dynamic analyzing framework of “structure–function” remains thetheoretic footstone of the paper. Within the framework and with the technological support ofRS、GIS、Fragstats, the paper traces the dynamic evolvement trajectories by the twodimensions of structure and function of the settlements, and restructures the underlyingactuating mechanism of the development of rural settlement system in typical areas. Theauthor also explores a regulatory strategy to optimize and build up a rural settlement systemin the area surrounding Erhai Lake in the context of the macro trend and the realisticrequirement of the new countryside-construction drive and the overall planning of the coordinated development of urban and rural areas.
The major achievements and conclusions in this paper include:(1) to access the historiccharacters and realistic contradictions of the rural settlements in the area surrounding ErhaiLake and to fully comprehend the identity and individuality of the rural settlements in the areasurrounding Erhai Lake;(2) to build up a two-dimensional dynamic analyzing framework of“structure–function”. With the thinking and analytical approach of general paradigm ofsystems science, the paper observes the rural settlements in a “systematic” way, combs theessential elements of “structure” and “function” of the rural settlement system, integrates andintroduces a two-dimensional dynamic analyzing framework of “structure–function”, andwith the framework as its logic tool makes intensive study of the rural settlements in the areasurrounding Erhai Lake;(3) to recover the dynamic evolvement process of the ruralsettlement system in the area surrounding Erhai Lake. Following the approach of the twodimensional dynamic analyzing framework, the paper examines the dynamic evolvement ofstructure and function of the rural settlement system in the area surrounding Erhai Lake in achronological order (1990-2009). Research has revealed that the development of the structureof the rural settlement system in the area surrounding Erhai Lake bears remarkable characterof “size growing”,“distribution more densely” and “irregular shape stretch”, while thedevelopment of function marks distinguishing features of “outstanding non-agriculturaltransition of production function”,“continuous improvement in living and service function”and “ecological function to be adapted”. The paper even discusses the changes of the functionof the settlements with different structures, captures the corresponding changes of settlementstructure with different functional transitions, and attempts to analyze the two-wayinterconnection between the structure and function of the rural settlement system in the areasurrounding Erhai Lake;(4) to penetrate the actuating mechanism of the evolvement of therural settlement system in the area surrounding Erhai Lake. The author thinks that the ruralsettlement system in the area surrounding Erhai Lake is a result of comprehensive effect ofmulti-factors such as natural environmental factors (landforms, climate, hydrology, soils,resources, etc.), traditional cultural factors (the ethnic cultures and feng shui) and socialeconomic factors (population development, economic development, town attraction,transportation catalyst and government's regulatory role). Comparatively, the social andeconomic factors play more positively and actively in contemporary actual transition, anddominate the evolvement of the rural settlement system;(5) to find out the major problems inthe optimization of the rural settlement system in the area surrounding Erhai Lake. Sticking to the logic route of “identifying problems-probing problems and solving problems”, the paperaddresses in details the structural and functional issues existing in the evolvement of the ruralsettlement system in the area surrounding Erhai Lake so as to define the specific goal andsecure the foothold of the system optimization;(6) to propose the integration strategy for theoptimization of the rural settlement system in the area surrounding Erhai Lake. With solvingthe realistic issues existing in the two-dimensional framework of “structure and function” ofthe rural settlement system in the area surrounding Erhai Lake as its starting point, the paperputs forward such integrated strategy balancing structure characters and functionalrequirements as “to innovate a typical pathway pattern for the industrial development of ruralsettlements”,“to press ahead with the construction of the nodal points of the rural settlementsystem with high quality and density”,“to recover the local natural environment of the ruralsettlement” and “to promote quality of life in the rural settlement in the modern world”. Inaddition, the author also discusses the safeguard mechanism for the optimization of the ruralsettlement system in the area surrounding Erhai Lake in such supplementary terms of humanresources, capital, land resources and the transition of government’s regulatory role.
本文是具有鲜明区域性的应用研究，其展开的逻辑思路是“分析研究基础条件—建立维度分析框架—还原系统演进过程—梳理系统内在机理—建构系统优化机制”。其中，“结构-功能”双维度动态分析框架的建立是本文展开的理论基石。在此分析框架下，依托RS、GIS、Fragtats等技术支持，本文从聚落结构、聚落功能双维度跟踪环洱海地区乡村聚落系统的动态演变轨迹，解构基于独特区域背景下乡村聚落系统演变的深层内在机理，并结合新农村建设和城乡统筹发展的宏观趋势和现实要求，探讨环洱海地区乡村聚落系统优化建构的统筹策略。
本文得出的主要成果和结论有：（1）读取环洱海地区乡村聚落的历史表征及其现实矛盾，全面把握环洱海地区乡村聚落的个性特质。（2）构建乡村聚落系统“结构-功能”双维度动态分析框架。借助系统科学一般范式的思维方式与分析方法，本文以“系统”的视角观察、审视乡村聚落，梳理了乡村聚落系统“结构”与“功能”的基本构成，整合构建出“结构-功能”双维度动态分析框架，并以此作为深入研究环洱海地区乡村聚落系统的逻辑工具。（3）还原环洱海地区乡村聚落系统演化的动态过程。沿袭双维度动态分析框架的思路，本文依循时间轴线（1990~2009年）剖析环洱海地区乡村聚落系统的结构、功能动态演变。结果显示，20年来环洱海地区乡村聚落系统的结构变化表现出“规模长大”、“分布加密”、“形态不规则拉伸”的显著特征；而在功能变化方面则具有“生产功能非农化转型突出”、“生活功能、服务功能不断改善”、“生态功能仍需进一步调适”等突出特点。同时，本文还讨论了不同结构特征下聚落功能的转型改变，捕捉了不同功能转化路径下聚落结构的投影变化，开展环洱海地区乡村聚落系统结构与功能的双向耦合演变分析。（4）剖析环洱海地区乡村聚落系统演化的内在机理。本文认为环洱海地区乡村聚落系统是环洱海地区自然环境因素（地貌、气候、水文、土壤、资源等）、文化传统因素（民族文化、风水观念）和社会经济因素（人口发展、经济发展、城镇牵引、交通促进以及政府调控）等多种动因合成作用的共同结果，但相对而言，社会经济因素在当代背景下的主动性、活跃性十分强盛，已成为影响乡村聚落系统演化的主导动因。（5）篦出环洱海地区乡村聚落系统优化的主要问题。本文依循“发现问题-分析问题-解决问题”的问题导向为建构逻辑，细致分析环洱海地区乡村聚落系统演化过程中出现的结构问题和功能问题，以明确系统优化的具体目标，夯实系统优化的落脚点。（6）提出环洱海地区乡村聚落系统优化的整合方略。以破解环洱海地区乡村聚落系统“结构-功能”双维度中存在的现实问题为出发点，本文提出了“创新乡村聚落产业发展的典型性路径模式”、“推进乡村聚落系统中的质密性节点建设”、“修复乡村聚落的乡土性生态本底”、“提升乡村聚落的现代化生活质量”等兼顾结构特征和功能要求的整合性建构策略。此外，本文还从强化乡村聚落系统优化的人才、资金、土地要素保障以及转换政府调控重心等辅助角度讨论了环洱海地区乡村聚落系统优化的保障机制。
A rural settlement is a basic dwelling place for rural residents for production and life. Asthe origin of human settlements, rural settlements，with its typical regional adaptability andsimple but practical special organization, reflect the harmonious relationship between manand nature to a great extent, and become a valuable carrier of human civilization.
At present, the rural areas in our country stand in a key period of social and economicdevelopment, and a new upsurge is in the making for rural settlement construction. In theprocess of anti-poverty and pursuing of economic growth, however, positive input does notnecessarily make a good environment for both production and living. Redundant construction,unregulated expansion, monotonous alikeness and lack of local color strain the paradoxicalrelationships of the rural settlements between “to develop” and “to protect”. Consequently, thesustainable development in such areas is faced with severe challenges.
The area surrounding Erhai Lake represents a region in Yunnan Province with suchstriking combining characteristics as “fragile eco-region of highland lake, hybrid region ofdiversified national cultures and lively region of rural economic development”. This paperanalyses the evolvement characteristics, actuating mechanism and optimizing approaches forthe rural settlements in such undeveloped and eco-environmental fragile minority areas inwest China. The author keeps up with the current practical need of the construction of newsocialist countryside, and also enriches the geographical theories related to rural settlements.
As a applied research with striking regional characteristics, the paper follows the logicorder of “to analyze the basic conditions–to build up an analyzing framework of dimensions–to recover the systematic evolutionary process–combing the systematic actuatingmechanism–and to formulate system optimizing mechanism”. In this order, the setup of atwo-dimensional dynamic analyzing framework of “structure–function” remains thetheoretic footstone of the paper. Within the framework and with the technological support ofRS、GIS、Fragstats, the paper traces the dynamic evolvement trajectories by the twodimensions of structure and function of the settlements, and restructures the underlyingactuating mechanism of the development of rural settlement system in typical areas. Theauthor also explores a regulatory strategy to optimize and build up a rural settlement systemin the area surrounding Erhai Lake in the context of the macro trend and the realisticrequirement of the new countryside-construction drive and the overall planning of the coordinated development of urban and rural areas.
The major achievements and conclusions in this paper include:(1) to access the historiccharacters and realistic contradictions of the rural settlements in the area surrounding ErhaiLake and to fully comprehend the identity and individuality of the rural settlements in the areasurrounding Erhai Lake;(2) to build up a two-dimensional dynamic analyzing framework of“structure–function”. With the thinking and analytical approach of general paradigm ofsystems science, the paper observes the rural settlements in a “systematic” way, combs theessential elements of “structure” and “function” of the rural settlement system, integrates andintroduces a two-dimensional dynamic analyzing framework of “structure–function”, andwith the framework as its logic tool makes intensive study of the rural settlements in the areasurrounding Erhai Lake;(3) to recover the dynamic evolvement process of the ruralsettlement system in the area surrounding Erhai Lake. Following the approach of the twodimensional dynamic analyzing framework, the paper examines the dynamic evolvement ofstructure and function of the rural settlement system in the area surrounding Erhai Lake in achronological order (1990-2009). Research has revealed that the development of the structureof the rural settlement system in the area surrounding Erhai Lake bears remarkable characterof “size growing”,“distribution more densely” and “irregular shape stretch”, while thedevelopment of function marks distinguishing features of “outstanding non-agriculturaltransition of production function”,“continuous improvement in living and service function”and “ecological function to be adapted”. The paper even discusses the changes of the functionof the settlements with different structures, captures the corresponding changes of settlementstructure with different functional transitions, and attempts to analyze the two-wayinterconnection between the structure and function of the rural settlement system in the areasurrounding Erhai Lake;(4) to penetrate the actuating mechanism of the evolvement of therural settlement system in the area surrounding Erhai Lake. The author thinks that the ruralsettlement system in the area surrounding Erhai Lake is a result of comprehensive effect ofmulti-factors such as natural environmental factors (landforms, climate, hydrology, soils,resources, etc.), traditional cultural factors (the ethnic cultures and feng shui) and socialeconomic factors (population development, economic development, town attraction,transportation catalyst and government's regulatory role). Comparatively, the social andeconomic factors play more positively and actively in contemporary actual transition, anddominate the evolvement of the rural settlement system;(5) to find out the major problems inthe optimization of the rural settlement system in the area surrounding Erhai Lake. Sticking to the logic route of “identifying problems-probing problems and solving problems”, the paperaddresses in details the structural and functional issues existing in the evolvement of the ruralsettlement system in the area surrounding Erhai Lake so as to define the specific goal andsecure the foothold of the system optimization;(6) to propose the integration strategy for theoptimization of the rural settlement system in the area surrounding Erhai Lake. With solvingthe realistic issues existing in the two-dimensional framework of “structure and function” ofthe rural settlement system in the area surrounding Erhai Lake as its starting point, the paperputs forward such integrated strategy balancing structure characters and functionalrequirements as “to innovate a typical pathway pattern for the industrial development of ruralsettlements”,“to press ahead with the construction of the nodal points of the rural settlementsystem with high quality and density”,“to recover the local natural environment of the ruralsettlement” and “to promote quality of life in the rural settlement in the modern world”. Inaddition, the author also discusses the safeguard mechanism for the optimization of the ruralsettlement system in the area surrounding Erhai Lake in such supplementary terms of humanresources, capital, land resources and the transition of government’s regulatory role.
引文
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