中国地震台网观测系统特性分析与资料应用研究
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摘要
2000年以来我国地震观测系统得到了迅速的发展,目前已建成了由国家数字地震台网、区域数字地震台网、火山数字地震台网和流动数字地震台网组成的新一代中国数字地震台网。中国地震台网中心每天汇集的数据量达到40G,可以说我国地震台网产出的观测数据积累到了一定程度,如此海量的地震波形数据为地震监测与研究提供了丰富的原始资料,也将在推动地球科学研究方面发挥重要作用。正确理解和使用不同类型数字地震仪器的特性,对于数据的应用至关重要。
本文主要针对中国地震台网观测系统特性展开研究分析,首次基于中国地震数字台网观测系统特性进行全面系统的研究,对中国数字地震台网所使用的各种仪器的主要参数及其传递函数的计算方法进行了介绍与分析,结合我国数字地震台网中使用的地震观测系统,阐述了仪器传递函数的计算方法。中国数字地震台网的观测系统呈现多样化的特点。我国地震台网配置的地震计共计12大类19种,数据采集器的种类也有7种。我们对这几类的观测系统做了脉冲及正弦标定统计,各类系统脉冲标定波形记录正常,幅度、周期、阻尼、灵敏度变化幅度均在5%以内。统计结果表明,我国各类系统运行性能是稳定和可靠的。
在此基础上对中国地震台网产出的数据进行了应用分析,探索了检测与评价高质量观测数据的方法,利用波形数据的各种动态指标,如：数据的连续性、完备性、噪声等,对波形数据的应用质量进行了检测,结果显示,一,中国地震台站时序质量明显次于IRIS台站,因此我国台站的运维水平亟待加强：二,中国大陆台网的噪声水平在不同区域有较大差异,经济发达地区整体噪声环境相对较高,而内陆的噪声较低。此外,安徽台网部分台站的高频信号部分噪声环境比国际标准NLNM的下限的偏低,有可能是台站给出的灵敏度偏大造成的。这些工作为进一步优化和改造中国地震台网提供了科学依据,并为发挥波形数据在研究工作中的作用提供有力保障。
在充分了解中国地震台网观测的现状和产出数据质量的基础上,针对参数测定应用研究开展了相关工作,利用中国地震台网的观测数据进行地壳介质参数和震源参数的测定。首先基于新的中国数字地震台网观测系统产生的数据,最全面的给出了145个国家数字地震台和792个区域数字地震台站中658个地震台站下方的Moho面深度与Vp/Vs值,提供了最新的中国大陆Moho面深度分布图。将中国大陆Moho面结果与深反射人工测深(DSS)结果相当,具有较高的可信度。
另一方面,基于中国数字地震台网观测资料,使用自行研制的常规化测定产出中强震震源机制解的系统和对实现快速计算大地震震源过程的系统,为大震快速产出提供产品。使用中强震震源机制解测定系统测定了发生在我国境内86次5级以上地震事件的快速震源机制解,并将这86次地震事件反演结果与全球矩张量解(GCMT)结果进行了对比。结果显示,震源机制类型一致的事件大约占总数的88%,测定矩震级结果与GCMT测定结果之差多数集中在-0.2-0.1震级单位范围内。大地震震源过程的系统虽然不能像有限源波形反演方法一样给出震源破裂过程的细节,但其理论简单,计算快捷。作为应用实例,本论文使用中国地震台网资料分别获取了2004年苏门答腊Ms8.9地震和2008年汶川地震Ms8.0地震的破裂过程,也验证了这一系统的可用性。
同时,基于测定的南北地震带地区大量中小地震震源机制解,采用Michael等(1990)提出的震源机制一致性参数(Misfit角度),在汶川余震区开展震源机制一致性参数时空分布与强余震活动的关系研究。研究表明：整个余震区最大主应力方位复杂,存在明显的空间差异,各分段又具独自特有的形态。震源机制一致性、b值空间分布具有很好的对应关系。这项工作为探索强震的地点和时间预测提供参考方法,以印证使用中国台网数字资料的可用性,并为如何基于中国地震台网开展监测、科研、预报相结合提供了较好结合的范例。
本文所完成的工作,为建立中国数字地震台网观测资料质量检测体系奠定了基础；为使用中国地震台网观测数据常规测定矩震级提供了技术保障；为促进监测工作与预报研究的科学结合应用提供了实例；为实现使用中国资料快速测定大地震的破裂信息进行了预研。
Since2000, China Seismic Observation System has been rapidly developed. By now, the new generation of China digital seismic network has been completed and composited of the China national digital seismic network, regional digital seismic network, volcanic digital seismic network and mobile digital seismic network. Every day, the China Seismograph Networks Center collect40G data, that is to say, the observation data of China Seismograph Networks has been accumulated to a certain extent. Such massive seismic waveform data not only provides rich raw materials for earthquake monitoring and research, but also these data will play an important role in promoting the earth science research. Therefore correctly, understanding and using of the characteristics of these different types of digital seismic instruments, is vital for application data.
This article mainly studies and analyzes the China Seismograph Networks characteristic of China Seismic observation systems. This is the first research work, that based on the digital seismic network of China observation system features. In this article, the main parameters of the instruments of China digital seismic networks and the calculation method of transfer function are introduced and analyzed. And then combining with seismic observation system used in the digital seismic network in our country, we expound the calculation method of instrument transfer function. The types of observation system in China digital seismic networks have diversified characteristics. The kinds of seismometers have12categories of19species, the kinds of data collectors also have7kinds. We have done pulse and sine calibration statistics for a few kinds of observation system. All kinds of pulse calibration waveform recordings show that system is normal, namely amplitude, period and damping, change in sensitivity are within5%. Statistical result shows that the system performance is stable and reliable.
On this basis of the above job, we further analysis the application of the China Seismograph Networks output-data, and explore the thinking of testing and evaluating of high quality observation data. By using various dynamic indexes of waveform data, such as:data continuity, completeness, noise, etc., we have tested the waveform data quality. According to the results, the temporal quality of Chinese seismic stations obviously inferior to IRIS stations, thus our jobs should be strengthened. On the other hand, China networks noise levels are different in different regions. The economic developed area overall noise environment is relatively high, and the interior noise is low. In addition, the high frequency signal parts of stations in Anhui network are lower than the limit of international standard NLNM noise, which is probably caused by the larger sensitivity of the stations. The results for the further optimizing and reforming the China Seismograph Networks provide a scientific basis, and give powerful guarantee for research work on waveform data.
In the present situation of fully understanding on the China Seismograph Networks observation and output-data quality, we have done the related work in view of the parameter determination of applied research, namely using the observation data of the China Seismograph Networks to determine the crustal medium parameters and source parameters. Firstly we selected broadband teleseismic waveform data recorded by China Seismograph Networks to get P wave receiver function using deconvolution in Frequency Domain, then the Mo ho depth and Vp/Vs ratio in all over the country are estimated by teleseismic receiver function using H-κ method. Our results include these values under145national digital seismic stations and658regional digital seismic stations of792seismic stations. Our study provide the latest mainland China Moho depth distribution. The results of contrasting Moho surface from our jobs and that from artificial deep reflection sounding (DSS), has high credibility.
On the other hand, based on the observation data, we applied the independent developed software to compute earthquake focal mechanism solutions and earthquake source process, providing reference for routine quickly Earthquake emergency products. The systems of determining of earthquake focal mechanism solutions has been used to get rapidly these parameters for86events more than magnitude5.0in territory of China. We have compared the focal mechanism solution and the inversion result of the86seismic events and the global moment tensor solutions (GCMT). According to the result, the focal mechanism type accounts for roughly88%of the total, the difference focus on moment magnitude between CENC and GCMT has range of-0.2～0.1unit. While, earthquake source process of the system has not like limited source waveform inversion method that is focused on the details of the source rupture process, but due to its simple theory, calculation is very fast. Respectively using Ms8.9Sumatra earthquake in2004and Ms8.0wenchuan earthquake in2008as application examples, this paper has obtained rupture process, also has verified the availability of this system.
At the same time, we determined a great quantity focal mechanism solutions of medium and small earthquakes in the north-south seismic belt, using the method proposed by Michael (1990), that is the focal mechanism parameters (Misfit Angle), conducted focal mechanism parameters in wenchuan aftershock area and analyzed the consistency of space-time distribution and strong aftershock activity relationship.
These jobs provide reference to find the place and time of earthquake prediction methods, and confirm the use of Chinese network digital information availability, as well as how to carry out monitoring, scientific research, forecast combining based on the China Seismograph Networks provide examples of good combination.
Studies show that maximum principal stress orientation is complex all over of the entire regions. There is obvious space difference, and each segment has peculiar form alone. Focal mechanism consistency and b value space distribution have good corresponding relation. This job establishes the foundation of the observation data quality inspection system of China digital seismic network, provides the technical support for the use of the China Seismograph Networks data determination moment magnitude, promotes the monitoring and forecast science combined with the application instance of research, and achieves the pre-study for fast determination of earthquake rupture using China Seismograph Networks data.
本文主要针对中国地震台网观测系统特性展开研究分析,首次基于中国地震数字台网观测系统特性进行全面系统的研究,对中国数字地震台网所使用的各种仪器的主要参数及其传递函数的计算方法进行了介绍与分析,结合我国数字地震台网中使用的地震观测系统,阐述了仪器传递函数的计算方法。中国数字地震台网的观测系统呈现多样化的特点。我国地震台网配置的地震计共计12大类19种,数据采集器的种类也有7种。我们对这几类的观测系统做了脉冲及正弦标定统计,各类系统脉冲标定波形记录正常,幅度、周期、阻尼、灵敏度变化幅度均在5%以内。统计结果表明,我国各类系统运行性能是稳定和可靠的。
在此基础上对中国地震台网产出的数据进行了应用分析,探索了检测与评价高质量观测数据的方法,利用波形数据的各种动态指标,如：数据的连续性、完备性、噪声等,对波形数据的应用质量进行了检测,结果显示,一,中国地震台站时序质量明显次于IRIS台站,因此我国台站的运维水平亟待加强：二,中国大陆台网的噪声水平在不同区域有较大差异,经济发达地区整体噪声环境相对较高,而内陆的噪声较低。此外,安徽台网部分台站的高频信号部分噪声环境比国际标准NLNM的下限的偏低,有可能是台站给出的灵敏度偏大造成的。这些工作为进一步优化和改造中国地震台网提供了科学依据,并为发挥波形数据在研究工作中的作用提供有力保障。
在充分了解中国地震台网观测的现状和产出数据质量的基础上,针对参数测定应用研究开展了相关工作,利用中国地震台网的观测数据进行地壳介质参数和震源参数的测定。首先基于新的中国数字地震台网观测系统产生的数据,最全面的给出了145个国家数字地震台和792个区域数字地震台站中658个地震台站下方的Moho面深度与Vp/Vs值,提供了最新的中国大陆Moho面深度分布图。将中国大陆Moho面结果与深反射人工测深(DSS)结果相当,具有较高的可信度。
另一方面,基于中国数字地震台网观测资料,使用自行研制的常规化测定产出中强震震源机制解的系统和对实现快速计算大地震震源过程的系统,为大震快速产出提供产品。使用中强震震源机制解测定系统测定了发生在我国境内86次5级以上地震事件的快速震源机制解,并将这86次地震事件反演结果与全球矩张量解(GCMT)结果进行了对比。结果显示,震源机制类型一致的事件大约占总数的88%,测定矩震级结果与GCMT测定结果之差多数集中在-0.2-0.1震级单位范围内。大地震震源过程的系统虽然不能像有限源波形反演方法一样给出震源破裂过程的细节,但其理论简单,计算快捷。作为应用实例,本论文使用中国地震台网资料分别获取了2004年苏门答腊Ms8.9地震和2008年汶川地震Ms8.0地震的破裂过程,也验证了这一系统的可用性。
同时,基于测定的南北地震带地区大量中小地震震源机制解,采用Michael等(1990)提出的震源机制一致性参数(Misfit角度),在汶川余震区开展震源机制一致性参数时空分布与强余震活动的关系研究。研究表明：整个余震区最大主应力方位复杂,存在明显的空间差异,各分段又具独自特有的形态。震源机制一致性、b值空间分布具有很好的对应关系。这项工作为探索强震的地点和时间预测提供参考方法,以印证使用中国台网数字资料的可用性,并为如何基于中国地震台网开展监测、科研、预报相结合提供了较好结合的范例。
本文所完成的工作,为建立中国数字地震台网观测资料质量检测体系奠定了基础；为使用中国地震台网观测数据常规测定矩震级提供了技术保障；为促进监测工作与预报研究的科学结合应用提供了实例；为实现使用中国资料快速测定大地震的破裂信息进行了预研。
Since2000, China Seismic Observation System has been rapidly developed. By now, the new generation of China digital seismic network has been completed and composited of the China national digital seismic network, regional digital seismic network, volcanic digital seismic network and mobile digital seismic network. Every day, the China Seismograph Networks Center collect40G data, that is to say, the observation data of China Seismograph Networks has been accumulated to a certain extent. Such massive seismic waveform data not only provides rich raw materials for earthquake monitoring and research, but also these data will play an important role in promoting the earth science research. Therefore correctly, understanding and using of the characteristics of these different types of digital seismic instruments, is vital for application data.
This article mainly studies and analyzes the China Seismograph Networks characteristic of China Seismic observation systems. This is the first research work, that based on the digital seismic network of China observation system features. In this article, the main parameters of the instruments of China digital seismic networks and the calculation method of transfer function are introduced and analyzed. And then combining with seismic observation system used in the digital seismic network in our country, we expound the calculation method of instrument transfer function. The types of observation system in China digital seismic networks have diversified characteristics. The kinds of seismometers have12categories of19species, the kinds of data collectors also have7kinds. We have done pulse and sine calibration statistics for a few kinds of observation system. All kinds of pulse calibration waveform recordings show that system is normal, namely amplitude, period and damping, change in sensitivity are within5%. Statistical result shows that the system performance is stable and reliable.
On this basis of the above job, we further analysis the application of the China Seismograph Networks output-data, and explore the thinking of testing and evaluating of high quality observation data. By using various dynamic indexes of waveform data, such as:data continuity, completeness, noise, etc., we have tested the waveform data quality. According to the results, the temporal quality of Chinese seismic stations obviously inferior to IRIS stations, thus our jobs should be strengthened. On the other hand, China networks noise levels are different in different regions. The economic developed area overall noise environment is relatively high, and the interior noise is low. In addition, the high frequency signal parts of stations in Anhui network are lower than the limit of international standard NLNM noise, which is probably caused by the larger sensitivity of the stations. The results for the further optimizing and reforming the China Seismograph Networks provide a scientific basis, and give powerful guarantee for research work on waveform data.
In the present situation of fully understanding on the China Seismograph Networks observation and output-data quality, we have done the related work in view of the parameter determination of applied research, namely using the observation data of the China Seismograph Networks to determine the crustal medium parameters and source parameters. Firstly we selected broadband teleseismic waveform data recorded by China Seismograph Networks to get P wave receiver function using deconvolution in Frequency Domain, then the Mo ho depth and Vp/Vs ratio in all over the country are estimated by teleseismic receiver function using H-κ method. Our results include these values under145national digital seismic stations and658regional digital seismic stations of792seismic stations. Our study provide the latest mainland China Moho depth distribution. The results of contrasting Moho surface from our jobs and that from artificial deep reflection sounding (DSS), has high credibility.
On the other hand, based on the observation data, we applied the independent developed software to compute earthquake focal mechanism solutions and earthquake source process, providing reference for routine quickly Earthquake emergency products. The systems of determining of earthquake focal mechanism solutions has been used to get rapidly these parameters for86events more than magnitude5.0in territory of China. We have compared the focal mechanism solution and the inversion result of the86seismic events and the global moment tensor solutions (GCMT). According to the result, the focal mechanism type accounts for roughly88%of the total, the difference focus on moment magnitude between CENC and GCMT has range of-0.2～0.1unit. While, earthquake source process of the system has not like limited source waveform inversion method that is focused on the details of the source rupture process, but due to its simple theory, calculation is very fast. Respectively using Ms8.9Sumatra earthquake in2004and Ms8.0wenchuan earthquake in2008as application examples, this paper has obtained rupture process, also has verified the availability of this system.
At the same time, we determined a great quantity focal mechanism solutions of medium and small earthquakes in the north-south seismic belt, using the method proposed by Michael (1990), that is the focal mechanism parameters (Misfit Angle), conducted focal mechanism parameters in wenchuan aftershock area and analyzed the consistency of space-time distribution and strong aftershock activity relationship.
These jobs provide reference to find the place and time of earthquake prediction methods, and confirm the use of Chinese network digital information availability, as well as how to carry out monitoring, scientific research, forecast combining based on the China Seismograph Networks provide examples of good combination.
Studies show that maximum principal stress orientation is complex all over of the entire regions. There is obvious space difference, and each segment has peculiar form alone. Focal mechanism consistency and b value space distribution have good corresponding relation. This job establishes the foundation of the observation data quality inspection system of China digital seismic network, provides the technical support for the use of the China Seismograph Networks data determination moment magnitude, promotes the monitoring and forecast science combined with the application instance of research, and achieves the pre-study for fast determination of earthquake rupture using China Seismograph Networks data.
引文
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