西北太平洋俯冲带构造特征及其对弧前大地震成因的影响
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摘要
俯冲带在板块构造中具有十分重要的地位，详细研究俯冲带的构造特征及其演化过程对于深入理解俯冲板块的几何形态、物理性质、岛弧岩浆作用、弧后扩张作用以及俯冲带大地震的触发机制有着重要意义。西北太平洋俯冲带具有典型的“沟－弧－盆”体系，并伴生有强烈的构造、岩浆活动以及区域变质作用，是太平洋板块、欧亚板块、菲律宾海板块以及鄂霍次克板块（北美板块）彼此之间相互俯冲碰撞的产物。近二十年多来，基于地震层析成像方法，已对西北太平洋俯冲带进行了大量研究，所得结果为识别俯冲板块形态、探讨地幔楔的物理化学性质、理解岛弧火山的起源以及相关的地球动力学过程提供了极好的约束。
尽管如此，限于地震和地震台站分布的不均匀性，特别是海中地震台站的缺乏，使得研究区海域下的精细构造特征没有得到很好的约束，从而限制了人们对弧前大地震的触发机制以及俯冲带动力学过程的深入理解。
针对这一重大科学问题，本文应用赵大鹏教授所提出的台网外层析成像法（Zhao et al.,1992,2007），基于建立在日本列岛陆地上的高密度及高精度的Kiban地震台网所记录到的地震波形数据以及日本气象厅所公布的大量高精度地震波到时数据，针对西北太平洋俯冲带（包括北琉球俯冲带、南千岛俯冲带以及日本俯冲带）的弧前及弧后海域之下的精细三维构造特征展开了深入详细的研究，并首次获得了以下重要研究成果：
1)获得了西北太平洋俯冲带海域之下的高分辨率三维构造特征：包括整个北琉球俯冲带的三维地震波速度结构、整个南千岛俯冲带的三维地震波速度结构及P波各向异性特征、从日本海沟到日本海沿岸的日本俯冲带三维地震波衰减结构。
2)获得了2011年东北日本大地震（Mw9.0）震源区及其邻区的679个地震（Mw2.3-5.9）的震源物理参数特征，包括拐角频率、地震矩、震源尺度以及静应力降。
本文的研究成果对于深入理解西北太平洋俯冲带弧前大地震的触发机制以及俯冲带动力学过程具有重要意义。通过与前人的研究成果相对比，本文发现，俯冲带板间大地震（M≥6.0）一般发生在高波速、低衰减异常体内或者其周缘地区，并往往毗邻于显著的低波速、高衰减异常体。俯冲带弧前巨大逆冲断层带内的高波速、低衰减异常体代表了俯冲大洋板块与上覆大陆板块之间的强耦合部位，而低波速、高衰减异常体则代表了板块之间的弱耦合部位。俯冲带板间大地震（M≥7.5）的同震滑移不一定局限在震源所处的高波速、低衰减异常体内（强耦合部位），它可以在相邻的低波速、高衰减异常体中（弱耦合部位）继续扩张，从而引发巨大地震。俯冲带弧前巨大逆冲断层带内的高波速、低衰减异常体主要由俯冲的海山或大洋板块表面的隆起地形所形成；而低波速、高衰减异常体则可能由俯冲的海底沉积物以及俯冲板块的脱水作用所导致。板块边界处所富含的流体，对弧前巨大逆冲型地震的孕育成核起到重要作用。
Subduction zones play an important role in the plate tectonics. Detailed studiesof the structure and dynamics of a subduction zone can help us better understand thefeatures of the subducting slab, arc magmatism, back-arc spreading andseismotectonics. In this work we study the North-Ryukyu subduction zone, theSouth-Kuril subduction zone and the Japan subduction zone, which have typicaltrench-arc-backarc systems and are formed by the strong interactions among thePacific plate, the Eurasian plate, the Phillipine Sea plate and the Okhotsk plate. Manylarge earthquakes, such as the2011Tohoku-oki earthquake (Mw9.0), and active arcvolcanoes exist in these Northwest-Pacific subduction zones. In the past two decades,many researchers have used seismic tomography methods to study the structure anddynamics of these subduction zones. The results obtained by these studies sheldimportant light on the three-dimensional (3-D) structure, magmatism andseismotectonics of these regions.
However, the detailed3-D structure and dynamic processes of theNorthwest-Pacific subduction zones are still not very clear, especially in the forearcareas under the Pacific Ocean and back-arc areas beneath the marginal seas, becausefew ocean-bottom-seismometers (OBSs) are deployed in the forearc and backarc areas.Therefore, the suboceanic earthquakes cannot be located precisely with the routineprocedure of the land-based seismic network.
To improve our understanding of the interplate megathrust earthquakes andbackarc magmatism in the Northwest-Pacific subduction zones, in this study we havedetermined, for the first time, high-resolution3-D structures of these subductionzones especially for the forearc and back-arc areas under the oceanic regions using alarge number of high-quality waveform and arrival-time data recorded by the dense Japanese seismic networks. We used the methods of Zhao et al.(1992,2007) for thetomographic imaging outside the seismic network.
We obtained the following results,(1) high-resolution3-D seismic velocitystructure of the crust and upper mantle of the entire North-Ryukyu subduction zone;(2) high-resolution3-D seismic velocity structure and P-wave anisotropy of the crustand upper mantle of the entire South-Kuril subduction zone;(3) high-resolution3-Dseismic attenuation structure of the crust and upper mantle of the Japan subductionzone; and (4) source parameters including corner frequency, seismic moment, sourceradius and static stress drop of679earthquakes (Mw2.3-5.9) in the Japan subductionzone.
Our results show that strong lateral heterogeneities and P-wave anisotropy existin the interplate megathrust zone under the forearc regions of the Northwest-Pacificsubduction zones. We find that large interplate earthquakes (M≥6.0) generallyoccurred in or around high-velocity (high-V) and high-Q patches in the megathrustzone. These high-V and high-Q patches are generally surrounded by significantlow-velocity (low-V) and low-Q anomalies. We think that the high-V and high-Qpatches in the megathrust zone probably represent strongly coupled areas, while thelow-V and low-Q anomalies may reflect the weakly coupled portions. In addition, wefind that the coseismic slip distributions of some great interplate earthquakes (M≥7.5)are not always limited in the high-V patches where the ruptures initiated. We thinkthat the rupture of an interplate earthquake can unimpededly pass through the low-Vand low-Q anomalies because of the weak interplate coupling there, and so result in agreat megathrust earthquake.
We suggest that the high-V and high-Q patches in the megathrust zone mayrepresent asperities formed by subducted oceanic ridges, seamounts or othertopographic highs on the upper boundary of the subducting slab. In contrast, thelow-V and low-Q anomalies may result from subducted sediments and fluidsassociated with slab dehydration. The fluids in the megathrust zone may play an important role in the nucleation of megathrust earthquakes at the asperities, inaddition to the stress accumulation caused by the plate subduction.
尽管如此，限于地震和地震台站分布的不均匀性，特别是海中地震台站的缺乏，使得研究区海域下的精细构造特征没有得到很好的约束，从而限制了人们对弧前大地震的触发机制以及俯冲带动力学过程的深入理解。
针对这一重大科学问题，本文应用赵大鹏教授所提出的台网外层析成像法（Zhao et al.,1992,2007），基于建立在日本列岛陆地上的高密度及高精度的Kiban地震台网所记录到的地震波形数据以及日本气象厅所公布的大量高精度地震波到时数据，针对西北太平洋俯冲带（包括北琉球俯冲带、南千岛俯冲带以及日本俯冲带）的弧前及弧后海域之下的精细三维构造特征展开了深入详细的研究，并首次获得了以下重要研究成果：
1)获得了西北太平洋俯冲带海域之下的高分辨率三维构造特征：包括整个北琉球俯冲带的三维地震波速度结构、整个南千岛俯冲带的三维地震波速度结构及P波各向异性特征、从日本海沟到日本海沿岸的日本俯冲带三维地震波衰减结构。
2)获得了2011年东北日本大地震（Mw9.0）震源区及其邻区的679个地震（Mw2.3-5.9）的震源物理参数特征，包括拐角频率、地震矩、震源尺度以及静应力降。
本文的研究成果对于深入理解西北太平洋俯冲带弧前大地震的触发机制以及俯冲带动力学过程具有重要意义。通过与前人的研究成果相对比，本文发现，俯冲带板间大地震（M≥6.0）一般发生在高波速、低衰减异常体内或者其周缘地区，并往往毗邻于显著的低波速、高衰减异常体。俯冲带弧前巨大逆冲断层带内的高波速、低衰减异常体代表了俯冲大洋板块与上覆大陆板块之间的强耦合部位，而低波速、高衰减异常体则代表了板块之间的弱耦合部位。俯冲带板间大地震（M≥7.5）的同震滑移不一定局限在震源所处的高波速、低衰减异常体内（强耦合部位），它可以在相邻的低波速、高衰减异常体中（弱耦合部位）继续扩张，从而引发巨大地震。俯冲带弧前巨大逆冲断层带内的高波速、低衰减异常体主要由俯冲的海山或大洋板块表面的隆起地形所形成；而低波速、高衰减异常体则可能由俯冲的海底沉积物以及俯冲板块的脱水作用所导致。板块边界处所富含的流体，对弧前巨大逆冲型地震的孕育成核起到重要作用。
Subduction zones play an important role in the plate tectonics. Detailed studiesof the structure and dynamics of a subduction zone can help us better understand thefeatures of the subducting slab, arc magmatism, back-arc spreading andseismotectonics. In this work we study the North-Ryukyu subduction zone, theSouth-Kuril subduction zone and the Japan subduction zone, which have typicaltrench-arc-backarc systems and are formed by the strong interactions among thePacific plate, the Eurasian plate, the Phillipine Sea plate and the Okhotsk plate. Manylarge earthquakes, such as the2011Tohoku-oki earthquake (Mw9.0), and active arcvolcanoes exist in these Northwest-Pacific subduction zones. In the past two decades,many researchers have used seismic tomography methods to study the structure anddynamics of these subduction zones. The results obtained by these studies sheldimportant light on the three-dimensional (3-D) structure, magmatism andseismotectonics of these regions.
However, the detailed3-D structure and dynamic processes of theNorthwest-Pacific subduction zones are still not very clear, especially in the forearcareas under the Pacific Ocean and back-arc areas beneath the marginal seas, becausefew ocean-bottom-seismometers (OBSs) are deployed in the forearc and backarc areas.Therefore, the suboceanic earthquakes cannot be located precisely with the routineprocedure of the land-based seismic network.
To improve our understanding of the interplate megathrust earthquakes andbackarc magmatism in the Northwest-Pacific subduction zones, in this study we havedetermined, for the first time, high-resolution3-D structures of these subductionzones especially for the forearc and back-arc areas under the oceanic regions using alarge number of high-quality waveform and arrival-time data recorded by the dense Japanese seismic networks. We used the methods of Zhao et al.(1992,2007) for thetomographic imaging outside the seismic network.
We obtained the following results,(1) high-resolution3-D seismic velocitystructure of the crust and upper mantle of the entire North-Ryukyu subduction zone;(2) high-resolution3-D seismic velocity structure and P-wave anisotropy of the crustand upper mantle of the entire South-Kuril subduction zone;(3) high-resolution3-Dseismic attenuation structure of the crust and upper mantle of the Japan subductionzone; and (4) source parameters including corner frequency, seismic moment, sourceradius and static stress drop of679earthquakes (Mw2.3-5.9) in the Japan subductionzone.
Our results show that strong lateral heterogeneities and P-wave anisotropy existin the interplate megathrust zone under the forearc regions of the Northwest-Pacificsubduction zones. We find that large interplate earthquakes (M≥6.0) generallyoccurred in or around high-velocity (high-V) and high-Q patches in the megathrustzone. These high-V and high-Q patches are generally surrounded by significantlow-velocity (low-V) and low-Q anomalies. We think that the high-V and high-Qpatches in the megathrust zone probably represent strongly coupled areas, while thelow-V and low-Q anomalies may reflect the weakly coupled portions. In addition, wefind that the coseismic slip distributions of some great interplate earthquakes (M≥7.5)are not always limited in the high-V patches where the ruptures initiated. We thinkthat the rupture of an interplate earthquake can unimpededly pass through the low-Vand low-Q anomalies because of the weak interplate coupling there, and so result in agreat megathrust earthquake.
We suggest that the high-V and high-Q patches in the megathrust zone mayrepresent asperities formed by subducted oceanic ridges, seamounts or othertopographic highs on the upper boundary of the subducting slab. In contrast, thelow-V and low-Q anomalies may result from subducted sediments and fluidsassociated with slab dehydration. The fluids in the megathrust zone may play an important role in the nucleation of megathrust earthquakes at the asperities, inaddition to the stress accumulation caused by the plate subduction.
引文
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