面向“三农”的金融机构协调发展研究
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摘要
党中央和国务院高度重视“三农”，自2004年以来连续9年的“中央一号文件”强调“三农”问题。在农业发展、农民增收和新农村建设领域，相继出台了系列政策，旨在加强农业基础地位，走特色农业现代化之路，建立以工促农、以城带乡长效机制，形成城乡经济社会一体化新格局。
农村金融是农村经济的核心。改革开放以来，我国重建了农村金融体系，农村金融规模不断扩大，对推动农村经济发展发挥了重要作用。但是，农村金融的改革步伐还没有跟上农村经济转型对金融服务不断增长的需求，如农村金融服务空白乡镇依然存在，农户仍普遍面临不同程度的信贷约束，政策性金融业务萎缩而且与商业性金融业务交叉竞争，农村保险严重滞后等问题仍然突出。我国农村金融市场“二元”金融结构特征明显，正规农村金融机构与非正规农村金融机构并存。农村正规金融机构体系经历了历史上的农村合作性金融机构为主到现行的合作性金融、商业性金融及政策性金融机构并存的格局。目前，三类农村金融机构都从战略层面上高调支持“三农”，如农村信用社等合作性金融机构充当支农主力，改制后的农业银行仍设立“三农”事业部，邮政储蓄银行定位于服务“三农”等。但三类金融机构服务“三农”时缺乏共生动力，信息沟通不畅，支农尚未形成合力。基于上述背景，本文专门针对面向“三农”金融机构的协调发展问题进行研究，具有理论价值和现实意义。
协调是为了达到系统最佳效果而促使系统各部分机能处于合作与有序状态。面向“三农”的金融机构包括涉农银行业机构、保险机构、担保机构、租赁机构等，目前以银行业机构为主。面向“三农”的银行业机构包括各级农村信用社、农村合作银行等合作性银行，农业发展银行等政策性银行，农村商业银行、中国农业银行、城市商业银行、中国邮政储蓄银行等商业性银行。面向“三农”的金融机构协调发展是指涉农政策性金融机构、合作性金融机构及商业性金融机构相互依存、面向“三农”、注重支农效果的良性循环过程。系统论、金融共生论、农村金融供求论和劳动分工论为面向“三农”金融机构协调发展提供了理论依据。“三农”金融机构“协调”的根本目的是为了高效“支农”，各类金融机构的有机整合和协同有序能提高金融支农系统的整体效应。协调的内在动力是各类金融机构的比较优势，协调的外部动力是优化的农村金融生态环境，协调的手段是适当的金融监管制度和信息反馈机制。
功能是事物所发挥的有利作用及效能。文中依据系统结构与功能的观点，分析了“三农”金融机构系统的功能特征，并逐一考察了当前不同类型金融机构的现实功能：政策性金融机构的功能由早期较为广泛的政策性支农功能缩减为开发性支农功能，盈利性导向明显；传统合作性金融机构承担支农重任，但合作性基本功能发挥不充分，资金互助社等新型合作金融机构合作性功能发挥良好，但其市场份额极小；商业性金融机构的支农功能参差不齐，难以确保“三农”资金净流入。各类金融机构的功能没有有机整合，尚未形成互补关系。
为了综合评价“三农”金融机构的协调水平，从宏观、中观及微观三个层面构建相应的指标进行分析。宏观方面，设立农村金融相关比率以此判断农村金融与农村经济之间总的协调状况；中观方面，设置农村金融服务覆盖率、农村存贷款比例、农村保险渗透率等指标，考察农村金融供给与需求状况；微观方面，设置市场集中度、农户贷款比率、农企贷款比率、涉农贷款比率等定量指标，分别考察和分析每一子系统的市场集中度及相关涉农贷款比率，说明支农协调性状况。这些指标构建以后，按照银监会连续几年公布的农村金融《图集》的数据加工和分析，先比较直观地分析全国面向“三农”的金融机构的协调性状况，再具体测算各省“三农”金融机构之间的协调发展水平。
为了深入了解面向“三农”金融机构协调发展程度，构建了面向“三农”的金融机构协调发展度模型和指标体系，运用主成份分析法进行了实证分析，得出我国2006-2010年期间各省（自治区）面向“三农”金融机构的协调度。聚类分析表明，协调发展程度分为四类，大部分省、市、自治区处在中间的第二类，处于第一类和第三类、第四类的省份都较少，也证实了面向“三农”金融机构“协调水平”较高的省份，其农村金融与农村经济“协调度”也较高的结论。
针对我国当前面向“三农”金融机构发展不够协调的现状及国外农村金融机构协调发展的经验借鉴，提出了进一步协调发展的战略：优化农村金融生态环境；拓展“三农”金融机构的整体功能；建立区域金融协调发展机制。
The Central Committee of Community Party and the State Council attach greatimportance to “Sannong”(agriculture, rural areas and farmers). The Central NumberOne files have emphasized “Sannong” issue for nine consecutive years since2004. Inthe fields of agriculture development, the growth of farmers’ income and new ruralconstruction, a series of policies have been introduced to strengthen the foundationalposition of agriculture, get on the way of agricultural modernization, establish thelong-term mechanism of promoting the development of agriculture with industry andbringing along the development of the countryside with cities, and form the newpattern of integration of urban and rural economy and society.
Rural finance is the core of the rural economy. Since the reform and opening-up,China has reconstructed the financial system of the rural area, and the scale of ruralfinance has been expanding constantly, which has played an important role inpromoting the development of rural economy. However, the pace of reform of ruralfinance lags behind the continuously growing demand that rural economytransformation has for financial service. Some problems are still outstanding. Forexample, the absence of rural financial services still exists in some villages and towns;farmers are still generally facing varying degrees of credit constraint; the business ofpolicy-oriented finance is shrinking. meanwhile,cross-competition exists betweenpolicy-oriented finance and commercial finance; the lag of rural insurance is stillsevere. The characteristics of dual financial structure is obvious in China’s ruralfinancial market: the formal and the informal rural financial organization coexist. Theformal rural financial organization system has gone through the history of the ruralcooperative financial-based to the current cooperative finance, commercial financeand policy-oriented finance coexisting pattern. Now, three types of rural financialinstitutions support “Sannong” with high profile from the strategic level. For example,rural credit cooperatives and other cooperative financial institutions act as the mainforce in supporting “Sannong”; the Agriculture Bank of China still sets up “Sannong”business department after its reform; the Postal Savings Bank locates inserving“Sannong”. But three types of financial institutions lack the symbiotic powerwith poor communication and haven’t formed a cohesive force in serving “Sannong”.Based on the above background, this dissertation specifically aims at the research ofcoordinated development of financial institutions towards “Sannong”, which has thetheoretical and practical significance.
Coordination is to achieve the best effect of system by making the function ofvarious parts of system in a cooperative and ordered state. The financial institutionstowards “Sannong” include rural-related banking institutions, insurance institutions,guarantee agencies and rental agencies, etc. Nowadays, banking institutions are in theleading position which include cooperative financial institutions such as all levels ofrural credit cooperatives, rural cooperative banks and other cooperative banks; theAgricultural Development Bank belonged to policy-oriented banks and commercialbanks such as rural commercial banks, Agricultural Bank of China, the citycommercial banks, the Postal Savings Bank and so on. Coordinated development ofChina's rural finance is a benign cycle where rural policy-oriented finance,cooperative finance and commercial finance institutions interdepend each other, face“Sannong”, and pay attention to the effect of supporting “Sannong”. System theory,financial symbiosis theory, rural financial supply and demand theory and the theory ofdivision of labor provide the theoretic foundation for the coordination development ofthe financial institutions facing “Sannong”. The primary purpose of the coordinationof the financial institutions facing “Sannong” is to support agriculture effectively.The organic integration and synergetic order of different kinds of financialinstitutions can enhance the overall effect of financial rural-supporting system. Theinternal drive of coordination is the comparative advantage of different kinds of banksand the external power is the optimized financial ecological environment of rural area.What's more, the method of coordination is the appropriate financial regulatorysystem and information feedback mechanism.
Function is a beneficial effect and effectiveness of something. This dissertation isbased on the view of systematic structure and function, analyzing the feature of thefunction of financial institutions. Meanwhile, it inspects the practical function ofdifferent types of current financial institutions one by one. The function ofpolicy-oriented financial institutions shrinks from widely policy-oriented todevelopmental function of promoting“Sannong”. The traditional cooperativeinstitutions play main roles in rural credit,but their basic functions are not fullyrealized.Cooperative financial institutions such as mutual agency operate well, buttheir market share is small. The rural-supporting function of commercial financialinstitutions is different which can not ensure the net inflow of “Sannong" fund.Different kinds of financial institutions can’t function as an organic integration,making a complementary relationship among these institutions impossible.
In order to analyze the coordination situation of rural finance insupporting“Sannong” in China synthetically, this dissertation, from the macro, mesoand micro three dimension, build the corresponding index to evaluate. From the macro aspect, this dissertation establishes rural finance related ratios to judge the overallcoordination situation between rural finance and rural economy; from the meso aspect,it sets the ratio of rural financial service coverage, the rural loan-deposit ratio, therural insurance penetration index to examine the rural financial supply and demandsituation; from the micro aspect, it sets quantitative indexes, including marketconcentration, ratio of loans to farmers, ratio of loans to agricultural enterprises,rural-related loans ratio to examine and analyze each subsystem of marketconcentration and related rural-related loans ratio respectively and further to explainrural coordination condition. After these indicators are constructed, firstly thecoordinating condition of rural financial institutions towards “Sannong” intuitively isanalyzed, according to the processing and analysis of datum from rural financial atlaspublished by CBRC for several consecutive years. Then the coordinating level of ruralfinancial institutions servicing for “Sannong” is measured concretely and calculatedfrom the interprovincial view.
In order to deeply understand China's rural financial coordinated developmentlevel, this dissertation has constructed some models and index system of thecoordinated development degree of rural financial institutions. Also the empiricalanalysis is conducted. The result demonstrates the coordination degree of financialinstitutions towards “Sannong” during the years2006-2010of different provinces(autonomous regions) in China. Cluster analysis suggests that the coordinateddevelopment degree can be classified as four categories. Most provinces belong to thesecond category and the number of provinces in the other three categories is rathersmall, which proves the conclusion that the higher coordinating level of the financialinstitutions towards “Sannong” of a province, the better the coordination of ruralfinance and economy.
Based on the present situation of the insufficient coordinating development degreeof the financial institutions towards the “Sannong” and the experience of coordinateddevelopment of the financial institutions abroad, this dissertation finally puts forward thefollowing countermeasures: to optimize the financial ecological environment; to developthe functional complementary financial institutions; to establish regional financialco-ordination development mechanism, and so on.
农村金融是农村经济的核心。改革开放以来，我国重建了农村金融体系，农村金融规模不断扩大，对推动农村经济发展发挥了重要作用。但是，农村金融的改革步伐还没有跟上农村经济转型对金融服务不断增长的需求，如农村金融服务空白乡镇依然存在，农户仍普遍面临不同程度的信贷约束，政策性金融业务萎缩而且与商业性金融业务交叉竞争，农村保险严重滞后等问题仍然突出。我国农村金融市场“二元”金融结构特征明显，正规农村金融机构与非正规农村金融机构并存。农村正规金融机构体系经历了历史上的农村合作性金融机构为主到现行的合作性金融、商业性金融及政策性金融机构并存的格局。目前，三类农村金融机构都从战略层面上高调支持“三农”，如农村信用社等合作性金融机构充当支农主力，改制后的农业银行仍设立“三农”事业部，邮政储蓄银行定位于服务“三农”等。但三类金融机构服务“三农”时缺乏共生动力，信息沟通不畅，支农尚未形成合力。基于上述背景，本文专门针对面向“三农”金融机构的协调发展问题进行研究，具有理论价值和现实意义。
协调是为了达到系统最佳效果而促使系统各部分机能处于合作与有序状态。面向“三农”的金融机构包括涉农银行业机构、保险机构、担保机构、租赁机构等，目前以银行业机构为主。面向“三农”的银行业机构包括各级农村信用社、农村合作银行等合作性银行，农业发展银行等政策性银行，农村商业银行、中国农业银行、城市商业银行、中国邮政储蓄银行等商业性银行。面向“三农”的金融机构协调发展是指涉农政策性金融机构、合作性金融机构及商业性金融机构相互依存、面向“三农”、注重支农效果的良性循环过程。系统论、金融共生论、农村金融供求论和劳动分工论为面向“三农”金融机构协调发展提供了理论依据。“三农”金融机构“协调”的根本目的是为了高效“支农”，各类金融机构的有机整合和协同有序能提高金融支农系统的整体效应。协调的内在动力是各类金融机构的比较优势，协调的外部动力是优化的农村金融生态环境，协调的手段是适当的金融监管制度和信息反馈机制。
功能是事物所发挥的有利作用及效能。文中依据系统结构与功能的观点，分析了“三农”金融机构系统的功能特征，并逐一考察了当前不同类型金融机构的现实功能：政策性金融机构的功能由早期较为广泛的政策性支农功能缩减为开发性支农功能，盈利性导向明显；传统合作性金融机构承担支农重任，但合作性基本功能发挥不充分，资金互助社等新型合作金融机构合作性功能发挥良好，但其市场份额极小；商业性金融机构的支农功能参差不齐，难以确保“三农”资金净流入。各类金融机构的功能没有有机整合，尚未形成互补关系。
为了综合评价“三农”金融机构的协调水平，从宏观、中观及微观三个层面构建相应的指标进行分析。宏观方面，设立农村金融相关比率以此判断农村金融与农村经济之间总的协调状况；中观方面，设置农村金融服务覆盖率、农村存贷款比例、农村保险渗透率等指标，考察农村金融供给与需求状况；微观方面，设置市场集中度、农户贷款比率、农企贷款比率、涉农贷款比率等定量指标，分别考察和分析每一子系统的市场集中度及相关涉农贷款比率，说明支农协调性状况。这些指标构建以后，按照银监会连续几年公布的农村金融《图集》的数据加工和分析，先比较直观地分析全国面向“三农”的金融机构的协调性状况，再具体测算各省“三农”金融机构之间的协调发展水平。
为了深入了解面向“三农”金融机构协调发展程度，构建了面向“三农”的金融机构协调发展度模型和指标体系，运用主成份分析法进行了实证分析，得出我国2006-2010年期间各省（自治区）面向“三农”金融机构的协调度。聚类分析表明，协调发展程度分为四类，大部分省、市、自治区处在中间的第二类，处于第一类和第三类、第四类的省份都较少，也证实了面向“三农”金融机构“协调水平”较高的省份，其农村金融与农村经济“协调度”也较高的结论。
针对我国当前面向“三农”金融机构发展不够协调的现状及国外农村金融机构协调发展的经验借鉴，提出了进一步协调发展的战略：优化农村金融生态环境；拓展“三农”金融机构的整体功能；建立区域金融协调发展机制。
The Central Committee of Community Party and the State Council attach greatimportance to “Sannong”(agriculture, rural areas and farmers). The Central NumberOne files have emphasized “Sannong” issue for nine consecutive years since2004. Inthe fields of agriculture development, the growth of farmers’ income and new ruralconstruction, a series of policies have been introduced to strengthen the foundationalposition of agriculture, get on the way of agricultural modernization, establish thelong-term mechanism of promoting the development of agriculture with industry andbringing along the development of the countryside with cities, and form the newpattern of integration of urban and rural economy and society.
Rural finance is the core of the rural economy. Since the reform and opening-up,China has reconstructed the financial system of the rural area, and the scale of ruralfinance has been expanding constantly, which has played an important role inpromoting the development of rural economy. However, the pace of reform of ruralfinance lags behind the continuously growing demand that rural economytransformation has for financial service. Some problems are still outstanding. Forexample, the absence of rural financial services still exists in some villages and towns;farmers are still generally facing varying degrees of credit constraint; the business ofpolicy-oriented finance is shrinking. meanwhile,cross-competition exists betweenpolicy-oriented finance and commercial finance; the lag of rural insurance is stillsevere. The characteristics of dual financial structure is obvious in China’s ruralfinancial market: the formal and the informal rural financial organization coexist. Theformal rural financial organization system has gone through the history of the ruralcooperative financial-based to the current cooperative finance, commercial financeand policy-oriented finance coexisting pattern. Now, three types of rural financialinstitutions support “Sannong” with high profile from the strategic level. For example,rural credit cooperatives and other cooperative financial institutions act as the mainforce in supporting “Sannong”; the Agriculture Bank of China still sets up “Sannong”business department after its reform; the Postal Savings Bank locates inserving“Sannong”. But three types of financial institutions lack the symbiotic powerwith poor communication and haven’t formed a cohesive force in serving “Sannong”.Based on the above background, this dissertation specifically aims at the research ofcoordinated development of financial institutions towards “Sannong”, which has thetheoretical and practical significance.
Coordination is to achieve the best effect of system by making the function ofvarious parts of system in a cooperative and ordered state. The financial institutionstowards “Sannong” include rural-related banking institutions, insurance institutions,guarantee agencies and rental agencies, etc. Nowadays, banking institutions are in theleading position which include cooperative financial institutions such as all levels ofrural credit cooperatives, rural cooperative banks and other cooperative banks; theAgricultural Development Bank belonged to policy-oriented banks and commercialbanks such as rural commercial banks, Agricultural Bank of China, the citycommercial banks, the Postal Savings Bank and so on. Coordinated development ofChina's rural finance is a benign cycle where rural policy-oriented finance,cooperative finance and commercial finance institutions interdepend each other, face“Sannong”, and pay attention to the effect of supporting “Sannong”. System theory,financial symbiosis theory, rural financial supply and demand theory and the theory ofdivision of labor provide the theoretic foundation for the coordination development ofthe financial institutions facing “Sannong”. The primary purpose of the coordinationof the financial institutions facing “Sannong” is to support agriculture effectively.The organic integration and synergetic order of different kinds of financialinstitutions can enhance the overall effect of financial rural-supporting system. Theinternal drive of coordination is the comparative advantage of different kinds of banksand the external power is the optimized financial ecological environment of rural area.What's more, the method of coordination is the appropriate financial regulatorysystem and information feedback mechanism.
Function is a beneficial effect and effectiveness of something. This dissertation isbased on the view of systematic structure and function, analyzing the feature of thefunction of financial institutions. Meanwhile, it inspects the practical function ofdifferent types of current financial institutions one by one. The function ofpolicy-oriented financial institutions shrinks from widely policy-oriented todevelopmental function of promoting“Sannong”. The traditional cooperativeinstitutions play main roles in rural credit,but their basic functions are not fullyrealized.Cooperative financial institutions such as mutual agency operate well, buttheir market share is small. The rural-supporting function of commercial financialinstitutions is different which can not ensure the net inflow of “Sannong" fund.Different kinds of financial institutions can’t function as an organic integration,making a complementary relationship among these institutions impossible.
In order to analyze the coordination situation of rural finance insupporting“Sannong” in China synthetically, this dissertation, from the macro, mesoand micro three dimension, build the corresponding index to evaluate. From the macro aspect, this dissertation establishes rural finance related ratios to judge the overallcoordination situation between rural finance and rural economy; from the meso aspect,it sets the ratio of rural financial service coverage, the rural loan-deposit ratio, therural insurance penetration index to examine the rural financial supply and demandsituation; from the micro aspect, it sets quantitative indexes, including marketconcentration, ratio of loans to farmers, ratio of loans to agricultural enterprises,rural-related loans ratio to examine and analyze each subsystem of marketconcentration and related rural-related loans ratio respectively and further to explainrural coordination condition. After these indicators are constructed, firstly thecoordinating condition of rural financial institutions towards “Sannong” intuitively isanalyzed, according to the processing and analysis of datum from rural financial atlaspublished by CBRC for several consecutive years. Then the coordinating level of ruralfinancial institutions servicing for “Sannong” is measured concretely and calculatedfrom the interprovincial view.
In order to deeply understand China's rural financial coordinated developmentlevel, this dissertation has constructed some models and index system of thecoordinated development degree of rural financial institutions. Also the empiricalanalysis is conducted. The result demonstrates the coordination degree of financialinstitutions towards “Sannong” during the years2006-2010of different provinces(autonomous regions) in China. Cluster analysis suggests that the coordinateddevelopment degree can be classified as four categories. Most provinces belong to thesecond category and the number of provinces in the other three categories is rathersmall, which proves the conclusion that the higher coordinating level of the financialinstitutions towards “Sannong” of a province, the better the coordination of ruralfinance and economy.
Based on the present situation of the insufficient coordinating development degreeof the financial institutions towards the “Sannong” and the experience of coordinateddevelopment of the financial institutions abroad, this dissertation finally puts forward thefollowing countermeasures: to optimize the financial ecological environment; to developthe functional complementary financial institutions; to establish regional financialco-ordination development mechanism, and so on.
引文
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