基于产业链视角的中国啤酒大麦产业发展研究
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摘要
啤酒大麦是酿造啤酒的主要原料，啤酒大麦产业的健康发展对于我国啤酒工业的增长，增加主产区农民的收入，促进边远地区农村经济的发展、民族团结和社会安定意义重大。但是目前啤酒大麦产业链各利益主体只注重短期利益，各环节链接松散甚至严重脱节，各主体普遍面临生产成本高，盈利水平低的窘境，影响了啤酒大麦产业的发展。本文根据对种植农户、中间商、加工企业的调查数据，以纵向协作理论和交易成本理论为基础，重点对产业链各环节纵向协作意愿选择行为的影响因素和各个利益主体的成本收益进行分析，为建立产业链各主体纵向密切协作和利益共享的共赢机制提供理论基础和参考，并提出有针对性的政策建议。
本研究丰富了我国啤酒大麦产业经济分析的内容，在以下几个方面进行了研究：
一是对我国啤酒大麦产业链各环节的发展现状、特征和存在的问题等进行了梳理，分析了我国啤酒大麦产业链的类型和特点，系统地对我国啤酒大麦产业链各个利益主体的之间相互连接的作用机制进行了分析。
二是对我国啤酒大麦产业链的纵向协作进行分析，重点对农户和企业的纵向协作意愿的选择行为进行实证研究。结果表明①麦农的啤麦种子来自种子公司、合同企业、农技推广部门、啤麦商贩、其他农户及自留种这六种渠道，其中自留种是调研地种子的主要来源。麦农销售大麦的方式有市场交易和合同销售两种，目前跟商贩市场交易是麦农销售大麦的主要方式。麦芽企业与啤酒企业的纵向协作形式主要有市场交易、合同销售和纵向一体化三种形式。②麦农与种子生产企业的纵向协作的意愿是非常积极的。Logit模型结果表明，农户家庭务农人数、播种面积、品质、供种者声誉对农户与企业的纵向协作意愿是显著的正影响，而种子的价格、对啤麦种子的满意度，供种者是熟人和可以赊账对农户与企业的纵向协作意愿是显著的负影响。③麦农与麦芽企业纵向协作意愿是非常积极的。Logit模型结果表明文化程度、家庭务农人数、啤麦收入占家庭收入比重、啤麦播种面积、价格有保证、付款有保证、收购者声誉七个因素对麦农与麦芽企业的纵向协作意愿是显著的正影响，而来自收购商的信息对农户与企业的纵向协作意愿有显著的负影响。
三是尝试对我国啤酒大麦产业链主体的成本收益进行分析，并从经济学角度分析了中间商对啤酒大麦收购环节利益分配格局的改变及原因。结果表明①生产阶段，调研地麦农的种植纯收益普遍比当地的小麦、水稻、玉米、油菜等作物的比较收益低，参加合同销售的麦农比市场交易的麦农的比较收益高。②收购环节，啤麦商贩随着收购规模的增加，成本收益率也增加。研究表明啤酒大麦商贩和麦芽企业的垄断收购导致啤酒大麦收购市场的福利损失，但是啤酒大麦商贩的存在降低了加工企业直接收购的福利损失；虽然啤酒大麦商贩的存在增加了分工的层级，增加的商贩内部的交易费用，但更大地减少了麦芽企业直接跟种植户交易的费用，所以啤酒大麦收购环节中间商的存在提高了收购市场的交易效率，对啤酒大麦收购绩效的改善起到了正面的积极的作用。③通过典型企业数据分析了麦芽企业和啤酒企业的成本收益，指出加工企业受原料成本上涨及同行业的竞争，获利能力受限。
在以上研究基础上本文有针对性地提出促进啤酒大麦产业的稳定健康发展的建议：①政府应积极引导啤酒大麦产业的产业化经营；②全国建立统一的啤酒大麦收储流通的标准；③需要制定相关的产业支持政策，促进啤酒大麦产业健康发展；④对边远地区、民族地区的啤酒大麦产业的给予保护和支持。
Malting barley is the main raw material for brewing beer. The long-term stable development ofmalting barley industry is of great significance for enhancing the growth of the beer industry, increasingthe income of farmers in the main producing areas, promoting rural economic development in remoteareas, national unity and social stability. But now the stakeholders of malting barley industry chainfocus only on short-term interests, the link is a link loose even a serious gap, the subject generally facehigh production costs, low levels of profit dilemma, affecting the development of malting barleyindustry. According to the survey data to the planting farmers, middlemen, malteries and brewers, basedon the vertical coordination theory and transaction cost, focusing on the analysis of the influencingfactors in the vertical collaboration will in various aspects of the industry chain and the cost-benefit ofvarious stakeholders, providing a theoretical basis and reference for the establishment of the industrialchain of the main vertical close collaboration and sharing of benefits and win-win mechanism, andproposing targeted policy recommendations.
The paper enriches the existing economic analysis of malting barley industry and makes study inthe following aspects:
Firstly, this paper clarifies the development status, characteristics and existing problems of maltingbarley and puts forword the types and characteristics of the malting barley industry chain andsystematically studies the connected mechanism between the various stakeholders of malting barleyindustry chain.
Secondly, this paper analyzes the vertical collaboration of malting barley industry chain, focusingon the empirical study of farmers in their choice behavior of willingness for verticalcollaboration.Some cinclusions could be drawn are as follows:
①The malting barley seeds of farmers come from six channels, seed companies, the contractenterprises, agricultural extension services, malting barley traders, the other farmers and retention ofthemselves, with the retained seeds as the main source of the seeds of surveyed famers. Farmers sellbarley in two ways, one is market transactions with the malting barley middlemen, the other is based oncontract sales for malt enterprises, with the former as the main sale. The vertical coordination of maltbusinesses and beer companies includes market transactions, contract sales and vertical integration.
②Farmers’ willingness to collaborate with seed companies is very positive. Logit model’s resultsshow that the number of rural households farming population, sown area, quality, and the reputation ofthe seeders are having a significant positive impact on the willingness to collaborate for farmers andenterprises, while the prices of the seeds, the level of satisfaction, and the acquaintances that can creditto farmers are having a significant negative impact on the willingness to collaborate for farmers andenterprises.
③Farmers’ willingness to collaborate with malt enterprises is very positive. Logit model’s resultsshow that the educational level, the number of family farming, the proportion of the malting barleyincome of household income, the area sown to barley, the price guarantee, payment guarantee, and thekind of reputation of buyers are having a significant positive impact on the farmers’ willingness to collaborate with malt enterprises, while the information of the buyers is having a significant negativeimpact on the wheat farmers’ willingness to collaborate with malt enterprises.
Thirdly, this paper tries to make the cost-benefit analysis of the body of malting barley industry,and analyzes the changes and the reasons of malting barley middlemen for the pattern of benefitsdistribution of the circulation of the malting barley from an economic point of view, considering thedominant position of malting barley middlemen. Some cinclusions could be drawn are as follows:
①During the production stage, barley farmers’ net income is generally lower than the local wheat,rice, potatoes, corn, canola and other crops. The income of farmers in contract sales is higher than thatof farmers in market transactions.
②During the acquisition stage, with the acquisition of malting barley traders increase in the size,cost-benefit ratio has also increased. Research shows that the monopoly acquisition of the vendors ofmalting barley and malt companies leads to the acquisition of welfare losses in malting barley market,but the presence of malting barley traders reduce welfare losses of processing enterprises.Though thepresence of malting barley middlemen increased the level of division of labor, increased transactioncosts directly attributable to the acquisition of processing enterprises, but largely reduce the transactioncosts malt business directly have with the growers, so generally speaking, beer barley acquisition of partof brokers exist to improve the efficiency of the acquisition of market transactions, and theimprovement of malting barley acquisition played a positive active role.
③Through a typical enterprise data analysis of the costs and benefits of the enterprises of malt andbeer companies, this paper points out that the processing enterprises are affected by the rising rawmaterial costs and the industry's competition, so profitability is limited.
Based on the above research, this paper puts forward the proposal to promote stable and healthydevelopment of the malting barley industry:①The government should positively guide the industrialmanagement of the malting barley industry.②A uniform standard should be set in various aspects ofthe circulation of barley across the country.③Various policies should be introduced to promote thesound development of the barley industry.④The support and protection of the barley industry shouldbe strengthened of ethnic minorities in remote areas.
本研究丰富了我国啤酒大麦产业经济分析的内容，在以下几个方面进行了研究：
一是对我国啤酒大麦产业链各环节的发展现状、特征和存在的问题等进行了梳理，分析了我国啤酒大麦产业链的类型和特点，系统地对我国啤酒大麦产业链各个利益主体的之间相互连接的作用机制进行了分析。
二是对我国啤酒大麦产业链的纵向协作进行分析，重点对农户和企业的纵向协作意愿的选择行为进行实证研究。结果表明①麦农的啤麦种子来自种子公司、合同企业、农技推广部门、啤麦商贩、其他农户及自留种这六种渠道，其中自留种是调研地种子的主要来源。麦农销售大麦的方式有市场交易和合同销售两种，目前跟商贩市场交易是麦农销售大麦的主要方式。麦芽企业与啤酒企业的纵向协作形式主要有市场交易、合同销售和纵向一体化三种形式。②麦农与种子生产企业的纵向协作的意愿是非常积极的。Logit模型结果表明，农户家庭务农人数、播种面积、品质、供种者声誉对农户与企业的纵向协作意愿是显著的正影响，而种子的价格、对啤麦种子的满意度，供种者是熟人和可以赊账对农户与企业的纵向协作意愿是显著的负影响。③麦农与麦芽企业纵向协作意愿是非常积极的。Logit模型结果表明文化程度、家庭务农人数、啤麦收入占家庭收入比重、啤麦播种面积、价格有保证、付款有保证、收购者声誉七个因素对麦农与麦芽企业的纵向协作意愿是显著的正影响，而来自收购商的信息对农户与企业的纵向协作意愿有显著的负影响。
三是尝试对我国啤酒大麦产业链主体的成本收益进行分析，并从经济学角度分析了中间商对啤酒大麦收购环节利益分配格局的改变及原因。结果表明①生产阶段，调研地麦农的种植纯收益普遍比当地的小麦、水稻、玉米、油菜等作物的比较收益低，参加合同销售的麦农比市场交易的麦农的比较收益高。②收购环节，啤麦商贩随着收购规模的增加，成本收益率也增加。研究表明啤酒大麦商贩和麦芽企业的垄断收购导致啤酒大麦收购市场的福利损失，但是啤酒大麦商贩的存在降低了加工企业直接收购的福利损失；虽然啤酒大麦商贩的存在增加了分工的层级，增加的商贩内部的交易费用，但更大地减少了麦芽企业直接跟种植户交易的费用，所以啤酒大麦收购环节中间商的存在提高了收购市场的交易效率，对啤酒大麦收购绩效的改善起到了正面的积极的作用。③通过典型企业数据分析了麦芽企业和啤酒企业的成本收益，指出加工企业受原料成本上涨及同行业的竞争，获利能力受限。
在以上研究基础上本文有针对性地提出促进啤酒大麦产业的稳定健康发展的建议：①政府应积极引导啤酒大麦产业的产业化经营；②全国建立统一的啤酒大麦收储流通的标准；③需要制定相关的产业支持政策，促进啤酒大麦产业健康发展；④对边远地区、民族地区的啤酒大麦产业的给予保护和支持。
Malting barley is the main raw material for brewing beer. The long-term stable development ofmalting barley industry is of great significance for enhancing the growth of the beer industry, increasingthe income of farmers in the main producing areas, promoting rural economic development in remoteareas, national unity and social stability. But now the stakeholders of malting barley industry chainfocus only on short-term interests, the link is a link loose even a serious gap, the subject generally facehigh production costs, low levels of profit dilemma, affecting the development of malting barleyindustry. According to the survey data to the planting farmers, middlemen, malteries and brewers, basedon the vertical coordination theory and transaction cost, focusing on the analysis of the influencingfactors in the vertical collaboration will in various aspects of the industry chain and the cost-benefit ofvarious stakeholders, providing a theoretical basis and reference for the establishment of the industrialchain of the main vertical close collaboration and sharing of benefits and win-win mechanism, andproposing targeted policy recommendations.
The paper enriches the existing economic analysis of malting barley industry and makes study inthe following aspects:
Firstly, this paper clarifies the development status, characteristics and existing problems of maltingbarley and puts forword the types and characteristics of the malting barley industry chain andsystematically studies the connected mechanism between the various stakeholders of malting barleyindustry chain.
Secondly, this paper analyzes the vertical collaboration of malting barley industry chain, focusingon the empirical study of farmers in their choice behavior of willingness for verticalcollaboration.Some cinclusions could be drawn are as follows:
①The malting barley seeds of farmers come from six channels, seed companies, the contractenterprises, agricultural extension services, malting barley traders, the other farmers and retention ofthemselves, with the retained seeds as the main source of the seeds of surveyed famers. Farmers sellbarley in two ways, one is market transactions with the malting barley middlemen, the other is based oncontract sales for malt enterprises, with the former as the main sale. The vertical coordination of maltbusinesses and beer companies includes market transactions, contract sales and vertical integration.
②Farmers’ willingness to collaborate with seed companies is very positive. Logit model’s resultsshow that the number of rural households farming population, sown area, quality, and the reputation ofthe seeders are having a significant positive impact on the willingness to collaborate for farmers andenterprises, while the prices of the seeds, the level of satisfaction, and the acquaintances that can creditto farmers are having a significant negative impact on the willingness to collaborate for farmers andenterprises.
③Farmers’ willingness to collaborate with malt enterprises is very positive. Logit model’s resultsshow that the educational level, the number of family farming, the proportion of the malting barleyincome of household income, the area sown to barley, the price guarantee, payment guarantee, and thekind of reputation of buyers are having a significant positive impact on the farmers’ willingness to collaborate with malt enterprises, while the information of the buyers is having a significant negativeimpact on the wheat farmers’ willingness to collaborate with malt enterprises.
Thirdly, this paper tries to make the cost-benefit analysis of the body of malting barley industry,and analyzes the changes and the reasons of malting barley middlemen for the pattern of benefitsdistribution of the circulation of the malting barley from an economic point of view, considering thedominant position of malting barley middlemen. Some cinclusions could be drawn are as follows:
①During the production stage, barley farmers’ net income is generally lower than the local wheat,rice, potatoes, corn, canola and other crops. The income of farmers in contract sales is higher than thatof farmers in market transactions.
②During the acquisition stage, with the acquisition of malting barley traders increase in the size,cost-benefit ratio has also increased. Research shows that the monopoly acquisition of the vendors ofmalting barley and malt companies leads to the acquisition of welfare losses in malting barley market,but the presence of malting barley traders reduce welfare losses of processing enterprises.Though thepresence of malting barley middlemen increased the level of division of labor, increased transactioncosts directly attributable to the acquisition of processing enterprises, but largely reduce the transactioncosts malt business directly have with the growers, so generally speaking, beer barley acquisition of partof brokers exist to improve the efficiency of the acquisition of market transactions, and theimprovement of malting barley acquisition played a positive active role.
③Through a typical enterprise data analysis of the costs and benefits of the enterprises of malt andbeer companies, this paper points out that the processing enterprises are affected by the rising rawmaterial costs and the industry's competition, so profitability is limited.
Based on the above research, this paper puts forward the proposal to promote stable and healthydevelopment of the malting barley industry:①The government should positively guide the industrialmanagement of the malting barley industry.②A uniform standard should be set in various aspects ofthe circulation of barley across the country.③Various policies should be introduced to promote thesound development of the barley industry.④The support and protection of the barley industry shouldbe strengthened of ethnic minorities in remote areas.
引文
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