农村养老资源供给及模式研究
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摘要
随着社会经济的发展、人口的快速老龄化，农村家庭结构的变迁以及青年人思想观念的改变，传统家庭养老的功能日渐衰退，养老问题成为农村社会的一大难题，也是政府和社会解决“三农”问题的一大障碍。养老是一个综合性的范畴，其核心是养老资源问题。综观当前我国农村养老资源的供给，目前大多数仍以家庭为主，但由于家庭受到诸多因素的影响，供给缺乏稳定性，致使问题极其严峻，与当前构筑和谐社会的目标要求以及农村社会经济发展的新形势极为不协调。因此，构建科学合理的农村养老资源供给主体及其供给模式成为社会发展的迫切需要，本论文基于这一背景，从农村养老资源的供给主体和需求保障入手，对我国农村养老资源的供给开展研究。具体研究内容，可以概括为以下三个方面：
第一，农村养老资源的界定、养老资源供给的现状与问题。论文在第二、三章对农村养老资源供给的概念、基本内容等进行界定、并对当前的供给现状和问题进行分析。在借鉴前人研究基础上，将农村养老资源界定为一切现有和有待开发的可以实现农村公民养老需求保障的物质和精神资源，运用社会网络理论和层次需求理论，对各种农村养老资源进行强弱关系、生存与发展型养老资源的归类，并根据养老资源的内容、供给渠道和形式等明确供给主体为家庭和社会。从农村养老的经济、生活照料和精神慰藉资源三个方面对养老供给现状考察，认为当前农村养老资源的供给依然以家庭为主，社会养老逐渐扮演着越来越重要的角色，但是从供给的数量和质量上看，我国农村养老资源供给依然面临诸多问题，主要有养老需求规模巨大、养老负担沉重，供给途径单一、供给能力有限，养老的服务需求增加、供给缺失；从供给主体上看，农村家庭结构变化,土地保障功能弱化，家庭养老负担越来越重，农村社会养老覆盖面小，保障有限，制度不完善，市场供给乏力等。
第二，农村养老资源的供给能力、效果与需求分析。基于对农村养老资源供给指标的收集和陕西太白县农村居民的实地调查，论文的第四章从当前各地区农业生活总值、财政收支、农业固定生产投资、人均地区生产总值、人均家庭纯收入、人均家庭生活消费支出、农村新型农村社会养老保险实施情况、农村养老服务资源等24个指标对我国各地区农村养老资源供给进行统计和因子分析，着重对现阶段各地区农村养老资源供给能力进行考察和评价；第五章选择经济支持、生活照料和情感慰藉三个因变量和老年父母与成年子女特征两个方面自变量15个指标，运用多元排序选择模型对太白县农村老年人养老资源满意度及其影响因素进行分析，对农村养老资源供给效果开展评价；第六章运用扩展线性支持模型(ELES)对我国农村居民的消费需求进行生存需求、生活需求和发展需求三层次划分。认为：(1)目前农村养老资源供给区域差异严重。一、二类地区由于地区经济发达，农村养老经济资源相对三类地区充足。这种差异性使得相当多的经济能力差的农村老人生活在不安全的境况下，晚年的生活质量难以保证；(2)农村老年人的经济、生活照料和精神慰藉支持满意度受到自己每月的收支结余、与谁居住、健康状况、婚姻状况以及子女的教育程度、经济状况、婚姻状况等方面的影响显著。(3)农村老年人的养老需求层次可划分为生存型养老、生活型养老和发展型养老三个层次。
第三，农村养老资源供给主体的角色定位和供给模式构建。第七章主要介绍了澳大利亚和日本农村养老保障模式的经验和对我国农村养老的启示。认为要构建社会公共服务中心和加强农村老年人基本的卫生服务项目等。第八章对我国农村养老资源的三大供给主体“家庭、社区和社会”的角色和职责重新进行定位，总体来说，农村养老资源供给主体的角色如下：农村社会养老将会承担越来越多的责任，改变之前责任缺失的状态，不仅提供经济资源，还要辅以生活照料和精神慰藉；农村社区在充分合理利用当前资源前提下，发挥社会的优势，主要为养老提供生活照料和精神慰藉资源；家庭的养老功能逐步发生转变，代际关系发生粘着型——松弛型——独立型三个层次的变化，以经济、生活和精神慰藉资源为主向提供精神慰藉为主、辅以经济资源和生活照料资源的转变。第九章构建一种生存保障和补充提高需求区别对待的“生存、生活和发展三层次”的农村养老资源供给模式及其运行对策，具体为：第一，生存型养老，构建“社会为主”的普惠型或非缴费型养老供给模式；第二，生活型养老，构建“社会、个人为主，家庭和社区为辅”的养老供给模式；第三，发展型养老，构建“自我养老为主、家庭、社区和社会为辅”的养老供给模式。
With the economy’s developing, the population’s aging, the rural family-structure’downsizing and the young people’ thoughts’ changing, the traditional family support isdecaying gradually. The supply of resources for aging people has been becoming a majorserious problem in China. Although the family is still the main support in current ruralcommunity, the instability of supply is uncoordinated with the objectives and requirements ofbuilding harmonious society and the rural economic and social development. Therefore,building a scientific and rational rural supply subject and supply system of resources is anurgent need for social development. Based on this background, this article deeply carries outresearch on rural resources supply, which starts with the analysis of the current status ofsupply and need. Specific contents can be summarized as the following three aspects.
First of all, it is the definition and the analysis on supply's status and problems of theresources. In the second and third chapter, the resources for rural aging people are defined asall existing and to be developed material and spiritual resources that can meet the needs whenthe people is aging. With the social network theory and hierarchy need, the resources will beclassified the various sorts: strong or weak tie resources, survival and development resourcesand so on, which makes it clear that supply subjects are family and society. Then the articleinvestigate the current supply status according to economic support, life care and spiritualsupport, and the result is:(1)the current supply is still family-oriented, society plays anincreasingly important role.(2)the supply of resources is still faced with many problemswhich includes the huge demand, heavy burden, single supply subject, limited supplycapacity.
Secondly, it consists of the analysis on supply capacity and effect. Based on thecollection of the indicators about resource supply and investigation of Taibai County inShaaxi, this part does some descriptive statistics and factor analysis of resources’ supply. Inchapter4, the24indicators are chose and analyzed, which include the gross value of regionalagricultural life, financial revenue and expenditure, fixed agricultural production investment,rural social security and so on. In Chapter5, with the multiple sort choice model,3dependentand15independent variables are chose to analyze, which include economic support, life careand spiritual support and elderly parent’s economy，health status, adult offspring’s education background, economy status et. In Chapter6, The ELES model is used to stratify what is theresources demand for aging people in rural areas. The results are:(1) There are seriousdifferences on resources supply between different regions, which make a considerable numberof poor rural elderly live in unsafe situations.(2)The satisfaction of economic, life care andspiritual support is affected significantly by these variables such as the balance of the elderly’smonthly income and expenditure, who live with, their own health status, their offspring’seducational background, marital status and economic conditions et.(3) The resources demandfor rural aging people is divided into “survive, living, and development” three levels.
Thirdly, it orientates the role of the resource supply subject and builds the supply system.In chapter7, it introduces the experience of the security mode in Australia and Japan, whichbuild public social service centers and strengthen basic health services for rural elderly projectis considered to be successful and meaningful. In chapter8, it orientates the roles andresponsibilities of the three main supply subjects of the resources, which is family, communityand society. Generally, the main roles are as follows: the society will take on moreresponsibility, which is not only to provide financial resources, but also life care and spiritualsupport. The rural communities exert the social advantage to provide life care and spiritualresources for aging, and family will gradually shift its role from the main part of economic,life, and spiritual support to that one which is mainly spiritual support, supplemented byeconomic resources and life care support, which the intergenerational relationships willchange through adhesive-loose-independent. In chapter9, according to the three-levelresources need and the role orientation in chapter6and8, the three-level resource supplysystem for aging people will be build:(1)Support for survival: Build a “society dominated”,non-contributory pension supply system.(2)Support for living: Build a “society and person”mainly supply system, supplemented by families and communities.(3)Support fordevelopment: Build a “self-supplied” supply system, supplemented by families, communities,and society. In the end, some proposals will be put forward.
第一，农村养老资源的界定、养老资源供给的现状与问题。论文在第二、三章对农村养老资源供给的概念、基本内容等进行界定、并对当前的供给现状和问题进行分析。在借鉴前人研究基础上，将农村养老资源界定为一切现有和有待开发的可以实现农村公民养老需求保障的物质和精神资源，运用社会网络理论和层次需求理论，对各种农村养老资源进行强弱关系、生存与发展型养老资源的归类，并根据养老资源的内容、供给渠道和形式等明确供给主体为家庭和社会。从农村养老的经济、生活照料和精神慰藉资源三个方面对养老供给现状考察，认为当前农村养老资源的供给依然以家庭为主，社会养老逐渐扮演着越来越重要的角色，但是从供给的数量和质量上看，我国农村养老资源供给依然面临诸多问题，主要有养老需求规模巨大、养老负担沉重，供给途径单一、供给能力有限，养老的服务需求增加、供给缺失；从供给主体上看，农村家庭结构变化,土地保障功能弱化，家庭养老负担越来越重，农村社会养老覆盖面小，保障有限，制度不完善，市场供给乏力等。
第二，农村养老资源的供给能力、效果与需求分析。基于对农村养老资源供给指标的收集和陕西太白县农村居民的实地调查，论文的第四章从当前各地区农业生活总值、财政收支、农业固定生产投资、人均地区生产总值、人均家庭纯收入、人均家庭生活消费支出、农村新型农村社会养老保险实施情况、农村养老服务资源等24个指标对我国各地区农村养老资源供给进行统计和因子分析，着重对现阶段各地区农村养老资源供给能力进行考察和评价；第五章选择经济支持、生活照料和情感慰藉三个因变量和老年父母与成年子女特征两个方面自变量15个指标，运用多元排序选择模型对太白县农村老年人养老资源满意度及其影响因素进行分析，对农村养老资源供给效果开展评价；第六章运用扩展线性支持模型(ELES)对我国农村居民的消费需求进行生存需求、生活需求和发展需求三层次划分。认为：(1)目前农村养老资源供给区域差异严重。一、二类地区由于地区经济发达，农村养老经济资源相对三类地区充足。这种差异性使得相当多的经济能力差的农村老人生活在不安全的境况下，晚年的生活质量难以保证；(2)农村老年人的经济、生活照料和精神慰藉支持满意度受到自己每月的收支结余、与谁居住、健康状况、婚姻状况以及子女的教育程度、经济状况、婚姻状况等方面的影响显著。(3)农村老年人的养老需求层次可划分为生存型养老、生活型养老和发展型养老三个层次。
第三，农村养老资源供给主体的角色定位和供给模式构建。第七章主要介绍了澳大利亚和日本农村养老保障模式的经验和对我国农村养老的启示。认为要构建社会公共服务中心和加强农村老年人基本的卫生服务项目等。第八章对我国农村养老资源的三大供给主体“家庭、社区和社会”的角色和职责重新进行定位，总体来说，农村养老资源供给主体的角色如下：农村社会养老将会承担越来越多的责任，改变之前责任缺失的状态，不仅提供经济资源，还要辅以生活照料和精神慰藉；农村社区在充分合理利用当前资源前提下，发挥社会的优势，主要为养老提供生活照料和精神慰藉资源；家庭的养老功能逐步发生转变，代际关系发生粘着型——松弛型——独立型三个层次的变化，以经济、生活和精神慰藉资源为主向提供精神慰藉为主、辅以经济资源和生活照料资源的转变。第九章构建一种生存保障和补充提高需求区别对待的“生存、生活和发展三层次”的农村养老资源供给模式及其运行对策，具体为：第一，生存型养老，构建“社会为主”的普惠型或非缴费型养老供给模式；第二，生活型养老，构建“社会、个人为主，家庭和社区为辅”的养老供给模式；第三，发展型养老，构建“自我养老为主、家庭、社区和社会为辅”的养老供给模式。
With the economy’s developing, the population’s aging, the rural family-structure’downsizing and the young people’ thoughts’ changing, the traditional family support isdecaying gradually. The supply of resources for aging people has been becoming a majorserious problem in China. Although the family is still the main support in current ruralcommunity, the instability of supply is uncoordinated with the objectives and requirements ofbuilding harmonious society and the rural economic and social development. Therefore,building a scientific and rational rural supply subject and supply system of resources is anurgent need for social development. Based on this background, this article deeply carries outresearch on rural resources supply, which starts with the analysis of the current status ofsupply and need. Specific contents can be summarized as the following three aspects.
First of all, it is the definition and the analysis on supply's status and problems of theresources. In the second and third chapter, the resources for rural aging people are defined asall existing and to be developed material and spiritual resources that can meet the needs whenthe people is aging. With the social network theory and hierarchy need, the resources will beclassified the various sorts: strong or weak tie resources, survival and development resourcesand so on, which makes it clear that supply subjects are family and society. Then the articleinvestigate the current supply status according to economic support, life care and spiritualsupport, and the result is:(1)the current supply is still family-oriented, society plays anincreasingly important role.(2)the supply of resources is still faced with many problemswhich includes the huge demand, heavy burden, single supply subject, limited supplycapacity.
Secondly, it consists of the analysis on supply capacity and effect. Based on thecollection of the indicators about resource supply and investigation of Taibai County inShaaxi, this part does some descriptive statistics and factor analysis of resources’ supply. Inchapter4, the24indicators are chose and analyzed, which include the gross value of regionalagricultural life, financial revenue and expenditure, fixed agricultural production investment,rural social security and so on. In Chapter5, with the multiple sort choice model,3dependentand15independent variables are chose to analyze, which include economic support, life careand spiritual support and elderly parent’s economy，health status, adult offspring’s education background, economy status et. In Chapter6, The ELES model is used to stratify what is theresources demand for aging people in rural areas. The results are:(1) There are seriousdifferences on resources supply between different regions, which make a considerable numberof poor rural elderly live in unsafe situations.(2)The satisfaction of economic, life care andspiritual support is affected significantly by these variables such as the balance of the elderly’smonthly income and expenditure, who live with, their own health status, their offspring’seducational background, marital status and economic conditions et.(3) The resources demandfor rural aging people is divided into “survive, living, and development” three levels.
Thirdly, it orientates the role of the resource supply subject and builds the supply system.In chapter7, it introduces the experience of the security mode in Australia and Japan, whichbuild public social service centers and strengthen basic health services for rural elderly projectis considered to be successful and meaningful. In chapter8, it orientates the roles andresponsibilities of the three main supply subjects of the resources, which is family, communityand society. Generally, the main roles are as follows: the society will take on moreresponsibility, which is not only to provide financial resources, but also life care and spiritualsupport. The rural communities exert the social advantage to provide life care and spiritualresources for aging, and family will gradually shift its role from the main part of economic,life, and spiritual support to that one which is mainly spiritual support, supplemented byeconomic resources and life care support, which the intergenerational relationships willchange through adhesive-loose-independent. In chapter9, according to the three-levelresources need and the role orientation in chapter6and8, the three-level resource supplysystem for aging people will be build:(1)Support for survival: Build a “society dominated”,non-contributory pension supply system.(2)Support for living: Build a “society and person”mainly supply system, supplemented by families and communities.(3)Support fordevelopment: Build a “self-supplied” supply system, supplemented by families, communities,and society. In the end, some proposals will be put forward.
引文
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