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区域经济发展不同阶段的产业序列研究
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摘要
加快产业结构调整,转变经济发展方式,是我国国民经济实现科学发展的必由之路。中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十二个五年规划纲要明确指出,要坚持把经济结构战略性调整作为加快转变经济发展方式的主攻方向,加强农业基础地位,提升制造业核心竞争力,发展战略性新兴产业,加快发展服务业,促进经济增长向依靠第一、第二、第三产业协同带动转变。作为国民经济的具体经济单元,区域经济的发展也必须以加快转变经济发展方式为主线,通过制订合理的产业政策来引导市场主体优化资源配置,通过改变区域经济中不同产业所处的位次来实现优化产业结构的优化、升级。为此,本文首次提出了产业序列的概念,试图在进一步深化产业结构理论的基础上,为区域产业政策的制订提供一个新的视角。
     产业序列是指在某一时点上,一个国家或地区的经济体系内各产业按照一定的规则进行排列所形成的有序组合。本文以经济发展和产业结构的相关理论为基础,以区域经济为研究对象,系统讨论了区域经济发展不同阶段产业序列的若干问题。采用归纳分析法和数理分析法,研究了产业序列内涵、形成原因、影响因素等基本问题;运用经验分析法,研究了区域产业序列形成和发展的特征等问题;运用实证分析法和比较分析法,深入探讨了南京市浦口区产业序列的现状特征和主要问题,分析了该区与其他相似地区之间产业序列的差异,并按照优化产业序列、调整产业结构的要求,提出了若干对策建议。
     首先,本文在回顾国内外相关文献的基础上,对经济增长、产业结构演进历程和机理等理论成果进行了梳理。现有的研究表明,在经济发展过程中,普遍存在着产业结构的规律性演进现象,一方面,由于需求、技术、制度、创新等因素的共同作用,导致要素在不同产业部门之间的流动,从而表现出产业结构的变动;另一方面,这种要素的流动实际上是依循着效率原则,由于不同产业所处的产业生命周期不同,各个产业所投入的要素的边际效率也就存在着差别,而土地、资本、劳动等生产要素总是向着边际效率更高的产业部门流动,这种生产要素从低效率部门向高效率部门的流动自然会带来产业结构变动基础上的经济增长。由此可见,要素的流动带来不同产业部门的此消彼涨,导致产业结构的转换,产业结构的优化升级己成为现代经济增长的内生变量。进一步的研究表明,产业结构演变是有规律可循的,区域经济发展中的产业结构变动既遵循着产业结构演进的一般规律,也由于其自身的特点而具有一定的特殊性。现有的研究文献浩繁而精深,是我们认识和讨论经济发展与产业结构演变问题的重要基础,但是如果要进一步深入探讨一个区域的经济发展与产业结构的关系问题,并寻求区域产业结构的优化方案,有必要引入产业序列的范畴。
     其次,本文在引入产业序列概念的基础上,对产业序列的形成与变动进行了一般理论分析。本文借助新古典经济学中的生产者行为理论、消费者行为理论以及生产与交换的一般均衡理论建立数理模型,重点构建了分析产业序列的一般理论框架,对研究所要阐述的产业序列的内涵作出了具体的界定,明确了经济发展、产业结构和产业序列三者之间的关系,深入剖析了产业序列与产业结构的关系以及产业结构的政策含义,进一步解释了一定时期产业序列形成的原因,并从供求因素、技术因素等方面分析了影响产业序列变动的因素。
     再次,本文在对区域经济的基本属性进行归纳与阐释的基础上,分析了区域产业序列的形成与特征。本文认为,在国民经济整体运行背景下,区域经济具有有限自主化特点;在市场一体化背景下,区域资源配置具有相对内部化特点;在宏观经济政策导向下,区域经济政策工具具有有限化特点;在经济发展总体阶段定位下,区域经济阶段具有与经济总体的非一致化特点;在国民经济总体产业序列下,区域产业序列的具有非标准化特点。一个地区的产业序列的形成取决于资源禀赋、产业基础、内部需求、外部拉动等方面的因素,并进一步导致区域产业序列有着五个方面的特征,即:整个产业的向上体系化与向下分散化、单个产业的向上链式化与向下节点化、产业之间的向上关联化与向下孤立化、经济发展阶段的跳跃性与产业序列的非标准型、产业发展的多向性与产业序列选择的非必然性。
     同时,基于上述分析,本文以南京市浦口区为例,对浦口区的经济发展、产业结构、产业序列、产业政策等问题进行了实证分析。本文在概括了浦口区经济发展的条件与基础,对改革开放以来浦口经济发展的阶段进行了划分,分析了浦口经济发展不同阶段的主导产业和产业结构。运用统计分析方法,描述了浦口区产业序列的构成,并建立了浦口产业序列的评价指标体系。进一步地,通过实证分析,研究了浦口区不同经济发展阶段的产业序列变动的影响因素,主要包括居民收入水平、投资需求水平城市化水平、工业化水平、市场化水平和对外开放程度等。然后,选取与南京市浦口区相邻近的栖霞区和江宁区作为比较对象,来与浦口区本身进行区域产业序列特征的比较分析。研究了不同区域产业序列不同的总体特征,比较了不同区域产业序列的主要差异,并进一步指出引致不同区域产业序列差异化的主要原因。
     最后,在对浦口产业序列进行分阶段测定的基础上,分析和预测浦口产业序列的演进趋势,通过对浦口经济发展不同阶段的产业序列选择进行利弊分析,明确浦口区工业化中后期阶段产业序列发展的调整方向,并且提出浦口产业序列的优化路径。阐明重塑浦口区产业序列的一系列政策选择,保障浦口产业序列进一步提升和优化,这些政策包括:(1)强化政府政策引导,明确产业序列重塑方向;(2)大力发展产业集群,加快产业序列重塑进程;(3)稳步提升城市化水平,推动产业序列优化发展;(4)合理调整收入结构,加速产业序列目标实现。
     总之,对区域经济发展不同阶段产业序列的研究有助于我们深刻认识区域产业结构的演进特征,有助于明确不同地区区域产业结构的不同发展方向,对于区域经济和国民经济的产业转型升级都具有很强的理论意义和现实意义。“十二五”期间,浦口区产业序列的优化应当依循这样的路径:以政府为引导,以市场为主导,努力提升传统产业、积极发展高端服务业、着力发展战略性新兴产业。利用特色资源,发展生态循环型经济,巩固和完善为农服务、观光旅游等服务业;发挥区位优势,发展批发零售、交通运输等传统服务业,同时,现代服务业及新兴服务业的发展,变“工业→服务业→农业”的产业序列为“服务业→工业→农业”、变“服务业推动工业、农业”的发展模式为“服务业引领工业、农业”的发展模式。
To speed up industrial restructuring and transformation of economic development pattern is the only way for China's national economy to realize scientific development. The12th Five Year Plan for the People's Republic of China's National Economic and Social Development explicitly pointed out that we will continue to focus on economic restructuring in changing the pattern of development, to strengthen the position of agriculture as the foundation of the economy, to improve the core competitiveness of manufacturing industry, to develop strategic emerging industry, to speed up the development of service industry, to promote economic growth to rely on coordinated development of primary, secondary and tertiary industry. As a specific economic unit of national economy, the development of regional economy must also take accelerating the transformation of economic development pattern as the main line, to guide the market subjects to optimize the allocation of resources by formulating reasonable industrial policies, to realize the optimizing and upgrading of industrial structure by the changing the precedence of different industries in regional economy. Therefore, this paper puts forward the concept of industrial sequence for the first time in the attempt to further deepen the theory of industrial structure, on the basis of which, to provide a new perspective for regional industrial policies.
     Industrial sequence is, on a time point, an orderly industry group formed according to certain rules in a country or a region's economic system. Based on relevant theory of economic development and industrial structure, several issues of industry sequence in regional economic development of different phases are discussed in the paper with the regional economy as the research object. Inductive analysis and mathematical analysis are used to study the fundamental issues such as the connotation, cause and influencing factor of industrial sequence; experience analysis is used to study the characteristics of formation and development of regional industrial sequence; empirical analysis and comparison analysis are used to probe into the status and main problems of industrial sequence in Pukou district, Nanjing, analyze the difference of industrial sequence between this region and other similar areas and put forward some countermeasures according to the optimization of industrial sequence and the demand to adjust the industrial structure.
     First, based on reviewing the relevant literature at home and abroad, those theories on economic growth and industrial structure evolution and mechanisms are combed in this paper. Current research shows that in the economic development process, the regularity phenomenon of industrial structure evolution universally exists, on the one hand, the joint action of factors such as demand, technology, system and innovation result in elements flow in various sectors, thus showing the evolution of industrial structure; on the other hand, the elements actually flow according to the principle of efficiency, as different industries are in different phases of industry life cycle, the marginal efficiency of the elements brought into different industries will be different, and the production elements such as land, capital and labor always move towards higher marginal efficiency departments, which will naturally bring economic growth on the basis of industrial structure evolution. Thus, elements flow brings gluttony to various sectors and lead to the transformation of the industrial structure, the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure has become the endogenous variable for modern economic growth. Further research suggests that the evolution of industrial structure has rules to follow and the evolution of industrial structure in regional economic development follows the general rule of industrial structure evolution, also has some particularity because of its own characteristics. The existing research which is extensive and profound, is the important bases to understand and discuss the issues as economic development and the evolution of industrial structure, but if we want to further explore the relationship between regional economic development and industrial structure and to seek the optimization scheme of regional industrial structure, it is necessary to introduce the category of industrial sequence.
     Secondly, the general theory analysis is used to study the formation and evolution of industrial sequence in the paper on the basis of the introduction of industrial sequence concept. Producer behavior theory, consumer behaviors theory and the equilibrium theory of production and exchange in neoclassical economics are used to establish mathematical model, to intensively build the theoretical framework for analyzing industry sequence, to specifically define the connotation of industrial sequence as well as the relationship between economic development, industrial structure and industrial sequence, to intensively analyze the relationship between industrial structure and industrial sequence as well as policy implications of industrial sequence, to further explain the causes of industrial sequence formation in a certain period, and to analyze the factors affecting industrial sequence evolution on terms of supply and demand factors, technical factors and so on.
     Thirdly, the basic attributes of regional economy are summarized and interpreted in the paper to analyze the features and formation of regional industrial sequence. The paper maintains that regional economy has the characteristic of finite autonomization under the background of the overall operation in national economy, regional resource allocation has the characteristic of relative internalization under the background of market integration, regional economic policy tool has the characteristic of limitation under the macroeconomic policy guidance, regional economic stage is not consistent with the national economy under the overall stage positioning in economic development, regional industrial sequence has the characteristic of nonstandard under the national economy industrial sequence. The form of a region's industrial sequence depends on the factors such as resource endowment, industry base, internal demand and external drive, which further causes regional industry to get such five characteristics as the upward systematization and downward decentralization of a whole industry, the upward chain-up and downward node of a single industry, the upward association and downward isolation of different industries, the bouncing of economic development phase and the non-standard of industrial sequence, the diversity of industrial development and the non-necessity of industrial sequence choice.
     Meanwhile, based on the above analysis, empirical analysis is used to analyze such issues as economic development, industrial structure, industrial sequence and industrial policy of Pukou district, Nanjing. The conditions and basis of Pukou economic development is summarized, the economic development stage since the reform and opening up is classified, and the leading industry and the industrial structure in different stages of economic development are analyzed in the paper. Statistical analysis is used to describe the group of industrial sequence and to establish the evaluation index system of industrial sequence in Pukou district. Furthermore, empirical analysis is used to study the influence factors of industrial sequence evolution in different phases of economic development in Pukou district, including the resident income level, investment demand level, urbanization level, industrialization level and marketization level and opening degree, etc. Qixia district and Jiangning district which are near to Pukou district are chosen as the object to made comparative analysis on the characteristics of regional industrial sequence in Pukou district. The overall characteristics of different regional industry sequences are studied in this paper. The main differences between different regional industry sequences are compared. And then the reason for the differences is pointed out in this paper.
     Finally, industrial sequence of Pukou district is measured by phase, on the basis of which, the developing trend of industry sequence in Pukou district is analyzed and predicted in this paper. The strength and weakness analyses is made on the industry sequence in different economic development phases of Pukou district to confirm the path to follow for the development of industry sequence in the mid-and-late stage of industrialization in Pukou district, and then to put forward the optimizing path for the industry sequence of Pukou district. A series of policies are illustrated to rebuild and to guarantee the advancing and optimization of the industry sequence of Pukou district. These policies includes:(1) to strengthen the guiding role of government policy confirm reshape direction of industrial sequence;(2) to strive to develop industrial clusters and speed up the reshape process of industrial sequence;(3) to steadily improve the urbanization level and promote the optimization development of industrial sequence;(4) to reasonably adjust the income structure and accelerate the realization of industrial sequence objectives.
     To sum up, the study on industrial sequence in different stages of regional economic development can help us gain a deep understanding of the evolution characteristics of regional industrial structure and confirm the different development direction of regional industrial structure in different regions, which means great theoretical and realistic significances for the industrial transformation and upgrading of regional economy and national economy. In the12th Five-Year period, the optimization of industrial sequence in Pukou district shall follow this path:led by the government, being market-oriented, to strive to improve traditional industries, to vigorously develop high-end services and to focus on developing strategic emerging industries, to develop ecological circular economy and to consolidate and improve service industries as tourism and service for the agriculture industry by using the distinguishing resources, to develop traditional service industries as wholesale trade, retail trade and communications and transportation, and at the same time, modern service industries and emerging service industries by bring geographical advantages into full play, to turn the industrial sequence of "industry→service industry→agriculture industry" to "service industry→industry→agriculture industry", to turn the development model of "service industry promoting industry and agriculture industry" to "service industry leading industry and agriculture industry"
引文
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