要素和产品市场空间分布与中国城市经济发展研究
|
摘要
国际金融危机以来，受国外经济下行趋势影响，我国外向型经济增长速度下降，扩大内需成为国民经济发展的长期取向。积极稳妥推进城镇化、促进区域经济协调发展成为扩大内需、转变发展方式的基本途径和动力源泉。然而，我国城镇化和城市经济发展中依然面临着诸多不平衡、不协调和不可持续的突出问题。这些问题的解决，关键在于正确识别我国不同地区和城市之间的空间作用机制，根据城市经济空间发展潜力合理安排经济活动布局，促进重点与统筹发展相结合，实现城镇化和城市经济发展在空间上的协同共进和互利共赢。但是，目前对于城市之间经济联系的内容和有效作用方式、城市经济发展潜力的理论内涵和测度方法、城市制造业集聚和经济发展的空间来源等方面的研究，现存文献仍不够全面、深入或完全缺失。本文正是为弥补这些不足或缺失而作的努力。
本文以集聚经济和溢出效应—要素与市场的空间分布—城市经济发展—区域经济一体化为主线，在区位论、传统比较优势理论、集聚经济和新经济地理理论基础上，从要素供给和市场需求的综合视角构建城市和区域经济发展的空间分析框架，深入分析我国所有地级及以上城市的多年统计数据，揭示要素供给、市场需求和经济活动在不同区位城市之间的分布趋势及其对城市经济效率和经济增长产生的影响。
本文首先在市场区位论和集聚经济理论基础上综合城市自身的供给和需求因素，探讨了城市最优承载力下的合理市场规模与集聚密度。结果显示，城市劳动生产率与就业集聚密度和市场规模均存在先上升后下降的倒U型关系。我国大多数城市就业密度过大，已出现明显的集聚不经济，其中东中部就业密度过大，而西部地区就业密度依然偏低；各地市场规模对城市劳动生产率均具有促进作用，其中以城市半径表示的市场规模与劳动生产率在各地区均具有倒U型关系，而以市辖区社会消费品零售额表示的市场规模与劳动生产率间的倒U型关系仅存在于在东部和中部城市。
其次将影响城市经济发展的供给和需求因素由城市本身扩展到包含其他城市的更大空间，根据要素供给和市场需求的空间分布构建城市发展潜力指标，分析和评价各地区和各等级城市现有经济规模的合理性。研究发现，不同地区发展潜力差距明显，潜力较大的城市在空间上连片分布；城市供求潜力以重点城市和主要城市群为依托按点-线-面依次推进；我国城市系统空间分布与城市供求潜力显著关联。分析还表明，许多特大和大城市可能已经出现集聚不经济，而大批中小规模的地级城市则有尚未利用的发展潜力。
再次本文从不同侧面论证了空间供给和需求因素对制造业区位分布、空间集聚、进而城市经济增长的作用，从而获得城市经济发展潜力形成机制的理论和计量依据。(1)比较分析了传统比较优势和各类空间外部性对制造业区位分布的影响。结果发现，传统比较优势仍是影响制造业区位的重要因素；各级城市之间存在明显的要素供给与市场需求的空间关联性，且已超过传统比较优势成为决定制造业区位的主要因素；传统比较优势与空间外部性对制造业区位布局的作用分别由西到东和由东到西依次递减。(2)对制造业空间集聚机制的进一步分析发现，空间要素供给与市场需求对制造业空间集聚具有明显的促进作用，即使在扣除劳动力和土地成本的影响后，其作用依然比较显著。供给和需求的空间外部性共同构成制造业集聚的空间机制，且国内外市场对制造业空间集聚的作用具有互补性。(3)在马歇尔集聚经济和新经济地理的综合框架下进一步检验要素供给邻近性和市场需求潜力对城市经济的影响。结果指出，研发支出、专业人才密度、生产性服务和国内外市场潜力促进了城市经济发展。城市自身和其他城市的要素集聚外部性和市场潜力在东中西部地区具有明显不同的作用，其中，东部相邻城市经济一体化效益显著且依赖全国市场的需求，西部城市尚未完全走出独自发展的境地，中部城市则受益于自身和其他城市的要素集聚和国内外市场需求。
最后本文按照从城市自身发展到城市间互动发展的逻辑提出相应的政策建议。城市间互动发展的政策建议分别从国家、区域间、区域内等三个层面来提出，从而为积极稳妥推进城市化、促进区间产业转移和区域经济协调发展提供政策支撑。
本文贡献主要在于以下几个方面：首先，本文以经济集聚为纽带将影响城市经济发展的供给与需求因素联系起来并置于同一分析框架，提出区域发展的空间联动机制，为积极稳妥推进城镇化、促进区域经济协调发展提供了一个新的概念框架。第二个贡献是在集聚的供给和需求分析框架内综合了本质上互补的区位论、传统比较优势、集聚经济以及新经济地理等理论，从而在比较系统的理论基础上全面分析了经济城镇化和区域经济协调发展的具体问题。其三，本研究将集聚经济理论和新经济地理理论与潜力模型结合起来，构建要素供给和市场需求的空间外部性指标，从而将原本是纯经验的公式的潜力模型赋予明确的理论内涵。其四，本课题各章的研究样本丰富，包含了从2003~2010年全国284个地级及以上城市的面板数据，分析结果可靠且具有比较普遍的现实意义。
Influenced by the international economic downtrend since the internationalfinancial crisis, China's export-oriented economic growth rate has slowed down.Expanding domestic demand has become a long-term development orientation of thenational economy. To actively and steadily promote urbanization and coordinateregional economic development has become a basic approach and power source toexpand domestic demand and accelerate the transformation of economic developmentmode. However, China, during the process of urbanization and economic development,still faces serious problems like unbalanced, uncoordinated and unsustainabledevelopment. The key to solve these problems is to correctly identify the spatialmechanism among different regions and cities in China, reasonably arrange the layoutof economic activities according to urban economic spatial development potential,and coordinate the development of key areas with that of other regions so as toachieve the spatial cooperative development and realize the win-win situation ofurbanization and urban economic development. However, so far only a few or even noin-depth researches explore the economic linkage among cities and its effective mode,the theoretical connotation and measure methods of urban economic development, andthe spatial sources of urban manufacturing agglomeration and economic development.This article tries to make up for these deficiencies.
This paper regards agglomeration economies and spillover effects–spatialdistribution of factor and market–urban economic development–regional economicintegration as the main line to build a spatial analysis framework for urban andregional economic development based on the theory of location, traditionalcomparative advantage, agglomeration economy and new economic geography fromthe comprehensive view of factor supply and market demand. It makes an in-depthanalysis of the data of all prefecture-or-higher-level cities of China, whichdemonstrates the distribution trends of factor supply, market demand and economicactivities among different cities and their impact on the urban economic efficiencyand economic growth.
Firstly, this paper has analyzed the reasonable market size and agglomerationdensity under the optimum carrying capacity of the city from a comprehensive perspective of factor supply and market demand within the city based on the theory oflocation and agglomeration economies. The results show that there exists an invertedU-shaped relationship between urban labor productivity and employmentagglomeration density and market size. The employment density of most cities inChina is too large, and agglomeration diseconomies have appeared in such cities. Theemployment density of eastern and central part is too large, while the employmentdensity of western areas is still low. Market size has significant positive effects onurban labor productivity in each area. In particular, there exists an inverted U-shapedrelationship between market size represented by urban radius and labor productivityin each region, while the inverted U-shaped relationship between market sizerepresented by retail sales of social consumer goods only exists in the eastern andcentral city.
Sencondly, this paper has expanded the supply and demand factors influencingurban economic development from the city itself to larger spaces by including othercities. It constructs the urban supply-demand potential indexes based on the spatialdistribution of factor supply and market demand and analyzes and evaluates thereasonable economic scale of cities across regions and different grade cities. Thestudy finds that the supply-demand potentials substantially differ across regions, andthe cities with higher potentials are contiguously distributed; the supply-demandpotentials gradually extent from megacities and city groups to cities along majortraffic corridors and further to cities in more extensive areas; the spatial pattern ofChina’s urban system is significantly correlated to the supply-demand potentials. Theanalysis also reveals that agglomeration diseconomies have appeared in megacitieswhile unrealized potentials exist in many smaller cities.
Thirdly, this paper has demonstrated the effects of spatial supply and demandfactors on manufacturing location, spatial agglomeration, and urban economic growthfrom different aspects, and obtained the theoretical and econometric basis for theformation mechanism of urban economic development potential.(1) We make acomparative analysis on the effects of traditional comparative advantages and varioustypes of spatial externalities on the distribution of manufacturing location. The resultsshow that traditional comparative advantage is still an important factor that affectsmanufacturing location. There exists significant spatial correlation of factor supplyand market demand among cities, which becomes the major source of manufacturingagglomeration over the traditional comparative. The effects of traditional comparativeadvantage and spatial externalities on manufacturing agglomeration are in a descending order from west to east and from east to west respectively.(2) We make adeep study on the spatial agglomeration mechanism of manufacturing. We find thatthe spatial factor supply and market demand have significant positive effect on spatialagglomeration of manufacturing. The spatial externalities of supply and demandconstitute the spatial mechanism of manufacturing agglomeration. There existscomplementary relationship between domestic and foreign market on the role ofmanufacturing agglomeration.(3) We make a further study on the effects of the factorsupply proximity and market potential on urban economies based on a synthesizedframework of Marshall’s agglomeration economies and the new economic geography.The results show that expenditure in R&D, density of science and technical talent,producer services, and domestic and international market potentials promoted urbaneconomic growth. Factor agglomeration externalities and market potentials of owncity and of other cities had very different effects in the eastern, central, and westernregions. Among them, the eastern cities benefited significantly from economicintegration and from the needs of the national market, the western cities were not yetout of the self-reliance in economic growth, and the central city benefited from factoragglomeration of the city itself and other cities and demands of domestic andinternational market.
Finally, this paper puts forward policy recommendations in accordance with thelogic of “from the development of own city to interactive development among cities”.The policy recommendations of interactive development among cities are proposedfrom national, inter-regional, and intra-regional levels respectively, which providessupport for policies like promoting urbanization, interval industrial transfer andcoordinated regional economic development.
The contribution of this paper mainly lies in the following aspects: Firstly, thispaper uses economic agglomeration as the key link to integrate the factors of supplyand demand influencing the urban economic development into the same analyticalframework, and proposes the spatial linkage mechanism of regional development, andthen provides a new conceptual framework for actively and steadily promotingurbanization and regional economic coordinated development. Secondly, this paperhas integrated the complementary theories of location theory, the traditionalcomparative advantage, agglomeration economy, new economic geography theoryunder the supply-demand framework of agglomeration, and systematically andcomprehensively analyses the specific issues of the urbanization and regionaleconomic coordinated development. Thirdly, this study has combined the agglomeration economy theory and new economic geography theory with potentialmodel, so as to build spatial external indicators of factor supply and market demandso that the pure empirical and formulary potential model are endowed with a cleartheoretical connotation. Fourthly, the samples are very abundant in each chapter,which contain284cities’ panel data from2003to2010. Therefore, the analysis resultsare quite reliable and have a widespread practical significance.
本文以集聚经济和溢出效应—要素与市场的空间分布—城市经济发展—区域经济一体化为主线，在区位论、传统比较优势理论、集聚经济和新经济地理理论基础上，从要素供给和市场需求的综合视角构建城市和区域经济发展的空间分析框架，深入分析我国所有地级及以上城市的多年统计数据，揭示要素供给、市场需求和经济活动在不同区位城市之间的分布趋势及其对城市经济效率和经济增长产生的影响。
本文首先在市场区位论和集聚经济理论基础上综合城市自身的供给和需求因素，探讨了城市最优承载力下的合理市场规模与集聚密度。结果显示，城市劳动生产率与就业集聚密度和市场规模均存在先上升后下降的倒U型关系。我国大多数城市就业密度过大，已出现明显的集聚不经济，其中东中部就业密度过大，而西部地区就业密度依然偏低；各地市场规模对城市劳动生产率均具有促进作用，其中以城市半径表示的市场规模与劳动生产率在各地区均具有倒U型关系，而以市辖区社会消费品零售额表示的市场规模与劳动生产率间的倒U型关系仅存在于在东部和中部城市。
其次将影响城市经济发展的供给和需求因素由城市本身扩展到包含其他城市的更大空间，根据要素供给和市场需求的空间分布构建城市发展潜力指标，分析和评价各地区和各等级城市现有经济规模的合理性。研究发现，不同地区发展潜力差距明显，潜力较大的城市在空间上连片分布；城市供求潜力以重点城市和主要城市群为依托按点-线-面依次推进；我国城市系统空间分布与城市供求潜力显著关联。分析还表明，许多特大和大城市可能已经出现集聚不经济，而大批中小规模的地级城市则有尚未利用的发展潜力。
再次本文从不同侧面论证了空间供给和需求因素对制造业区位分布、空间集聚、进而城市经济增长的作用，从而获得城市经济发展潜力形成机制的理论和计量依据。(1)比较分析了传统比较优势和各类空间外部性对制造业区位分布的影响。结果发现，传统比较优势仍是影响制造业区位的重要因素；各级城市之间存在明显的要素供给与市场需求的空间关联性，且已超过传统比较优势成为决定制造业区位的主要因素；传统比较优势与空间外部性对制造业区位布局的作用分别由西到东和由东到西依次递减。(2)对制造业空间集聚机制的进一步分析发现，空间要素供给与市场需求对制造业空间集聚具有明显的促进作用，即使在扣除劳动力和土地成本的影响后，其作用依然比较显著。供给和需求的空间外部性共同构成制造业集聚的空间机制，且国内外市场对制造业空间集聚的作用具有互补性。(3)在马歇尔集聚经济和新经济地理的综合框架下进一步检验要素供给邻近性和市场需求潜力对城市经济的影响。结果指出，研发支出、专业人才密度、生产性服务和国内外市场潜力促进了城市经济发展。城市自身和其他城市的要素集聚外部性和市场潜力在东中西部地区具有明显不同的作用，其中，东部相邻城市经济一体化效益显著且依赖全国市场的需求，西部城市尚未完全走出独自发展的境地，中部城市则受益于自身和其他城市的要素集聚和国内外市场需求。
最后本文按照从城市自身发展到城市间互动发展的逻辑提出相应的政策建议。城市间互动发展的政策建议分别从国家、区域间、区域内等三个层面来提出，从而为积极稳妥推进城市化、促进区间产业转移和区域经济协调发展提供政策支撑。
本文贡献主要在于以下几个方面：首先，本文以经济集聚为纽带将影响城市经济发展的供给与需求因素联系起来并置于同一分析框架，提出区域发展的空间联动机制，为积极稳妥推进城镇化、促进区域经济协调发展提供了一个新的概念框架。第二个贡献是在集聚的供给和需求分析框架内综合了本质上互补的区位论、传统比较优势、集聚经济以及新经济地理等理论，从而在比较系统的理论基础上全面分析了经济城镇化和区域经济协调发展的具体问题。其三，本研究将集聚经济理论和新经济地理理论与潜力模型结合起来，构建要素供给和市场需求的空间外部性指标，从而将原本是纯经验的公式的潜力模型赋予明确的理论内涵。其四，本课题各章的研究样本丰富，包含了从2003~2010年全国284个地级及以上城市的面板数据，分析结果可靠且具有比较普遍的现实意义。
Influenced by the international economic downtrend since the internationalfinancial crisis, China's export-oriented economic growth rate has slowed down.Expanding domestic demand has become a long-term development orientation of thenational economy. To actively and steadily promote urbanization and coordinateregional economic development has become a basic approach and power source toexpand domestic demand and accelerate the transformation of economic developmentmode. However, China, during the process of urbanization and economic development,still faces serious problems like unbalanced, uncoordinated and unsustainabledevelopment. The key to solve these problems is to correctly identify the spatialmechanism among different regions and cities in China, reasonably arrange the layoutof economic activities according to urban economic spatial development potential,and coordinate the development of key areas with that of other regions so as toachieve the spatial cooperative development and realize the win-win situation ofurbanization and urban economic development. However, so far only a few or even noin-depth researches explore the economic linkage among cities and its effective mode,the theoretical connotation and measure methods of urban economic development, andthe spatial sources of urban manufacturing agglomeration and economic development.This article tries to make up for these deficiencies.
This paper regards agglomeration economies and spillover effects–spatialdistribution of factor and market–urban economic development–regional economicintegration as the main line to build a spatial analysis framework for urban andregional economic development based on the theory of location, traditionalcomparative advantage, agglomeration economy and new economic geography fromthe comprehensive view of factor supply and market demand. It makes an in-depthanalysis of the data of all prefecture-or-higher-level cities of China, whichdemonstrates the distribution trends of factor supply, market demand and economicactivities among different cities and their impact on the urban economic efficiencyand economic growth.
Firstly, this paper has analyzed the reasonable market size and agglomerationdensity under the optimum carrying capacity of the city from a comprehensive perspective of factor supply and market demand within the city based on the theory oflocation and agglomeration economies. The results show that there exists an invertedU-shaped relationship between urban labor productivity and employmentagglomeration density and market size. The employment density of most cities inChina is too large, and agglomeration diseconomies have appeared in such cities. Theemployment density of eastern and central part is too large, while the employmentdensity of western areas is still low. Market size has significant positive effects onurban labor productivity in each area. In particular, there exists an inverted U-shapedrelationship between market size represented by urban radius and labor productivityin each region, while the inverted U-shaped relationship between market sizerepresented by retail sales of social consumer goods only exists in the eastern andcentral city.
Sencondly, this paper has expanded the supply and demand factors influencingurban economic development from the city itself to larger spaces by including othercities. It constructs the urban supply-demand potential indexes based on the spatialdistribution of factor supply and market demand and analyzes and evaluates thereasonable economic scale of cities across regions and different grade cities. Thestudy finds that the supply-demand potentials substantially differ across regions, andthe cities with higher potentials are contiguously distributed; the supply-demandpotentials gradually extent from megacities and city groups to cities along majortraffic corridors and further to cities in more extensive areas; the spatial pattern ofChina’s urban system is significantly correlated to the supply-demand potentials. Theanalysis also reveals that agglomeration diseconomies have appeared in megacitieswhile unrealized potentials exist in many smaller cities.
Thirdly, this paper has demonstrated the effects of spatial supply and demandfactors on manufacturing location, spatial agglomeration, and urban economic growthfrom different aspects, and obtained the theoretical and econometric basis for theformation mechanism of urban economic development potential.(1) We make acomparative analysis on the effects of traditional comparative advantages and varioustypes of spatial externalities on the distribution of manufacturing location. The resultsshow that traditional comparative advantage is still an important factor that affectsmanufacturing location. There exists significant spatial correlation of factor supplyand market demand among cities, which becomes the major source of manufacturingagglomeration over the traditional comparative. The effects of traditional comparativeadvantage and spatial externalities on manufacturing agglomeration are in a descending order from west to east and from east to west respectively.(2) We make adeep study on the spatial agglomeration mechanism of manufacturing. We find thatthe spatial factor supply and market demand have significant positive effect on spatialagglomeration of manufacturing. The spatial externalities of supply and demandconstitute the spatial mechanism of manufacturing agglomeration. There existscomplementary relationship between domestic and foreign market on the role ofmanufacturing agglomeration.(3) We make a further study on the effects of the factorsupply proximity and market potential on urban economies based on a synthesizedframework of Marshall’s agglomeration economies and the new economic geography.The results show that expenditure in R&D, density of science and technical talent,producer services, and domestic and international market potentials promoted urbaneconomic growth. Factor agglomeration externalities and market potentials of owncity and of other cities had very different effects in the eastern, central, and westernregions. Among them, the eastern cities benefited significantly from economicintegration and from the needs of the national market, the western cities were not yetout of the self-reliance in economic growth, and the central city benefited from factoragglomeration of the city itself and other cities and demands of domestic andinternational market.
Finally, this paper puts forward policy recommendations in accordance with thelogic of “from the development of own city to interactive development among cities”.The policy recommendations of interactive development among cities are proposedfrom national, inter-regional, and intra-regional levels respectively, which providessupport for policies like promoting urbanization, interval industrial transfer andcoordinated regional economic development.
The contribution of this paper mainly lies in the following aspects: Firstly, thispaper uses economic agglomeration as the key link to integrate the factors of supplyand demand influencing the urban economic development into the same analyticalframework, and proposes the spatial linkage mechanism of regional development, andthen provides a new conceptual framework for actively and steadily promotingurbanization and regional economic coordinated development. Secondly, this paperhas integrated the complementary theories of location theory, the traditionalcomparative advantage, agglomeration economy, new economic geography theoryunder the supply-demand framework of agglomeration, and systematically andcomprehensively analyses the specific issues of the urbanization and regionaleconomic coordinated development. Thirdly, this study has combined the agglomeration economy theory and new economic geography theory with potentialmodel, so as to build spatial external indicators of factor supply and market demandso that the pure empirical and formulary potential model are endowed with a cleartheoretical connotation. Fourthly, the samples are very abundant in each chapter,which contain284cities’ panel data from2003to2010. Therefore, the analysis resultsare quite reliable and have a widespread practical significance.
引文
[1]徐宪平.面向未来的中国城镇化道路.求是杂志,2012,(5):37-39
[2]简新华,黄锟.中国城市化水平和速度的实证分析与前景预测.经济研究,2010,(3):28-39
[3]王小鲁.中国城市化路径与城市规模的经济学分析.经济研究,2010,(10):20-32
[4] Glaeser E L, Kallal H D, Schcinkman J A et al. Growth in cities. The Journal ofPolitical Economy,1992,100(6):1126-1152
[5] Hirschman, A. The Strategy of Economic Development. New Haven: YaleUniversity Press,1958
[6] Glaeser E L. Are cities dying? The Journal of Economic Perspectives,1998,12(2):139-160
[7] Ke, Shanzi. Agglomeration, Productivity, and Spatial Spillovers across ChineseCities. The Annals of Regional Science,2010,45(1):157-179
[8]柯善咨,姚德龙.工业集聚与城市劳动生产率的因果关系和决定因素——中国城市的空间计量经济联立方程分析.数量经济技术经济研究,2008,(12):3-14
[9] Dobkins L H, Y. M. Ioannides. Spatial Interactions among U.S. Cities:1900-1990. Regional Science and Urban Economics,2001,31:701-731
[10] Capello R. Regional Economics, Routledge2Park Square, Milton Park,Abingdon, Oxon OX144RN,2007
[11]柯善咨.中国城市与区域经济增长的扩散回流与市场区效应.经济研究,2009,a(8):85-98
[12]顾朝林,庞海峰.基于重力模型的中国城市体系空间联系与层域划分.地理研究,2008,27(1):1-12
[13] Marshall A. Principles of Economics: An Introductory Volume.9th edn. London:Macmillan,1890/1961
[14] Jacobs J. The Economy of Cities. New York: Vintage,1969
[15] Henderson J V. The Sizes and Types of Cities. American Economic Review,1974,64(4):640-656
[16] Duranton G, D. Puga. Microfoundations of Urban Agglomeration Economies.Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics, Vol.4., J. V. Henderson and J.-F.Thisse (eds.), Elsevier-North Holland, Amsterdam,2004
[17]梁琦.产业集聚论.北京:商务印书馆,2006
[18] Isard W. Methods of Regional Analysis. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press,1964
[19] Weber A. Alfred Weber’s theory of the location of Industries (English edition),Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1929
[20] L sch A. The Economics of location (English translation), New Haven, Conn:Yale University Press,1954
[21] Hotelling H. Stability in Competition. The Economic Journal,1929,39(15):41-57
[22] Von Thiinen J H. Der Isolierte Staat in Beziehung auf landwrirtschaft undNationalekonomie (Hamburg),1826
[23] Alonso W. Location and Land Use: towards a General Theory of Land Rent.Cambridge, Mass.: Harward University Press,1964
[24] Fujita M. Urban Economic Theory: land use and city size. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1991
[25] Brueckner J, Thiisse J–F, Zenou Y. Why is Central Paris Rich and DowntownDetroit Poor?: an amenity-based theory. European Economic Review,1999,43:91-107
[26] Ezcurra R. Pascual P. and Rapùn M., Regional Specialization in the EuropeanUnion. Regional Studies,2006,40(6):601-616.
[27] Armstrong H. Taylor J. Regional Economics and Policy. Oxford: Blackwell,2000
[28] Ricardo D. On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation.(edition1971),Harmondsworth: Penguin,1817
[29] Onida, F. Economia degli scambi internazionali. Bologna:ⅡMulino,1984
[30] Heckscher E. The Effect of Foreign Trade on the Distribution of Income.Economisk Tidskrift,1919,21:1-32
[31] Ohlin B. Interregional and International Trade. Cambridge: Harvard UniversityPress,1933
[32] Wieser R. Specialization and Concentration of Europe: The Impact of EUEnlargement. Institute of Public Finance and Infrastructure Policy, ViennaUniversity of Technology, Working Paper Nr.:01/2004, Wien,31p,2004.
[33]梁琦.分工、集聚与增长.商务印书馆,2009
[34]范剑勇.市场一体化、地区专业化与产业集聚趋势.中国社会科学,2004,(6):39-51
[35] Becattini G. Sectors and/or Districts: some Remarks on the ConceptualFoundations of Industrial Economics, in Goodman, E. and Bamford, J.(eds),Small Firms and Industrial Districs in Italy, London: Routledge,1989,pp.123-135
[36] Becattini G (ed.). Industrial Districts: A new Approach to Industrial Change.Cheltenham: Edward Elgar,2004
[37] Becatini G. The Marshallian Industrial District as a Socio-economic Notion, inPyke, F., Becatini, G. and Sengenberger, W.(eds), Industrial Districts andInterfirm Cooperation in Italy, Geneva: International Institute of LabourStudies,1990, pp.37-51
[38] Dei Ottati G. The Governance of Transactions in the Industrial District: the“Community Market”, in Becattini, G., Bellandi, M., Dei Ottati, G. and Sforzi, F.(eds), From Industrial Districts to Local Development, Cheltenham: EdwardElgar, chapter4,2003
[39] Rabellotti R. External Economies and Cooperation in Industrial Districts: AComparison of Italy and Mexico. London: Macmillan,1997
[40] Schmitz H. Collective Efficiency: Growth Path for Small-scale Industry.Journal of Development Studies,1995,31(4):529-566
[41] Schmitz H. Collective Efficiency and Returns to Scale. Cambridge Journal ofEconomics,1998,23(4):465-483
[42] Pietrobelli C. The Socio-economic Foundations of Competitiveness: AnEconometric Analysis of Italian Industrial Districts. Industry and Innovation,1998,5(2):139-155
[43] Ke Shanzi, Ming He and Chenhua Yuan. Synergy and Co-agglomeration ofProducer Services and Manufacturing: A Panel Data Analysis of Chinese Cities.Regional Studies, DOI:10.1080/00343404.2012.756580,2013
[44]柯善咨.扩散与回流：城市在中部崛起中的主导作用.管理世界,2009b(1):61-71
[45] Ke Shanzi, Edward Feser. Count on the Growth Pole Strategy for RegionalEconomic Growth? Spread-Backwash Effects in Greater Central China.Regional Studies,2010,44(9):1131-1147
[46] Krugman P. Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade.The American Economic Review,1980,70(5):950-959
[47] Venables A J. Equilibrium locations of vertically linked Industries.International Economic Review,1996,37:341-359
[48] Helpman E. The Size of Regions. In: D. Pines, E. Sadka, and I.Zilcha(eds.).Topics in Public Economics. Theoretical and Applied Analysis. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1998,33-54
[49] Fujita M. and Krugman, P. When is the economy monocentric?: von Thunenand Chamberlin unified. Regional Science and Urban Economics,1995,25:505-528
[50] Puga D. The rise and fall of regional inequalities. European Economic Review,1999,43(2):303–334
[51] Peter Nijkamp, Frank Zwetsloot and Sander van der Wal. A Meta-multicriteriaAnalysis of Innovation and Growth Potentials of European Regions. EuropeanPlanning Studies,2010,18(4):595–611
[52] Van Der Merwe, Swart G, Ferreira S.L.A. and Zietsman H.L, Growth Potentialof Towns in the Western Cape. Cape Twon:Departmant of Enviromental Affairsand Planning,2005
[53] Rich D C, Population potential, potential transportation cost and industriallocation. Area,1978(10):222-226
[54] Seneca J J, C J Cicchetti. A Gravity Model Analysis of the Demand for PublicCommunication. Journal of Regional Science,1969,9(3):459-470
[55] Stewart John Q. Empirical Mathematical Rules Concerning the Distribution andEquilibrum of Population. Geographical Review,1947,37(3):461-485
[56] Stewart John Q. Demographic Gravitation: Evidence and Applications.Sociometry,1948,11(1/2):31-58
[57] Stewart John Q. Potential of Population and Its Relationship to Marketing, inTheory in Marketing, ed. By R.Cox and W.Alderson,Richard D.Irwin, Inc.,Homewood, Illinois,1950
[58] Zipf G K. The P1P2/D Hypothesis on the Intercity Movement of Persons.American Sociological Review,1946,11:677-686
[59] Zipf G K. Human Behavior and the Principle of Least Effort, Addison-WesleyPress, Reading, Massachusetts,1949
[60] Head K, T. Mayer. Market Potential and the Location of Japanese Investment inthe Europan Union. The Review of Economics and Statistics,2004,84(6):959-972
[61] Mion G. and P. Naticchioni. The Spatial Sorting and Matching of Skills andFirms. Canadian Journal of Economics,2009,42:28-55
[62] Camagni R. Development scenarios and policy guidelines for the laggingregions in the1990’s. Regional Studies,1992(4):361-374
[63]刘世峰,赵洪武.重力模型的机理分析.数量经济技术经济研究,2000,(1):56-58
[64] Tybout R A, Mattila J M. Agglomeration of Manufacturing in Detroit. Journalof Regional Science,1977,17(1):1-16
[65] Warntz W. Geography of Prices and Spatial Interaction. Papers and Proceedings,Regional Science Association,,1957,3,118-129
[66] Warntz W. Toward a Geography of Price: A Study in Geo-econometrics.Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press,1959
[67] Tegsjo B, Oberg S, Concept of Potential Applied to Price Formation.Geografiska Annaler,1966,48B:51-58
[68] Richardson H W. Agglomeration Potential: A Generalization of the IncomePotential Concept. Journal of Regional Science,1974,14(3):325-336
[69] Fujita M, Krugman P. and Venables A J. The Spatial Economy. Cities,Regions and International trade. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press,1999
[70] Fujita M. and Thisse J F. Economics of Agglomeration: Cities, IndustrialLocation, and Regional Growth. Cambridge: Cambridge University press,2002
[71] Shen Q. Spatial Technologies, Accessibility, and the Social Construction ofUrban Space, Comput. Environ. and Urban Systems,1998a,22(5):447-464
[72] Shen Q. Location Characteristics of Inner-city Neighborhoods and EmploymentAccessibility of low-wageworkers. Environment and Planning B,1998b,25:345-365
[73] Shen Q. A Spatial Analysis of Job Openings and Access in A US Metropolitanarea. Journal of the American Planning Association,2001,67(1):53-68
[74] Redfearn C, G. Giuliano. Network Accessibility&the Evoluation of UrbanEmployment. METRANS Project06-16, Draft Report, University of SouthernCalifornia, Los Angeles, CA,2008.
[75] Feser E J. Tracing the Sources of Local External Economies, Urban Studies,2002,39(13):2485-2506
[76] Drucker J. Size and Structure: The Relationship Between Plant Size andIndustrial Concentration in Manufacturing Productivity. Working Paper: Centerfor Economic Studies, United States Census Bureau,2010
[77] Drucker J, Feser E. Regional Industrial Structure and AgglomerationEconomies: An Analysis of Productivity in three Manufacturing Industries.Regional Science and Urban Economics,2012,42:1-14
[78] Harris Chauncy D. The Market as a Factor in the Localization of Industry in theUnited States, Annals of the Association of American Geographers,1954,64:315-348
[79] Dunn E S. The market potential concept and the analysis of location. Papersand Proceedings, Regional Science Association,1956,2:183-194
[80] Kerr D, Spelt J. Some aspects of industrial location in Southern Ontario,Canadian Geographer,1960,15:12-25
[81] Ray D M. Market potential and economic shadow. University of Chicago,Department of Geography, Research Papers,1965,No.101
[82] Olagbaiye J A. Towards Manufacturing Locational Analysis in SouthernNigeria: A Population Potential Model. Nigerian Geographical Journal,1968,11:11-20
[83] Keeble D. Industrial Location and Planning in the United Kingdom,London:Methuen&Co,1976
[84] Abumere S I. Multinationals, Location Theory and Regional Development:Case Study of Bendel State of Nigeria. Regional Studies,1978,12:651-664
[85] Linneker B J, Spence N A. An Accessibility Analysis of the Impact of the M25London Orbital Motorway on Britain. Regional Studies,1992,26:31-47
[86] Keeble D, Owens P L, Thompson Ch. Regional Accessibility and EconomicPotential in the European Community. Regional Studies,1982,16(6):419-432
[87] Combes P, H. Overman. The Spatial Distribution of Economic Activities inthe European Union, in: Henderson, V. and J.-F. Thisse (eds.), Handbook ofUrban and Regional Economics, Amsterdam: Elsevier-North Holland,2004
[88] Krugman P. A Dynamic Spatial Model, National Bureau of Economic Researchworking paper,1992, No.4219
[89] Hanson Gordon H. Market Potential, Increasing Returns and GeographicConcentration. Journal of International Economics,2005,67:1-24
[90] Head K. T. Mayer. Regional Wage and Employment Response to MarketPotential in the EU. Regional Science and Urban Economics,2006,36:573-594
[91] Mayer T. Market Potential and Development,CEPH, WP,2009,No.2009-24
[92]石敏俊,赵曌,金凤君.中国地级行政区域市场潜力评价.地理学报,2007,62(10):1063-1072
[93]赵曌,石敏俊.东北地区市场潜力分析与区域经济发展.地理研究,2009,28(1):203-214
[94]范剑勇,张雁.经济地理与地区间工资差距.经济研究,2009,(8):73-84
[95]刘修岩,殷醒民,贺小海.市场潜能与制造业空间集聚：基于中国地级城市面板数据的经验研究.世界经济,2007,(1):56-63
[96]刘修岩,张学良.集聚经济与企业区位选择——基于中国地级区域企业数据的实证研究.财经研究,2010,36(11):83-92
[97]潘文卿.中国的区域关联与经济增长的空间溢出效应.经济研究,2012(1):54-65
[98] Stewart J Q, Warntz W. Macrogeography and social science, GeographicalReview,1958,48:167-184
[99] Warntz W. Macrogeography and income fronts. Philadelphia: Regional ScienceResearch Institute,1965
[100] Warntz W. New geography as general spatial systems theory-old socialphysics writ large?, In: R.J. Chorley (ed.) Directions in geography, London:Methuen,1973
[101] Coffey W. Income Relationships in Boston and Toronto: a tale of twocountries?. Canadian Geographer,1978,22:112-129
[102] Coffey W, Matwijiw, P. Measures of Demographic Potential Applied to theDefinition of Income Regions in Metropolitan Sydney, Tijdschrift voorEconomische en Sociale Geografie,1979,70:98-109
[103] Hanson G H. Regional adjustment to trade liberalisation. Regional Science andUrban Economics,1998,28:419-444
[104] Clark C, Wilson F, Bradley J. Industrial location and economic potential inWestern Europe. Regional Studies,1969,3:197-212
[105] Keeble D, Owens P L, Thompson C. The Influence of Peripheral and CentralLocations on the Relative Development of Regions, Department of Geography,Cambridge University,1981
[106] Keeble D, Offord J, Walker S. Peripheral Regions in a Community of TwelveMember States, Commission of the European Community, Luxembourg,1988
[107] Owen D W, Coombes M G. An index of peripherality forlocal areas in theUnited Kingdom, Scottish Economic Planning Department, ESU ResearchPapers No.6,1993
[108] Smith D M, Gibb R. A. The regional impact of the Channel Tunnel: A return topotential analysis. Geofurum,1993,24(2):183-192
[109] Spence N, Linneker B. Evolution of the Motorway Network and ChangingLevels of Accessibility in Great Britain. Journal of Transport Geography,1994,Vol.2(4):247-264
[110] Copus A K. A New Peripherality Index for European NUTS II Regions, Reportfor the Highlands and Islands European Partnership,1997
[111] Vickerman R, Spiekermann K, and Wegener M. Accessibility and EconomicDevelopment in Europe. Regional Studies,1999,33(1):1-16
[112] Gutiérrez J. Location, economic potential and daily accessibility: an analysis ofthe accessibility impact of the high-speed line Madrid-Barcelona-French border.Journal of Transport Geography,2001,(9):229-242
[113] Blair J. Industrial Polarization and the Location of New Manufacturing firms:an empirical application. Regional Science Research Institute, Discussion PaperSeries,1976,No.89
[114] Koo J. Determinants of Localized Technology Spillovers: Role of Regional andIndustrial Attributes, Regional Studies,2007,41(7):995-1011
[115] Stewart John Q. Empirical Mathematical Rules Concerning the Distribution andEquilibrum of Population. Geographical Review,1947,37(3):461-485
[116] Ciccone A, Hall R. Productivity and the Density of Economic Activity.American Economic Review,1996,86:54-70
[117] Ciccone A. Agglomeration effect in Europe. European Economic Review,2002,46:213-227
[118]辜胜阻,李华,易善策.均衡城镇化：大都市与中小城市协调共进.人口研究,2010,34(5):3-11
[119] Hoover E M. The Location of Economic Activity. New York: McGraw-Hill,1948
[120] Mills E. Urban Economics. Glenview: Scott Foresman and Co,1972
[121] L sch August. The Economics of Location. Jena: Fischer,1940. Englishtranslation. New Haven, Conn.: Yale Univ. Press,1954
[122] Abdel Rahman, H. M. and M. Fujita. Productivity Variety, MarshallianExternalities, and City Size. Journal of Regional Science,1990,30(2):165-183
[123] Moller J., Haas A. The Agglomeration Differential Reconsidered: AnInvestigation with German Micro Data1984-1997. In J. Broecker, D. Dohse, R.Soltwedel (eds) Innovation Clusters and Interregional Competition. Berlin:Springer,2003.
[124] Wheeler C. H. Wage Inequality and Urban Density. Journal of EconomicGeography,2004,4:421-437
[125] Matano A. and P. Naticchioni. Wage Distribution and the Spatial Sorting ofWorkers. Journal of Economic Geography,2012,12:379-402
[126]范剑勇.产业集聚与地区间劳动生产率差异.经济研究,2006,(11):72-81
[127] Martínez-Galarraga, J., Paluzie, E., Pons, J. et al. Agglomeration and LabourProductivity in Spain over the Long Term[J]. Cliometrica,2008,2(3):195-212.
[128] Carlino G, Chatterjee S, Hunt R. Urban density and the rate of invention.Journal of Urban Economics,2007,61(3):389-419
[129]亚当斯密.国民财富的性质和原因的研究.郭大力,王亚南译.北京:商务印书馆,1972
[130] Murphy K, A Shleifer, R Vishny. Industrialization and the Big Push. Journal ofPolitical Economy,1989,97(5):1003-1026
[131] Ades, A. and E. Glaeser. Evidence on Growth, Increasing Returns and theExtent of the Market. Quarterly Journal of Economics,1999,114(3):1025-1045
[132] Davis D. and Weinstein D. Market Size, Linkages, and Productivity: A Study ofJapanese Regions. In Spatial Inequality and Development, ed. Ravi Kanbur andAnthony J. Venables,123-136. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press,2005
[133] Desmet K. and S L Parente. Bigger Is Better: Market Size, Demand Elasticity,and Innovation. International Economic Review,2010,51(2):319-333.
[134]黄玖立,李坤望.出口开放、地区市场规模和经济增长.经济研究,2006,(6):27-38
[135]黄玖立,黄俊立.市场规模与中国省区的产业增长.经济学(季刊),2008,7(4):1317-1334
[136]陈丰龙,徐康宁.本土市场规模与中国制造业全要素生产率.中国工业经济,2012,(5):44-56
[137] Mills E. An aggregative model of resource allocation in a metropolitan area.American Economic Review,1967,57:197-210
[138] Mion G. and P. Naticchioni. Urbanization Externalities, Market Potential andSpatial Sorting of Skills and Firms. CEPR discussion paper5172,2005
[139]刘修岩,殷醒民.空间外部性与地区工资差异：基于动态面板数据的实证研究.经济学(季刊),2008,8(1):77-98
[140] O’Sullivan, A. Urban Economics.7th edn. Boston, MA: Irwin McGraw Hill,2009
[141] Combes P., Duranton G. and G. Gobillon L. Spatial Wage Disparities: SortingMatters!. Journal of Urban Economics,2008,63:723-742
[142] Crozet M. Do migrants follow market potentials? An estimation of a neweconomic geography model. Journal of Economic Geography,2004,4(4):439-458
[143]柯善咨,何鸣.市场和政府共同作用下的城市地价——中国城市的实证研究.当代经济科学,2008,30(2):25-32
[144] Kaiser U. An empirical test of models explaining research expenditures andresearch cooperation: evidence for the German service sector. InternationalJournal of Industrial Organization,2002,20:747-774
[145] Midelfart-Knarvik K H, Overman H G., Venables A J. Comparative Advantageand Economic Geography: Estimating the Location of Production in the EU.CEPR Discussion Paper,2000, No.2618
[146] Au C, Henderson V. Estimating Net Urban Agglomeration Economies: with anApplication to China. Working Paper, Brown University,2004, January9
[147] Wang Y, Yao Y. Sources of China’s Economic Growth1952-1999: Incorporatinghuman capital accumulation. China Economic Review,2003,14(1):32-52
[148] Blair P. and Premus R. Major Factors in Industrial Location: A Review.Economic Development Quarterly,1987,1(1):72-85
[149]蔡昉,王德文.比较优势差异、变化及其对地区差距的影响.中国社会科学,2002,(5):41-54
[150]蔡昉,王德文,曲玥.中国产业升级的大国雁阵模型分析.经济研究,2009,(9):4-14
[151]王德利,方创琳.中国跨区域产业分工与联动特征.地理研究,2010,(8):1392-1406
[152]吴三忙,李善同.中国制造业空间分布分析.中国软科学,2010,(6):123-150
[153] Head K, Ries J. and Swenson D. Agglomeration Benefits and Location Choice:Evidence from Japanese Manufacturing Investments in the United States.Journal of International Economics,1995,38:223-247
[154] Martin P., Ottaviano G. I.P. Growing locations: Industry Location in a Model ofEndogenous Growth. European Economic Review,1999,43:281-302
[155] Amiti M, Pissarides C. Trade and Industrial Location with HeterogeneousLabour. CEPR DP3366, CEPR, London,2002
[156] Maria J. and Card A. Determinants of Industrial Location: An Application forCatatan Municipalities. Papers in Regional Science, Wiley Online Library,2005
[157] Krugman P. Increasing Returns and Economic Geography. Journal of PoliticalEconomy,1991,99:483-499.
[158] Lall S V, S. Chakravorty. Industrial Location and Spatial Inequality: Theoryand Evidence from India. Review of Development Economics,2005,9(1):47-68
[159]陈耀,冯超.贸易成本、本地关联与产业集群迁移.中国工业经济,2008,(3):76-83
[160] Brulhart M. Economic Geography, Industry Location and Trade: The Evidence.The World Economy,1998,21:775-801
[161] Dixit A K, J E Stiglitz. Monopolistic Competition and Optimum ProductDiversity. The American Economic Review,1977,67(3):297-308
[162] Overman H, Redding S, Venables, A. The Economic Geography of Trade,Production, and Income: A Survey of Empirics. in James Harrigan and E. KwanChoi (eds.), Handbook of International Trade. Oxford: Blackwell,2003
[163] Choundri E. and Hakura D. International Trade in Manufactured Products: ARicardo-Heckscher-Ohlin Explanation with Monopolistic Competition. IMFWorking Papers, WP/01/41,2001
[164] Altomonte C, L. Resmini. The Geography of Transition: Agglomeration versusDispersion of Firms’ Activity in the Countries of Central and Eastern Europe.Paper presented to the European Workshop on “Regional Development andPolicy in Europe”, Center for European Integration Studies, Bonn,10-11December,1999
[165] Roodman D. How to Do Xtabond2: An Introduction to ‘difference’ and ‘system’GMM in Stata. Center for Global Development Working Paper No.103,2006
[166] Amiti M. New Trade Theories and Industrial Location in the EU: a Survey ofEvidence. Oxford Review of Economic Policy,1998,14(2):45-53
[167] Quah D T. Regional Convergence Clusters across Europe. European EconomicReview,1996,40:951-958
[168]赵永亮.中国内外需求的市场潜力研究——基于工资方程的边界效应分析.管理世界,2011,(1):20-29
[169]陈敏,桂琦寒,陆铭,陈钊.中国经济增长如何持续发挥规模效应？——经济开放与国内商品市场分割的实证研究.经济学(季刊)，2007,7(1):125-150
[170]黄玖立,李坤望.对外贸易、地方保护和中国的产业布局.经济学(季刊),2006,5(3):733-760
[171] Gaspar J, Edward L Glaeser. Information Technology and the Future of Cities.Journal of Urban Economics,1998,43:136-156
[172] McCann P. The Economics of Industrial Location: A Logistics-costs Approach.Series on Advances in Spatial Science. Springer, Heidelberg,1998
[173]孙军.地区市场潜能、出口开放与我国工业集聚效应研究.数量经济技术经济研究,2009,(7):47-60
[174]柯善咨,郭素梅.中国市场一体化与区域经济增长互动：1995~2007年.数量经济技术经济研究,2010,(5):62-72,87
[175] Groenewold N, G Lee and A Chen. Regional Output Spillovers in China:Estimates from a VAR Model. Papers in Regional Science,2007,86:101-122
[176] Groenewold N, G Lee and A Chen. Inter-regional Spillovers in China: TheImportance of Common Shocks and the Definition of the Regions. ChinaEconomic Review,2008,19:32-52
[177] Redding S, A J Venables. Economic Geography and International Inequality.Journal of International Economics,2004,62:53-82
[178]国务院发展研究中心课题组.我国城镇化体制机制问题及若干政策建议.改革,2007,(11):5-12
[2]简新华,黄锟.中国城市化水平和速度的实证分析与前景预测.经济研究,2010,(3):28-39
[3]王小鲁.中国城市化路径与城市规模的经济学分析.经济研究,2010,(10):20-32
[4] Glaeser E L, Kallal H D, Schcinkman J A et al. Growth in cities. The Journal ofPolitical Economy,1992,100(6):1126-1152
[5] Hirschman, A. The Strategy of Economic Development. New Haven: YaleUniversity Press,1958
[6] Glaeser E L. Are cities dying? The Journal of Economic Perspectives,1998,12(2):139-160
[7] Ke, Shanzi. Agglomeration, Productivity, and Spatial Spillovers across ChineseCities. The Annals of Regional Science,2010,45(1):157-179
[8]柯善咨,姚德龙.工业集聚与城市劳动生产率的因果关系和决定因素——中国城市的空间计量经济联立方程分析.数量经济技术经济研究,2008,(12):3-14
[9] Dobkins L H, Y. M. Ioannides. Spatial Interactions among U.S. Cities:1900-1990. Regional Science and Urban Economics,2001,31:701-731
[10] Capello R. Regional Economics, Routledge2Park Square, Milton Park,Abingdon, Oxon OX144RN,2007
[11]柯善咨.中国城市与区域经济增长的扩散回流与市场区效应.经济研究,2009,a(8):85-98
[12]顾朝林,庞海峰.基于重力模型的中国城市体系空间联系与层域划分.地理研究,2008,27(1):1-12
[13] Marshall A. Principles of Economics: An Introductory Volume.9th edn. London:Macmillan,1890/1961
[14] Jacobs J. The Economy of Cities. New York: Vintage,1969
[15] Henderson J V. The Sizes and Types of Cities. American Economic Review,1974,64(4):640-656
[16] Duranton G, D. Puga. Microfoundations of Urban Agglomeration Economies.Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics, Vol.4., J. V. Henderson and J.-F.Thisse (eds.), Elsevier-North Holland, Amsterdam,2004
[17]梁琦.产业集聚论.北京:商务印书馆,2006
[18] Isard W. Methods of Regional Analysis. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press,1964
[19] Weber A. Alfred Weber’s theory of the location of Industries (English edition),Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1929
[20] L sch A. The Economics of location (English translation), New Haven, Conn:Yale University Press,1954
[21] Hotelling H. Stability in Competition. The Economic Journal,1929,39(15):41-57
[22] Von Thiinen J H. Der Isolierte Staat in Beziehung auf landwrirtschaft undNationalekonomie (Hamburg),1826
[23] Alonso W. Location and Land Use: towards a General Theory of Land Rent.Cambridge, Mass.: Harward University Press,1964
[24] Fujita M. Urban Economic Theory: land use and city size. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1991
[25] Brueckner J, Thiisse J–F, Zenou Y. Why is Central Paris Rich and DowntownDetroit Poor?: an amenity-based theory. European Economic Review,1999,43:91-107
[26] Ezcurra R. Pascual P. and Rapùn M., Regional Specialization in the EuropeanUnion. Regional Studies,2006,40(6):601-616.
[27] Armstrong H. Taylor J. Regional Economics and Policy. Oxford: Blackwell,2000
[28] Ricardo D. On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation.(edition1971),Harmondsworth: Penguin,1817
[29] Onida, F. Economia degli scambi internazionali. Bologna:ⅡMulino,1984
[30] Heckscher E. The Effect of Foreign Trade on the Distribution of Income.Economisk Tidskrift,1919,21:1-32
[31] Ohlin B. Interregional and International Trade. Cambridge: Harvard UniversityPress,1933
[32] Wieser R. Specialization and Concentration of Europe: The Impact of EUEnlargement. Institute of Public Finance and Infrastructure Policy, ViennaUniversity of Technology, Working Paper Nr.:01/2004, Wien,31p,2004.
[33]梁琦.分工、集聚与增长.商务印书馆,2009
[34]范剑勇.市场一体化、地区专业化与产业集聚趋势.中国社会科学,2004,(6):39-51
[35] Becattini G. Sectors and/or Districts: some Remarks on the ConceptualFoundations of Industrial Economics, in Goodman, E. and Bamford, J.(eds),Small Firms and Industrial Districs in Italy, London: Routledge,1989,pp.123-135
[36] Becattini G (ed.). Industrial Districts: A new Approach to Industrial Change.Cheltenham: Edward Elgar,2004
[37] Becatini G. The Marshallian Industrial District as a Socio-economic Notion, inPyke, F., Becatini, G. and Sengenberger, W.(eds), Industrial Districts andInterfirm Cooperation in Italy, Geneva: International Institute of LabourStudies,1990, pp.37-51
[38] Dei Ottati G. The Governance of Transactions in the Industrial District: the“Community Market”, in Becattini, G., Bellandi, M., Dei Ottati, G. and Sforzi, F.(eds), From Industrial Districts to Local Development, Cheltenham: EdwardElgar, chapter4,2003
[39] Rabellotti R. External Economies and Cooperation in Industrial Districts: AComparison of Italy and Mexico. London: Macmillan,1997
[40] Schmitz H. Collective Efficiency: Growth Path for Small-scale Industry.Journal of Development Studies,1995,31(4):529-566
[41] Schmitz H. Collective Efficiency and Returns to Scale. Cambridge Journal ofEconomics,1998,23(4):465-483
[42] Pietrobelli C. The Socio-economic Foundations of Competitiveness: AnEconometric Analysis of Italian Industrial Districts. Industry and Innovation,1998,5(2):139-155
[43] Ke Shanzi, Ming He and Chenhua Yuan. Synergy and Co-agglomeration ofProducer Services and Manufacturing: A Panel Data Analysis of Chinese Cities.Regional Studies, DOI:10.1080/00343404.2012.756580,2013
[44]柯善咨.扩散与回流：城市在中部崛起中的主导作用.管理世界,2009b(1):61-71
[45] Ke Shanzi, Edward Feser. Count on the Growth Pole Strategy for RegionalEconomic Growth? Spread-Backwash Effects in Greater Central China.Regional Studies,2010,44(9):1131-1147
[46] Krugman P. Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade.The American Economic Review,1980,70(5):950-959
[47] Venables A J. Equilibrium locations of vertically linked Industries.International Economic Review,1996,37:341-359
[48] Helpman E. The Size of Regions. In: D. Pines, E. Sadka, and I.Zilcha(eds.).Topics in Public Economics. Theoretical and Applied Analysis. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1998,33-54
[49] Fujita M. and Krugman, P. When is the economy monocentric?: von Thunenand Chamberlin unified. Regional Science and Urban Economics,1995,25:505-528
[50] Puga D. The rise and fall of regional inequalities. European Economic Review,1999,43(2):303–334
[51] Peter Nijkamp, Frank Zwetsloot and Sander van der Wal. A Meta-multicriteriaAnalysis of Innovation and Growth Potentials of European Regions. EuropeanPlanning Studies,2010,18(4):595–611
[52] Van Der Merwe, Swart G, Ferreira S.L.A. and Zietsman H.L, Growth Potentialof Towns in the Western Cape. Cape Twon:Departmant of Enviromental Affairsand Planning,2005
[53] Rich D C, Population potential, potential transportation cost and industriallocation. Area,1978(10):222-226
[54] Seneca J J, C J Cicchetti. A Gravity Model Analysis of the Demand for PublicCommunication. Journal of Regional Science,1969,9(3):459-470
[55] Stewart John Q. Empirical Mathematical Rules Concerning the Distribution andEquilibrum of Population. Geographical Review,1947,37(3):461-485
[56] Stewart John Q. Demographic Gravitation: Evidence and Applications.Sociometry,1948,11(1/2):31-58
[57] Stewart John Q. Potential of Population and Its Relationship to Marketing, inTheory in Marketing, ed. By R.Cox and W.Alderson,Richard D.Irwin, Inc.,Homewood, Illinois,1950
[58] Zipf G K. The P1P2/D Hypothesis on the Intercity Movement of Persons.American Sociological Review,1946,11:677-686
[59] Zipf G K. Human Behavior and the Principle of Least Effort, Addison-WesleyPress, Reading, Massachusetts,1949
[60] Head K, T. Mayer. Market Potential and the Location of Japanese Investment inthe Europan Union. The Review of Economics and Statistics,2004,84(6):959-972
[61] Mion G. and P. Naticchioni. The Spatial Sorting and Matching of Skills andFirms. Canadian Journal of Economics,2009,42:28-55
[62] Camagni R. Development scenarios and policy guidelines for the laggingregions in the1990’s. Regional Studies,1992(4):361-374
[63]刘世峰,赵洪武.重力模型的机理分析.数量经济技术经济研究,2000,(1):56-58
[64] Tybout R A, Mattila J M. Agglomeration of Manufacturing in Detroit. Journalof Regional Science,1977,17(1):1-16
[65] Warntz W. Geography of Prices and Spatial Interaction. Papers and Proceedings,Regional Science Association,,1957,3,118-129
[66] Warntz W. Toward a Geography of Price: A Study in Geo-econometrics.Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press,1959
[67] Tegsjo B, Oberg S, Concept of Potential Applied to Price Formation.Geografiska Annaler,1966,48B:51-58
[68] Richardson H W. Agglomeration Potential: A Generalization of the IncomePotential Concept. Journal of Regional Science,1974,14(3):325-336
[69] Fujita M, Krugman P. and Venables A J. The Spatial Economy. Cities,Regions and International trade. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press,1999
[70] Fujita M. and Thisse J F. Economics of Agglomeration: Cities, IndustrialLocation, and Regional Growth. Cambridge: Cambridge University press,2002
[71] Shen Q. Spatial Technologies, Accessibility, and the Social Construction ofUrban Space, Comput. Environ. and Urban Systems,1998a,22(5):447-464
[72] Shen Q. Location Characteristics of Inner-city Neighborhoods and EmploymentAccessibility of low-wageworkers. Environment and Planning B,1998b,25:345-365
[73] Shen Q. A Spatial Analysis of Job Openings and Access in A US Metropolitanarea. Journal of the American Planning Association,2001,67(1):53-68
[74] Redfearn C, G. Giuliano. Network Accessibility&the Evoluation of UrbanEmployment. METRANS Project06-16, Draft Report, University of SouthernCalifornia, Los Angeles, CA,2008.
[75] Feser E J. Tracing the Sources of Local External Economies, Urban Studies,2002,39(13):2485-2506
[76] Drucker J. Size and Structure: The Relationship Between Plant Size andIndustrial Concentration in Manufacturing Productivity. Working Paper: Centerfor Economic Studies, United States Census Bureau,2010
[77] Drucker J, Feser E. Regional Industrial Structure and AgglomerationEconomies: An Analysis of Productivity in three Manufacturing Industries.Regional Science and Urban Economics,2012,42:1-14
[78] Harris Chauncy D. The Market as a Factor in the Localization of Industry in theUnited States, Annals of the Association of American Geographers,1954,64:315-348
[79] Dunn E S. The market potential concept and the analysis of location. Papersand Proceedings, Regional Science Association,1956,2:183-194
[80] Kerr D, Spelt J. Some aspects of industrial location in Southern Ontario,Canadian Geographer,1960,15:12-25
[81] Ray D M. Market potential and economic shadow. University of Chicago,Department of Geography, Research Papers,1965,No.101
[82] Olagbaiye J A. Towards Manufacturing Locational Analysis in SouthernNigeria: A Population Potential Model. Nigerian Geographical Journal,1968,11:11-20
[83] Keeble D. Industrial Location and Planning in the United Kingdom,London:Methuen&Co,1976
[84] Abumere S I. Multinationals, Location Theory and Regional Development:Case Study of Bendel State of Nigeria. Regional Studies,1978,12:651-664
[85] Linneker B J, Spence N A. An Accessibility Analysis of the Impact of the M25London Orbital Motorway on Britain. Regional Studies,1992,26:31-47
[86] Keeble D, Owens P L, Thompson Ch. Regional Accessibility and EconomicPotential in the European Community. Regional Studies,1982,16(6):419-432
[87] Combes P, H. Overman. The Spatial Distribution of Economic Activities inthe European Union, in: Henderson, V. and J.-F. Thisse (eds.), Handbook ofUrban and Regional Economics, Amsterdam: Elsevier-North Holland,2004
[88] Krugman P. A Dynamic Spatial Model, National Bureau of Economic Researchworking paper,1992, No.4219
[89] Hanson Gordon H. Market Potential, Increasing Returns and GeographicConcentration. Journal of International Economics,2005,67:1-24
[90] Head K. T. Mayer. Regional Wage and Employment Response to MarketPotential in the EU. Regional Science and Urban Economics,2006,36:573-594
[91] Mayer T. Market Potential and Development,CEPH, WP,2009,No.2009-24
[92]石敏俊,赵曌,金凤君.中国地级行政区域市场潜力评价.地理学报,2007,62(10):1063-1072
[93]赵曌,石敏俊.东北地区市场潜力分析与区域经济发展.地理研究,2009,28(1):203-214
[94]范剑勇,张雁.经济地理与地区间工资差距.经济研究,2009,(8):73-84
[95]刘修岩,殷醒民,贺小海.市场潜能与制造业空间集聚：基于中国地级城市面板数据的经验研究.世界经济,2007,(1):56-63
[96]刘修岩,张学良.集聚经济与企业区位选择——基于中国地级区域企业数据的实证研究.财经研究,2010,36(11):83-92
[97]潘文卿.中国的区域关联与经济增长的空间溢出效应.经济研究,2012(1):54-65
[98] Stewart J Q, Warntz W. Macrogeography and social science, GeographicalReview,1958,48:167-184
[99] Warntz W. Macrogeography and income fronts. Philadelphia: Regional ScienceResearch Institute,1965
[100] Warntz W. New geography as general spatial systems theory-old socialphysics writ large?, In: R.J. Chorley (ed.) Directions in geography, London:Methuen,1973
[101] Coffey W. Income Relationships in Boston and Toronto: a tale of twocountries?. Canadian Geographer,1978,22:112-129
[102] Coffey W, Matwijiw, P. Measures of Demographic Potential Applied to theDefinition of Income Regions in Metropolitan Sydney, Tijdschrift voorEconomische en Sociale Geografie,1979,70:98-109
[103] Hanson G H. Regional adjustment to trade liberalisation. Regional Science andUrban Economics,1998,28:419-444
[104] Clark C, Wilson F, Bradley J. Industrial location and economic potential inWestern Europe. Regional Studies,1969,3:197-212
[105] Keeble D, Owens P L, Thompson C. The Influence of Peripheral and CentralLocations on the Relative Development of Regions, Department of Geography,Cambridge University,1981
[106] Keeble D, Offord J, Walker S. Peripheral Regions in a Community of TwelveMember States, Commission of the European Community, Luxembourg,1988
[107] Owen D W, Coombes M G. An index of peripherality forlocal areas in theUnited Kingdom, Scottish Economic Planning Department, ESU ResearchPapers No.6,1993
[108] Smith D M, Gibb R. A. The regional impact of the Channel Tunnel: A return topotential analysis. Geofurum,1993,24(2):183-192
[109] Spence N, Linneker B. Evolution of the Motorway Network and ChangingLevels of Accessibility in Great Britain. Journal of Transport Geography,1994,Vol.2(4):247-264
[110] Copus A K. A New Peripherality Index for European NUTS II Regions, Reportfor the Highlands and Islands European Partnership,1997
[111] Vickerman R, Spiekermann K, and Wegener M. Accessibility and EconomicDevelopment in Europe. Regional Studies,1999,33(1):1-16
[112] Gutiérrez J. Location, economic potential and daily accessibility: an analysis ofthe accessibility impact of the high-speed line Madrid-Barcelona-French border.Journal of Transport Geography,2001,(9):229-242
[113] Blair J. Industrial Polarization and the Location of New Manufacturing firms:an empirical application. Regional Science Research Institute, Discussion PaperSeries,1976,No.89
[114] Koo J. Determinants of Localized Technology Spillovers: Role of Regional andIndustrial Attributes, Regional Studies,2007,41(7):995-1011
[115] Stewart John Q. Empirical Mathematical Rules Concerning the Distribution andEquilibrum of Population. Geographical Review,1947,37(3):461-485
[116] Ciccone A, Hall R. Productivity and the Density of Economic Activity.American Economic Review,1996,86:54-70
[117] Ciccone A. Agglomeration effect in Europe. European Economic Review,2002,46:213-227
[118]辜胜阻,李华,易善策.均衡城镇化：大都市与中小城市协调共进.人口研究,2010,34(5):3-11
[119] Hoover E M. The Location of Economic Activity. New York: McGraw-Hill,1948
[120] Mills E. Urban Economics. Glenview: Scott Foresman and Co,1972
[121] L sch August. The Economics of Location. Jena: Fischer,1940. Englishtranslation. New Haven, Conn.: Yale Univ. Press,1954
[122] Abdel Rahman, H. M. and M. Fujita. Productivity Variety, MarshallianExternalities, and City Size. Journal of Regional Science,1990,30(2):165-183
[123] Moller J., Haas A. The Agglomeration Differential Reconsidered: AnInvestigation with German Micro Data1984-1997. In J. Broecker, D. Dohse, R.Soltwedel (eds) Innovation Clusters and Interregional Competition. Berlin:Springer,2003.
[124] Wheeler C. H. Wage Inequality and Urban Density. Journal of EconomicGeography,2004,4:421-437
[125] Matano A. and P. Naticchioni. Wage Distribution and the Spatial Sorting ofWorkers. Journal of Economic Geography,2012,12:379-402
[126]范剑勇.产业集聚与地区间劳动生产率差异.经济研究,2006,(11):72-81
[127] Martínez-Galarraga, J., Paluzie, E., Pons, J. et al. Agglomeration and LabourProductivity in Spain over the Long Term[J]. Cliometrica,2008,2(3):195-212.
[128] Carlino G, Chatterjee S, Hunt R. Urban density and the rate of invention.Journal of Urban Economics,2007,61(3):389-419
[129]亚当斯密.国民财富的性质和原因的研究.郭大力,王亚南译.北京:商务印书馆,1972
[130] Murphy K, A Shleifer, R Vishny. Industrialization and the Big Push. Journal ofPolitical Economy,1989,97(5):1003-1026
[131] Ades, A. and E. Glaeser. Evidence on Growth, Increasing Returns and theExtent of the Market. Quarterly Journal of Economics,1999,114(3):1025-1045
[132] Davis D. and Weinstein D. Market Size, Linkages, and Productivity: A Study ofJapanese Regions. In Spatial Inequality and Development, ed. Ravi Kanbur andAnthony J. Venables,123-136. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press,2005
[133] Desmet K. and S L Parente. Bigger Is Better: Market Size, Demand Elasticity,and Innovation. International Economic Review,2010,51(2):319-333.
[134]黄玖立,李坤望.出口开放、地区市场规模和经济增长.经济研究,2006,(6):27-38
[135]黄玖立,黄俊立.市场规模与中国省区的产业增长.经济学(季刊),2008,7(4):1317-1334
[136]陈丰龙,徐康宁.本土市场规模与中国制造业全要素生产率.中国工业经济,2012,(5):44-56
[137] Mills E. An aggregative model of resource allocation in a metropolitan area.American Economic Review,1967,57:197-210
[138] Mion G. and P. Naticchioni. Urbanization Externalities, Market Potential andSpatial Sorting of Skills and Firms. CEPR discussion paper5172,2005
[139]刘修岩,殷醒民.空间外部性与地区工资差异：基于动态面板数据的实证研究.经济学(季刊),2008,8(1):77-98
[140] O’Sullivan, A. Urban Economics.7th edn. Boston, MA: Irwin McGraw Hill,2009
[141] Combes P., Duranton G. and G. Gobillon L. Spatial Wage Disparities: SortingMatters!. Journal of Urban Economics,2008,63:723-742
[142] Crozet M. Do migrants follow market potentials? An estimation of a neweconomic geography model. Journal of Economic Geography,2004,4(4):439-458
[143]柯善咨,何鸣.市场和政府共同作用下的城市地价——中国城市的实证研究.当代经济科学,2008,30(2):25-32
[144] Kaiser U. An empirical test of models explaining research expenditures andresearch cooperation: evidence for the German service sector. InternationalJournal of Industrial Organization,2002,20:747-774
[145] Midelfart-Knarvik K H, Overman H G., Venables A J. Comparative Advantageand Economic Geography: Estimating the Location of Production in the EU.CEPR Discussion Paper,2000, No.2618
[146] Au C, Henderson V. Estimating Net Urban Agglomeration Economies: with anApplication to China. Working Paper, Brown University,2004, January9
[147] Wang Y, Yao Y. Sources of China’s Economic Growth1952-1999: Incorporatinghuman capital accumulation. China Economic Review,2003,14(1):32-52
[148] Blair P. and Premus R. Major Factors in Industrial Location: A Review.Economic Development Quarterly,1987,1(1):72-85
[149]蔡昉,王德文.比较优势差异、变化及其对地区差距的影响.中国社会科学,2002,(5):41-54
[150]蔡昉,王德文,曲玥.中国产业升级的大国雁阵模型分析.经济研究,2009,(9):4-14
[151]王德利,方创琳.中国跨区域产业分工与联动特征.地理研究,2010,(8):1392-1406
[152]吴三忙,李善同.中国制造业空间分布分析.中国软科学,2010,(6):123-150
[153] Head K, Ries J. and Swenson D. Agglomeration Benefits and Location Choice:Evidence from Japanese Manufacturing Investments in the United States.Journal of International Economics,1995,38:223-247
[154] Martin P., Ottaviano G. I.P. Growing locations: Industry Location in a Model ofEndogenous Growth. European Economic Review,1999,43:281-302
[155] Amiti M, Pissarides C. Trade and Industrial Location with HeterogeneousLabour. CEPR DP3366, CEPR, London,2002
[156] Maria J. and Card A. Determinants of Industrial Location: An Application forCatatan Municipalities. Papers in Regional Science, Wiley Online Library,2005
[157] Krugman P. Increasing Returns and Economic Geography. Journal of PoliticalEconomy,1991,99:483-499.
[158] Lall S V, S. Chakravorty. Industrial Location and Spatial Inequality: Theoryand Evidence from India. Review of Development Economics,2005,9(1):47-68
[159]陈耀,冯超.贸易成本、本地关联与产业集群迁移.中国工业经济,2008,(3):76-83
[160] Brulhart M. Economic Geography, Industry Location and Trade: The Evidence.The World Economy,1998,21:775-801
[161] Dixit A K, J E Stiglitz. Monopolistic Competition and Optimum ProductDiversity. The American Economic Review,1977,67(3):297-308
[162] Overman H, Redding S, Venables, A. The Economic Geography of Trade,Production, and Income: A Survey of Empirics. in James Harrigan and E. KwanChoi (eds.), Handbook of International Trade. Oxford: Blackwell,2003
[163] Choundri E. and Hakura D. International Trade in Manufactured Products: ARicardo-Heckscher-Ohlin Explanation with Monopolistic Competition. IMFWorking Papers, WP/01/41,2001
[164] Altomonte C, L. Resmini. The Geography of Transition: Agglomeration versusDispersion of Firms’ Activity in the Countries of Central and Eastern Europe.Paper presented to the European Workshop on “Regional Development andPolicy in Europe”, Center for European Integration Studies, Bonn,10-11December,1999
[165] Roodman D. How to Do Xtabond2: An Introduction to ‘difference’ and ‘system’GMM in Stata. Center for Global Development Working Paper No.103,2006
[166] Amiti M. New Trade Theories and Industrial Location in the EU: a Survey ofEvidence. Oxford Review of Economic Policy,1998,14(2):45-53
[167] Quah D T. Regional Convergence Clusters across Europe. European EconomicReview,1996,40:951-958
[168]赵永亮.中国内外需求的市场潜力研究——基于工资方程的边界效应分析.管理世界,2011,(1):20-29
[169]陈敏,桂琦寒,陆铭,陈钊.中国经济增长如何持续发挥规模效应？——经济开放与国内商品市场分割的实证研究.经济学(季刊)，2007,7(1):125-150
[170]黄玖立,李坤望.对外贸易、地方保护和中国的产业布局.经济学(季刊),2006,5(3):733-760
[171] Gaspar J, Edward L Glaeser. Information Technology and the Future of Cities.Journal of Urban Economics,1998,43:136-156
[172] McCann P. The Economics of Industrial Location: A Logistics-costs Approach.Series on Advances in Spatial Science. Springer, Heidelberg,1998
[173]孙军.地区市场潜能、出口开放与我国工业集聚效应研究.数量经济技术经济研究,2009,(7):47-60
[174]柯善咨,郭素梅.中国市场一体化与区域经济增长互动：1995~2007年.数量经济技术经济研究,2010,(5):62-72,87
[175] Groenewold N, G Lee and A Chen. Regional Output Spillovers in China:Estimates from a VAR Model. Papers in Regional Science,2007,86:101-122
[176] Groenewold N, G Lee and A Chen. Inter-regional Spillovers in China: TheImportance of Common Shocks and the Definition of the Regions. ChinaEconomic Review,2008,19:32-52
[177] Redding S, A J Venables. Economic Geography and International Inequality.Journal of International Economics,2004,62:53-82
[178]国务院发展研究中心课题组.我国城镇化体制机制问题及若干政策建议.改革,2007,(11):5-12
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |