西藏地区农作物秸秆与牧草混合青贮研究
摘要
西藏海拔高,气候条件恶劣,热量不足,牧草生长期短,生产水平低,难以为草食家畜提供充足饲草资源；近年来超载过牧,导致草地退化,加剧了西藏畜牧业发展的困境,草食家畜陷入了“夏肥、秋壮、冬瘦、春死”的恶性循环。本文以西藏农区主要农作物秸秆为青贮材料,探讨其与禾本科牧草混合青贮及提高混合青贮发酵品质和营养价值的措施。寻求适合西藏实际的农作物秸秆青贮利用方式,实现青绿饲料的全年供应,尤其为西藏畜牧业提供充足的越冬饲料。试验分为四部分：
1西藏地区主要农作物秸秆和栽培牧草营养成分分析
本试验对西藏地区主要农作物秸秆(青稞、燕麦和小麦)和主要栽培牧草(多年生黑麦草和苇状羊茅)营养成分进行了分析,结果表明,农作物秸秆粗蛋白和水溶性碳水化合物含量低,而干物质、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维含量较高,体外干物质、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维降解率低,营养价值较低,而多年生黑麦草和苇状羊茅水分、水溶性碳水化合物、粗蛋白、消化率较高,粗纤维含量较低。若将农作物秸秆与禾本科牧草混合青贮可以一定程度弥补秸秆因水分和水溶性碳水化合物含量较低难以青贮的不足,不仅可以改善其发酵品质、而且可提高农作物秸秆饲用价值。
2西藏地区青稞秸秆青贮利用研究
2.1青稞秸秆与黑麦草或苇状羊茅混合青贮发酵品质研究
本试验旨在将青稞秸秆与黑麦草或苇状羊茅以不同比例(8：2,6：4,4：6)混合青贮,评价其发酵品质,筛选出适宜的混合比例。青稞秸秆与多年生黑麦草混贮结果表明：与黑麦草混合青贮显著提高(P<0.05)了乳酸和水溶性碳水化合物含量,显著降低(P<0.05)了pH值和干物质含量,混贮组氨态氮/总氮显著低于对照组(P<0.05),各组均显示较低的丙酸和丁酸含量。但均未达到优质青贮饲料的标准,从秸秆利用最大化角度出发,建议将青稞秸秆与黑麦草以6：4混合进行下一步研究较为适宜。
青稞秸秆与苇状羊茅混贮结果表明：青稞秸秆与苇状羊茅混合青贮显著提高了(P<0.05)乳酸和总挥发性脂肪酸含量,显著降低了(P<0.05)pH值和氨态氮,其中60%苇状羊茅混贮组在整个青贮过程中始终有最低的pH值和氨态氮/总氮,同时考虑到苇状羊茅质地较粗糙,因此建议青稞秸秆与苇状羊茅以4：6混合作为下一步研究的基础。
2.2糖蜜对青稞秸秆与黑麦草或苇状羊茅混合青贮发酵品质及营养价值的影响
在比例筛选试验的基础上,通过添加发酵促进剂糖蜜进一步改善混合青贮发酵品质和营养价值。将青稞秸秆与黑麦草和苇状羊茅分别以6：4和4：6混合,在此基础上添加3%,4%和5%的糖蜜,测定青贮饲料发酵品质和营养价值。青稞秸秆与黑麦草混合并添加糖蜜青贮结果表明：青贮前14天,糖蜜添加组乳酸含量快速增加,pH值迅速下降。糖蜜添加组乳酸、水溶性碳水化合物含量和乳酸/乙酸始终显著高于(P<0.05)对照组,氨态氮/总氮始终低于对照组,pH值始终保持在4.0左右,而对照组pH值始终未能降至4.20以下。青贮第60天糖蜜添加组有较高的粗蛋白含量,较低的中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量,各组降解率均高于青贮材料。综合考虑,在青稞秸秆和黑麦草以6：4混合的基础上添加3%的糖蜜可获得优质青贮饲料。
青稞秸秆与苇状羊茅混合添加糖蜜青贮表明：糖蜜添加组pH值、氨态氮/总氮、丙酸和丁酸含量始终低于对照组,5%糖蜜添加组有最高的乳酸/乙酸、乳酸和水溶性碳水化合物含量,青贮60天后与对照相比,糖蜜添加组粗蛋白含量显著增加,中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量均有下降趋势,体外降解率略有提高。因此在青稞秸秆和苇状羊茅以4：6混合青贮基础上添加5%糖蜜优于其它组。
2.3酶制剂对青稞秸秆与黑麦草或苇状羊茅混合青贮发酵品质及营养价值的影响
在比例筛选试验的基础上,通过添加Cornzyme进一步改善混合青贮发酵品质及营养价值。将青稞秸秆分别与黑麦草和苇状羊茅混合后添加不同比例(0,1.5,2.0和2.5ml/kg)的Cornzyme复合酶,测定各组青贮饲料发酵品质和营养价值。结果表明：添加酶制剂显著改善了青稞秸秆与黑麦草混合青贮发酵品质,显著提高了乳酸含量和乳酸/乙酸,酶添加组pH值快速下降,其中2.0和2.5ml/kg酶添加组pH值始终保持在4.0左右,抑制了丁酸和丙酸的产生。青贮60天后酶添加组氨态氮/总氮为对照组的1/2,而水溶性碳水化合物为对照组的2倍,且酶添加组有较高的粗蛋白含量(P<0.05)和较低的中性洗涤纤维含量,从长期保存和营养价值考虑,在青稞秸秆与黑麦草混合(6：4)基础上添加2.0ml/kgCornzyme复合酶进行青贮利于长期保存。
在青稞秸秆与苇状羊茅混合基础上添加酶制剂试验表明：酶添加组乳酸含量始终显著高于(P<0.05)对照组,pH值、乙酸和丙酸含量均低于(P<0.05)对照组。青贮60天后,酶制剂添加组水溶性碳水化合物和粗蛋白含量均显著高于对照组,中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量低于对照组。但青贮60天后酶添加组均有腐败迹象,如乳酸含量下降,pH值和氨态氮/总氮升高。
2.4添加青稞酒糟对西藏地区青稞秸秆与黑麦草或苇状羊茅混合青贮发酵品质及营养价值的影响
在前期试验筛选出的适宜混合比例基础上,通过添加青稞酒糟进一步改善发酵品质及营养价值,将青稞酒糟、青稞秸秆和多年生黑麦草混合,青稞酒糟分别占总鲜重的0,10%,20%和30%,青稞秸秆和多年生黑麦草以6：4的比例占混合青贮的100%,90%,80%和70%。试验结果表明与酒糟混合促进了青贮早期乳酸发酵,提高了乳酸含量,降低了pH值,但未能有效抑制氨态氮的生成,尤其是青贮30天后各组乳酸含量下降,pH值和氨态氮/总氮升高,发酵品质下降。
将青稞秸秆与苇状羊茅(4：6)混合后,添加不同比例的青稞酒糟(0,10%,20%和30%),结果表明,添加青稞酒糟可以抑制青贮早期好氧性微生物的活性,促进乳酸发酵使pH值快速下降,青贮饲料快速进入稳定阶段。青贮30天后,与对照组相比酒糟处理显著降低(P<0.05)了青贮饲料的pH值,提高了乳酸和水溶性碳水化合物含量,降低了(P<0.05)氨态氮/总氮及丙酸和丁酸含量。酒糟添加组有较高的粗蛋白含量,较低的中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量,综合考虑,添加20%酒糟效果更佳。
3添加青稞酒糟改善小麦秸秆与禾本科牧草混合青贮效果研究
本研究旨在评价青稞酒糟对小麦秸秆与禾本科牧草混合青贮发酵品质及营养价值的影响,小麦秸秆与多年生黑麦草混合后添加青稞酒糟试验表明,添加青稞酒糟均改善了混合青贮发酵品质,提高了乳酸含量,降低了pH值,其中20%和30%酒糟添加组乳酸含量和乳酸/乙酸显著高于(P<0.05)对照组,pH值始终显著低于(P<0.05)对照且保持在4.20以下；各酒糟组仅检测到少量丙酸和丁酸,氨态氮/总氮仅为到对照组的1/2-1/3。
小麦秸秆与苇状羊茅混合基础上添加青稞酒糟试验表明：未添加青稞酒糟组乳酸含量很低,pH值始终显示极高的值,而酒糟添加组乳酸含量达到对照组的4-5倍,各酒糟添加组pH值达到4.20以下的时间逐级提前,伴随着pH值的下降丙酸和丁酸的生成被有效抑制,各酒糟添加组氨态氮/总氮显著低于(P<0.05)对照组,其中20%和30%酒糟添加组氨态氮/总氮不及未添加组的1/2。相对于未添加酒糟组,酒糟添加组均有较高的粗蛋白质含量和较低的中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量。因此,在小麦秸秆与多年生黑麦草或苇状羊茅以4：6的鲜重比混合的基础上,添加20%及以上青稞酒糟可以获得发酵品质更优营养价值更高的青贮饲料。
4添加青稞酒糟改善燕麦秸秆与禾本科牧草混合青贮效果研究
本试验研究了添加不同比例青稞酒糟对燕麦秸秆与多年生黑麦草或苇状羊茅混合青贮发酵品质和营养价值的影响。燕麦秸秆与黑麦草混合青贮并添加青稞酒糟结果表明：添加酒糟加速了青贮早期乳酸发酵进程,显著提高了(P<0.05)乳酸含量,降低了(P<0.05)pH、氨态氮/总氮和干物质损失,酒糟添加组抑制了有害微生物对水溶性碳水化合物和蛋白质的降解,提高了碳水化合物发酵效率和粗蛋白含量,降低了中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量,也不同程度提高了体外降解率.但当酒糟添加比例从10%增加至30%时,乳酸含量下降,pH值升高,可能是由于较高比例酒糟在抑制有害微生物的同时也抑制了乳酸菌活性。因此,在混合青贮的基础上,添加10%的青稞酒糟可获得发酵品质优良且营养价值较高的青贮饲料。
燕麦秸秆与苇状羊茅混合青贮并添加青稞酒糟结果表明：添加青稞酒糟提高了(P<0.05)乳酸含量,在青贮第14天酒糟添加组乳酸含量达到对照组的5-6倍；显著降低了(P<0.05)pH值,其中20%和30%青稞酒糟添加组pH值14天后均保持在3.90左右；酒糟添加组快速达到酸性环境,抑制了好氧性微生物对营养成分的消耗,提高了碳水化合物发酵效率,降低了(P<0.05)氨态氮/总氮、乙酸、丙酸和丁酸含量,提高了青贮饲料的发酵品质。青贮60天后酒糟添加组有较高的粗蛋白含量和较低的中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量,也一定程度提高了降解率,因此综合考虑在混合青贮的基础上,添加20%及以上的青稞酒糟可以获得发酵品质优良营养价值较高的青贮饲料。
The Tibetan plateau is regarded as the Earth's third pole and the highest unique territorial unit in the world, thus, its climate and natural environment are inherently extreme and instable. The cold and arid continental climates and short growing seasons are considered to be the most important limiting factors for forage production. The shortage of forage, over stocking rates and irrational grazing systems, resulted in sheep and yaks been caught in the vicious cycle of "glutting in summer, fatness in autumn, thinness in winter, weakness in spring". The objective of this study was to improve nutritive value of straws and to provide year-round fodder and avoid forage shortage during winter. The main results are shown as follows:
1The investigation of nutrition components of crop straws and grasses
The aim of this experiment was to evaluate chemical compositions and nutritive value of crop straws (hullessbarley, wheat and oat straw) and two locally adapted grasses (perennial ryegrass and tall fescue). Crop straw showed lower nutritive value with lower water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and crude protein (CP), but higher dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents than grasses. These straws are too low in WSC and high in DM for extensive fermentation to produce well-preserved silage, and straws and grasses may be complementary because grasses are high in WSC and moisture contents, low in NDF and ADF contents. In order to enlarge the forage resource, it was hypothesized that ensiling crop straws with grasses could improve the fermentation and nutritive value.
2Studies on improving the fermentation quality and nutritive value of hullessbarley straw silage
2.1Fermentation quality of hullessbarley Straw in mixture with two locally adapted grasses in Tibet
The suitability of two locally adapted grasses was tested for inclusion in straw-grass silages on the hypothesis that the grasses would provide the fermentable carbohydrate for lactic acid bacteria during ensiling. The optimum straw-grass ratio was screened by inclusion different proportions of (0,20,40,60%of fresh weight) perennial ryegrass or tall fescue with hullessbarley straw. The inclusion of perennial ryegrass significantly (P<0.05) increased the contents of LA and WSC, significantly (P＜0.05) decreased the pH value and DM content. The AN/TN slightly (P>0.05) decrease in mixed silages compare with hullessbarley straw alone silages, and small amounts of BA and PA were detected in all silages. Ensiling hullessbarley straw with tall fescue significantly increased (P<0.05) the contents of LA and total VFAs, and significantly (P<0.05) decreased the pH and AN/TN, which were lowest in60%tall fescue inclusion silages. From the maximize use of straw, it was suggested that40%perennial ryegrass or60%tall fescue inclusion was proper for the further study to improve the fermentation quality of hullessbarley straw.
2.2Fermentation and nutritive quality of mixed silages of hullessbarley straw and grass treated with different levels of molasses
The effect of adding molasses (0,3,4or5%of fresh weight) on the fermentation quality of mixed silages of hullessbarley straw and perennial ryegrass (6:4) during ensiling was assessed. Molasses addition faster and greatly enhanced LA production and pH value decline during the first14days. Molasses addition silages showed higher (P<0.05) LA/AA, LA and WSC content, and lower (P<0.05) pH value and AN/TN than these of silages without molasses. After60days ensiling, silages added with molasses have higher CP, lower NDF and ADF content, but there were no significant difference(P>0.05) in in vitro digestibility. These results indicated that molasses addition level over3%could effectively improve the fermentation and nutitive quality of mixed silages. The results of adding different ratios of molasses (0,3%,4%or5%of fresh weight) to mixed silage of hullessbarley straw and tall fescue (6:4) was as follows:the pH value and AN/TN were decreased as the molasses adding rates increased. During the whole ensiling,5%molasses addtion silages showed highest LA/AA and WSC content, and higher LA content than control. After60days ensiling, the CP content increased with molasses addition rates, but molasses addition silages showed lower NDF and ADF content than control. The above results indicated that adding5%molasses to mixed silages of hullessbarley straw and tall fescue was better than others.
2.3The effect of cornzyme on the fermentation and nutritive quality of mixed silages of hullessbarley straw and grass
Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of cornzyme on the fermentation and nutritive quality of mixed silage of hullessbarley straw and two locally adapted grasses was assessed. There are four different cornzyme addition ratios (0,1.5,2.0or2.5ml/kg of fresh weight). Cornzyme addition significantly improved the fermentation quality of mixed silages of hullessbarley straw and perennial ryegrass, indicated by LA rapid accumulation, lower pH value, butyric acid and AN/TN. The pH value of silages adding with2.0and2.5ml/kg cornzyme attained4.0, and maintained to the end of ensiling, which inhibited the production of BA and PA. AN/TN in cornzyme addition silages were half of that in control, but WSC content were double of that in control. The contents of CP were higher and NDF was lower in cornzyme addition silages. From results of the present study, it was suggested that2.0ml/kg addition was effective for improving the fermentation quality of mixed ensilage of hulless barley straw and perennial ryegrass. The mixed silage of hullessbarley straw and tall fescue adding with cornzyme showed higher LA content, and lower pH value, AA, PA content during the ensiling. After60days ensiling, cornzyme addition silages showed higher WSC and CP content, but lower NDF and ADF content. After30days ensiling, the fermentation quality were worsen, indicated by LA decline and higher pH value, the value of AN/TN were higher than100g/kg TN.
2.4Ensiling characteristics of mixed silages of hullessbarley straw and grass added with WHDG
The experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of WHDG inclusion on the fermentation quality of mixed silages of hullessbarley straw and perennial ryegrass. The inclusion ratios of WHDG was at0,10%,20%and30%, and others were mixture of Hullessbarley straw and perennial ryegrass (6:4). WHDG inclusion not only inhibited the activity of aerobic bacteria, but also faster and greatly enhanced LA production and pH value decline, which restricted the utilization of WSC by undesirable bacteria and decreased the loss of WSC, leaving more residual WSC in silages. Chemical compositions content of the WHDG treated silages showed that CP content were significantly higher than that of control. But after30days ensiling, all silages showed some putrescent, indicated by higher AN/TN and pH value. The effect of adding WHDG on the fermentation quality of mixed silage of hullessbarley straw and tall fescue during ensiling was assessed. WHDG addition significantly improved the fermentation quality of mixed silages, indicated by sharply accumulation of LA (P＜0.05), faster decline of pH value, lower BA and AN/TN (P＜0.05) as compared with control. These results indicated that WHDG addition not only effectively inhibited the activity of aerobic bacteria, but also speeded-up and greatly enhance LA production and pH reduction. WHDG addition inhibited the utilization of WSC by undesirable bacteria and reduced the loss of WSC, leaving more residual WSC for lactic acid bacteria. WHDG-containing silages showed higher protein content and lower NDF and ADF content than control. From results of the present study, it was concluded that20%WHDG addition was effective for improving the fermentation quality of mixed ensilage of hulless barley straw and tall fescue.
3Studies on improving the fermentation quality and nutritive value of mixed silage of wheat straw and grass by adding WHDG in Tibet
In order to further improve the fermentation and nutritive quality of mixed silage, wheat straw and perennial ryegrass (tall fescue) were completely mixed and added with WHDG at different ratios (0,10,20,30%of fresh weight). These silos were opened after7,14,30or60days of ensiling, and their fermentation and nutritive quality was analyzed. The addition of WHDG significantly decreased (P＜0.05) pH value and AN/TN, and increased (P＜0.05) LA content, Little BA and PA were found in WHDG addition silages. The silages adding with20%or30%WHDG showed higher LA and LA/AA, and lower pH value, which were below4.20along with the whole ensiling. Adding WHDG improved the fermentation quality of mixed silage of wheat straw and tall fescue. The LA content in WHDG addition silage were fourfold that in control, WHDG addition speeded-up the pH decline, and inhibited the activity of aerobic bacteria, so WHDG additional silages showed lower BA, PA content and AN/TN. The addition of WHDG to mixed silages resulted in an increase in CP contents, and decrease in NDF and ADF content. In conclusion, the incorporation of WHDG increased the fermentation and nutritive quality of mixed silages of wheat straw and grass, and this effect were more marked when inclusion rate was beyond20%.
4Studies on improving the fermentation quality and nutritive value of mixed silage of oat straw and grass by adding WHDG in Tibet
The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of WHDG addition on the fermentation and nutritive quality of mixed silages of oat straw and perennial ryegrass. WHDG was added at0,10,20,30%of fresh weight respectively. All WHDG additional treatments promoted a more efficient fermentation, as indicated by sharply accumulation of LA, faster decline of pH, lower BA, VFAs and AN/TN than control, WHDG addition not only increased CP content, but also decreased NDF and ADF content, resulting in higher digestibility. LA content decreased and pH value increased with WHDG addition rates increased from10%to30%, this possibility attribute to higher WHDG addition inhibited the activity of lactic acid bacteria and aerobic bacteria. It was suggested that the adding10%WHDG could improve the fermentation quality and nutritive value of mixed silages of oat straw and perennial ryegrass. Mixtures of oat straw and tall fescue were ensiled with WHDG, which was added at four levels (0,10,20or30%of fresh weight). Based on the results, after14days of ensiling, the LA content in WHDG addition silages was fivefold of that in control, the pH value of WHDG addition silages was below4.20, and pH value of20%and30%WHDG addition silages were about3.90, and keep this level until to the end of ensiling. WHDG addition significantly improved the fermentation quality of mixed silage, which was well indicated by significantly lower (P＜0.05) pH, AN/TN, BA and PA content and significantly higher (P＜0.05) DM and LA content than control. WHDG addition silages showed higher CP contents, and lower NDF and ADF content. From the present study, it can be concluded that the fermentation and nutritive quality of mixed silage was considerably improved by20%or more WHDG addition.
1西藏地区主要农作物秸秆和栽培牧草营养成分分析
本试验对西藏地区主要农作物秸秆(青稞、燕麦和小麦)和主要栽培牧草(多年生黑麦草和苇状羊茅)营养成分进行了分析,结果表明,农作物秸秆粗蛋白和水溶性碳水化合物含量低,而干物质、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维含量较高,体外干物质、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维降解率低,营养价值较低,而多年生黑麦草和苇状羊茅水分、水溶性碳水化合物、粗蛋白、消化率较高,粗纤维含量较低。若将农作物秸秆与禾本科牧草混合青贮可以一定程度弥补秸秆因水分和水溶性碳水化合物含量较低难以青贮的不足,不仅可以改善其发酵品质、而且可提高农作物秸秆饲用价值。
2西藏地区青稞秸秆青贮利用研究
2.1青稞秸秆与黑麦草或苇状羊茅混合青贮发酵品质研究
本试验旨在将青稞秸秆与黑麦草或苇状羊茅以不同比例(8：2,6：4,4：6)混合青贮,评价其发酵品质,筛选出适宜的混合比例。青稞秸秆与多年生黑麦草混贮结果表明：与黑麦草混合青贮显著提高(P<0.05)了乳酸和水溶性碳水化合物含量,显著降低(P<0.05)了pH值和干物质含量,混贮组氨态氮/总氮显著低于对照组(P<0.05),各组均显示较低的丙酸和丁酸含量。但均未达到优质青贮饲料的标准,从秸秆利用最大化角度出发,建议将青稞秸秆与黑麦草以6：4混合进行下一步研究较为适宜。
青稞秸秆与苇状羊茅混贮结果表明：青稞秸秆与苇状羊茅混合青贮显著提高了(P<0.05)乳酸和总挥发性脂肪酸含量,显著降低了(P<0.05)pH值和氨态氮,其中60%苇状羊茅混贮组在整个青贮过程中始终有最低的pH值和氨态氮/总氮,同时考虑到苇状羊茅质地较粗糙,因此建议青稞秸秆与苇状羊茅以4：6混合作为下一步研究的基础。
2.2糖蜜对青稞秸秆与黑麦草或苇状羊茅混合青贮发酵品质及营养价值的影响
在比例筛选试验的基础上,通过添加发酵促进剂糖蜜进一步改善混合青贮发酵品质和营养价值。将青稞秸秆与黑麦草和苇状羊茅分别以6：4和4：6混合,在此基础上添加3%,4%和5%的糖蜜,测定青贮饲料发酵品质和营养价值。青稞秸秆与黑麦草混合并添加糖蜜青贮结果表明：青贮前14天,糖蜜添加组乳酸含量快速增加,pH值迅速下降。糖蜜添加组乳酸、水溶性碳水化合物含量和乳酸/乙酸始终显著高于(P<0.05)对照组,氨态氮/总氮始终低于对照组,pH值始终保持在4.0左右,而对照组pH值始终未能降至4.20以下。青贮第60天糖蜜添加组有较高的粗蛋白含量,较低的中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量,各组降解率均高于青贮材料。综合考虑,在青稞秸秆和黑麦草以6：4混合的基础上添加3%的糖蜜可获得优质青贮饲料。
青稞秸秆与苇状羊茅混合添加糖蜜青贮表明：糖蜜添加组pH值、氨态氮/总氮、丙酸和丁酸含量始终低于对照组,5%糖蜜添加组有最高的乳酸/乙酸、乳酸和水溶性碳水化合物含量,青贮60天后与对照相比,糖蜜添加组粗蛋白含量显著增加,中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量均有下降趋势,体外降解率略有提高。因此在青稞秸秆和苇状羊茅以4：6混合青贮基础上添加5%糖蜜优于其它组。
2.3酶制剂对青稞秸秆与黑麦草或苇状羊茅混合青贮发酵品质及营养价值的影响
在比例筛选试验的基础上,通过添加Cornzyme进一步改善混合青贮发酵品质及营养价值。将青稞秸秆分别与黑麦草和苇状羊茅混合后添加不同比例(0,1.5,2.0和2.5ml/kg)的Cornzyme复合酶,测定各组青贮饲料发酵品质和营养价值。结果表明：添加酶制剂显著改善了青稞秸秆与黑麦草混合青贮发酵品质,显著提高了乳酸含量和乳酸/乙酸,酶添加组pH值快速下降,其中2.0和2.5ml/kg酶添加组pH值始终保持在4.0左右,抑制了丁酸和丙酸的产生。青贮60天后酶添加组氨态氮/总氮为对照组的1/2,而水溶性碳水化合物为对照组的2倍,且酶添加组有较高的粗蛋白含量(P<0.05)和较低的中性洗涤纤维含量,从长期保存和营养价值考虑,在青稞秸秆与黑麦草混合(6：4)基础上添加2.0ml/kgCornzyme复合酶进行青贮利于长期保存。
在青稞秸秆与苇状羊茅混合基础上添加酶制剂试验表明：酶添加组乳酸含量始终显著高于(P<0.05)对照组,pH值、乙酸和丙酸含量均低于(P<0.05)对照组。青贮60天后,酶制剂添加组水溶性碳水化合物和粗蛋白含量均显著高于对照组,中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量低于对照组。但青贮60天后酶添加组均有腐败迹象,如乳酸含量下降,pH值和氨态氮/总氮升高。
2.4添加青稞酒糟对西藏地区青稞秸秆与黑麦草或苇状羊茅混合青贮发酵品质及营养价值的影响
在前期试验筛选出的适宜混合比例基础上,通过添加青稞酒糟进一步改善发酵品质及营养价值,将青稞酒糟、青稞秸秆和多年生黑麦草混合,青稞酒糟分别占总鲜重的0,10%,20%和30%,青稞秸秆和多年生黑麦草以6：4的比例占混合青贮的100%,90%,80%和70%。试验结果表明与酒糟混合促进了青贮早期乳酸发酵,提高了乳酸含量,降低了pH值,但未能有效抑制氨态氮的生成,尤其是青贮30天后各组乳酸含量下降,pH值和氨态氮/总氮升高,发酵品质下降。
将青稞秸秆与苇状羊茅(4：6)混合后,添加不同比例的青稞酒糟(0,10%,20%和30%),结果表明,添加青稞酒糟可以抑制青贮早期好氧性微生物的活性,促进乳酸发酵使pH值快速下降,青贮饲料快速进入稳定阶段。青贮30天后,与对照组相比酒糟处理显著降低(P<0.05)了青贮饲料的pH值,提高了乳酸和水溶性碳水化合物含量,降低了(P<0.05)氨态氮/总氮及丙酸和丁酸含量。酒糟添加组有较高的粗蛋白含量,较低的中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量,综合考虑,添加20%酒糟效果更佳。
3添加青稞酒糟改善小麦秸秆与禾本科牧草混合青贮效果研究
本研究旨在评价青稞酒糟对小麦秸秆与禾本科牧草混合青贮发酵品质及营养价值的影响,小麦秸秆与多年生黑麦草混合后添加青稞酒糟试验表明,添加青稞酒糟均改善了混合青贮发酵品质,提高了乳酸含量,降低了pH值,其中20%和30%酒糟添加组乳酸含量和乳酸/乙酸显著高于(P<0.05)对照组,pH值始终显著低于(P<0.05)对照且保持在4.20以下；各酒糟组仅检测到少量丙酸和丁酸,氨态氮/总氮仅为到对照组的1/2-1/3。
小麦秸秆与苇状羊茅混合基础上添加青稞酒糟试验表明：未添加青稞酒糟组乳酸含量很低,pH值始终显示极高的值,而酒糟添加组乳酸含量达到对照组的4-5倍,各酒糟添加组pH值达到4.20以下的时间逐级提前,伴随着pH值的下降丙酸和丁酸的生成被有效抑制,各酒糟添加组氨态氮/总氮显著低于(P<0.05)对照组,其中20%和30%酒糟添加组氨态氮/总氮不及未添加组的1/2。相对于未添加酒糟组,酒糟添加组均有较高的粗蛋白质含量和较低的中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量。因此,在小麦秸秆与多年生黑麦草或苇状羊茅以4：6的鲜重比混合的基础上,添加20%及以上青稞酒糟可以获得发酵品质更优营养价值更高的青贮饲料。
4添加青稞酒糟改善燕麦秸秆与禾本科牧草混合青贮效果研究
本试验研究了添加不同比例青稞酒糟对燕麦秸秆与多年生黑麦草或苇状羊茅混合青贮发酵品质和营养价值的影响。燕麦秸秆与黑麦草混合青贮并添加青稞酒糟结果表明：添加酒糟加速了青贮早期乳酸发酵进程,显著提高了(P<0.05)乳酸含量,降低了(P<0.05)pH、氨态氮/总氮和干物质损失,酒糟添加组抑制了有害微生物对水溶性碳水化合物和蛋白质的降解,提高了碳水化合物发酵效率和粗蛋白含量,降低了中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量,也不同程度提高了体外降解率.但当酒糟添加比例从10%增加至30%时,乳酸含量下降,pH值升高,可能是由于较高比例酒糟在抑制有害微生物的同时也抑制了乳酸菌活性。因此,在混合青贮的基础上,添加10%的青稞酒糟可获得发酵品质优良且营养价值较高的青贮饲料。
燕麦秸秆与苇状羊茅混合青贮并添加青稞酒糟结果表明：添加青稞酒糟提高了(P<0.05)乳酸含量,在青贮第14天酒糟添加组乳酸含量达到对照组的5-6倍；显著降低了(P<0.05)pH值,其中20%和30%青稞酒糟添加组pH值14天后均保持在3.90左右；酒糟添加组快速达到酸性环境,抑制了好氧性微生物对营养成分的消耗,提高了碳水化合物发酵效率,降低了(P<0.05)氨态氮/总氮、乙酸、丙酸和丁酸含量,提高了青贮饲料的发酵品质。青贮60天后酒糟添加组有较高的粗蛋白含量和较低的中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量,也一定程度提高了降解率,因此综合考虑在混合青贮的基础上,添加20%及以上的青稞酒糟可以获得发酵品质优良营养价值较高的青贮饲料。
The Tibetan plateau is regarded as the Earth's third pole and the highest unique territorial unit in the world, thus, its climate and natural environment are inherently extreme and instable. The cold and arid continental climates and short growing seasons are considered to be the most important limiting factors for forage production. The shortage of forage, over stocking rates and irrational grazing systems, resulted in sheep and yaks been caught in the vicious cycle of "glutting in summer, fatness in autumn, thinness in winter, weakness in spring". The objective of this study was to improve nutritive value of straws and to provide year-round fodder and avoid forage shortage during winter. The main results are shown as follows:
1The investigation of nutrition components of crop straws and grasses
The aim of this experiment was to evaluate chemical compositions and nutritive value of crop straws (hullessbarley, wheat and oat straw) and two locally adapted grasses (perennial ryegrass and tall fescue). Crop straw showed lower nutritive value with lower water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and crude protein (CP), but higher dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents than grasses. These straws are too low in WSC and high in DM for extensive fermentation to produce well-preserved silage, and straws and grasses may be complementary because grasses are high in WSC and moisture contents, low in NDF and ADF contents. In order to enlarge the forage resource, it was hypothesized that ensiling crop straws with grasses could improve the fermentation and nutritive value.
2Studies on improving the fermentation quality and nutritive value of hullessbarley straw silage
2.1Fermentation quality of hullessbarley Straw in mixture with two locally adapted grasses in Tibet
The suitability of two locally adapted grasses was tested for inclusion in straw-grass silages on the hypothesis that the grasses would provide the fermentable carbohydrate for lactic acid bacteria during ensiling. The optimum straw-grass ratio was screened by inclusion different proportions of (0,20,40,60%of fresh weight) perennial ryegrass or tall fescue with hullessbarley straw. The inclusion of perennial ryegrass significantly (P<0.05) increased the contents of LA and WSC, significantly (P＜0.05) decreased the pH value and DM content. The AN/TN slightly (P>0.05) decrease in mixed silages compare with hullessbarley straw alone silages, and small amounts of BA and PA were detected in all silages. Ensiling hullessbarley straw with tall fescue significantly increased (P<0.05) the contents of LA and total VFAs, and significantly (P<0.05) decreased the pH and AN/TN, which were lowest in60%tall fescue inclusion silages. From the maximize use of straw, it was suggested that40%perennial ryegrass or60%tall fescue inclusion was proper for the further study to improve the fermentation quality of hullessbarley straw.
2.2Fermentation and nutritive quality of mixed silages of hullessbarley straw and grass treated with different levels of molasses
The effect of adding molasses (0,3,4or5%of fresh weight) on the fermentation quality of mixed silages of hullessbarley straw and perennial ryegrass (6:4) during ensiling was assessed. Molasses addition faster and greatly enhanced LA production and pH value decline during the first14days. Molasses addition silages showed higher (P<0.05) LA/AA, LA and WSC content, and lower (P<0.05) pH value and AN/TN than these of silages without molasses. After60days ensiling, silages added with molasses have higher CP, lower NDF and ADF content, but there were no significant difference(P>0.05) in in vitro digestibility. These results indicated that molasses addition level over3%could effectively improve the fermentation and nutitive quality of mixed silages. The results of adding different ratios of molasses (0,3%,4%or5%of fresh weight) to mixed silage of hullessbarley straw and tall fescue (6:4) was as follows:the pH value and AN/TN were decreased as the molasses adding rates increased. During the whole ensiling,5%molasses addtion silages showed highest LA/AA and WSC content, and higher LA content than control. After60days ensiling, the CP content increased with molasses addition rates, but molasses addition silages showed lower NDF and ADF content than control. The above results indicated that adding5%molasses to mixed silages of hullessbarley straw and tall fescue was better than others.
2.3The effect of cornzyme on the fermentation and nutritive quality of mixed silages of hullessbarley straw and grass
Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of cornzyme on the fermentation and nutritive quality of mixed silage of hullessbarley straw and two locally adapted grasses was assessed. There are four different cornzyme addition ratios (0,1.5,2.0or2.5ml/kg of fresh weight). Cornzyme addition significantly improved the fermentation quality of mixed silages of hullessbarley straw and perennial ryegrass, indicated by LA rapid accumulation, lower pH value, butyric acid and AN/TN. The pH value of silages adding with2.0and2.5ml/kg cornzyme attained4.0, and maintained to the end of ensiling, which inhibited the production of BA and PA. AN/TN in cornzyme addition silages were half of that in control, but WSC content were double of that in control. The contents of CP were higher and NDF was lower in cornzyme addition silages. From results of the present study, it was suggested that2.0ml/kg addition was effective for improving the fermentation quality of mixed ensilage of hulless barley straw and perennial ryegrass. The mixed silage of hullessbarley straw and tall fescue adding with cornzyme showed higher LA content, and lower pH value, AA, PA content during the ensiling. After60days ensiling, cornzyme addition silages showed higher WSC and CP content, but lower NDF and ADF content. After30days ensiling, the fermentation quality were worsen, indicated by LA decline and higher pH value, the value of AN/TN were higher than100g/kg TN.
2.4Ensiling characteristics of mixed silages of hullessbarley straw and grass added with WHDG
The experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of WHDG inclusion on the fermentation quality of mixed silages of hullessbarley straw and perennial ryegrass. The inclusion ratios of WHDG was at0,10%,20%and30%, and others were mixture of Hullessbarley straw and perennial ryegrass (6:4). WHDG inclusion not only inhibited the activity of aerobic bacteria, but also faster and greatly enhanced LA production and pH value decline, which restricted the utilization of WSC by undesirable bacteria and decreased the loss of WSC, leaving more residual WSC in silages. Chemical compositions content of the WHDG treated silages showed that CP content were significantly higher than that of control. But after30days ensiling, all silages showed some putrescent, indicated by higher AN/TN and pH value. The effect of adding WHDG on the fermentation quality of mixed silage of hullessbarley straw and tall fescue during ensiling was assessed. WHDG addition significantly improved the fermentation quality of mixed silages, indicated by sharply accumulation of LA (P＜0.05), faster decline of pH value, lower BA and AN/TN (P＜0.05) as compared with control. These results indicated that WHDG addition not only effectively inhibited the activity of aerobic bacteria, but also speeded-up and greatly enhance LA production and pH reduction. WHDG addition inhibited the utilization of WSC by undesirable bacteria and reduced the loss of WSC, leaving more residual WSC for lactic acid bacteria. WHDG-containing silages showed higher protein content and lower NDF and ADF content than control. From results of the present study, it was concluded that20%WHDG addition was effective for improving the fermentation quality of mixed ensilage of hulless barley straw and tall fescue.
3Studies on improving the fermentation quality and nutritive value of mixed silage of wheat straw and grass by adding WHDG in Tibet
In order to further improve the fermentation and nutritive quality of mixed silage, wheat straw and perennial ryegrass (tall fescue) were completely mixed and added with WHDG at different ratios (0,10,20,30%of fresh weight). These silos were opened after7,14,30or60days of ensiling, and their fermentation and nutritive quality was analyzed. The addition of WHDG significantly decreased (P＜0.05) pH value and AN/TN, and increased (P＜0.05) LA content, Little BA and PA were found in WHDG addition silages. The silages adding with20%or30%WHDG showed higher LA and LA/AA, and lower pH value, which were below4.20along with the whole ensiling. Adding WHDG improved the fermentation quality of mixed silage of wheat straw and tall fescue. The LA content in WHDG addition silage were fourfold that in control, WHDG addition speeded-up the pH decline, and inhibited the activity of aerobic bacteria, so WHDG additional silages showed lower BA, PA content and AN/TN. The addition of WHDG to mixed silages resulted in an increase in CP contents, and decrease in NDF and ADF content. In conclusion, the incorporation of WHDG increased the fermentation and nutritive quality of mixed silages of wheat straw and grass, and this effect were more marked when inclusion rate was beyond20%.
4Studies on improving the fermentation quality and nutritive value of mixed silage of oat straw and grass by adding WHDG in Tibet
The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of WHDG addition on the fermentation and nutritive quality of mixed silages of oat straw and perennial ryegrass. WHDG was added at0,10,20,30%of fresh weight respectively. All WHDG additional treatments promoted a more efficient fermentation, as indicated by sharply accumulation of LA, faster decline of pH, lower BA, VFAs and AN/TN than control, WHDG addition not only increased CP content, but also decreased NDF and ADF content, resulting in higher digestibility. LA content decreased and pH value increased with WHDG addition rates increased from10%to30%, this possibility attribute to higher WHDG addition inhibited the activity of lactic acid bacteria and aerobic bacteria. It was suggested that the adding10%WHDG could improve the fermentation quality and nutritive value of mixed silages of oat straw and perennial ryegrass. Mixtures of oat straw and tall fescue were ensiled with WHDG, which was added at four levels (0,10,20or30%of fresh weight). Based on the results, after14days of ensiling, the LA content in WHDG addition silages was fivefold of that in control, the pH value of WHDG addition silages was below4.20, and pH value of20%and30%WHDG addition silages were about3.90, and keep this level until to the end of ensiling. WHDG addition significantly improved the fermentation quality of mixed silage, which was well indicated by significantly lower (P＜0.05) pH, AN/TN, BA and PA content and significantly higher (P＜0.05) DM and LA content than control. WHDG addition silages showed higher CP contents, and lower NDF and ADF content. From the present study, it can be concluded that the fermentation and nutritive quality of mixed silage was considerably improved by20%or more WHDG addition.
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