棉（Gossypium hirsutum L.）纤维比强度的形成与棉铃对位叶氮浓度关系的研究
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摘要
棉纤维比强度是衡量原棉品质的重要指标之一,其形成与纤维次生壁的建成质量和纤维素的沉淀累积特性密切相关。氮素是棉花高产优质的主要调控因素之一,研究氮素调控棉纤维比强度形成的生理机制,探讨纤维比强度形成的适宜棉花氮素营养状况,可为实现高强纤维棉花栽培的氮素调控提供依据。本文选择棉纤维比强度差异明显的德夏棉1号(平均比强度26.2cN.tex-1)、科棉1号(平均比强度35cN·tex-1)和美棉33B(平均比强度32cN·tex-1)为试验材料,于2008-2009年在江苏南京(118°50'E,32°02'N,长江流域下游棉区)江苏省农业科学院设置施氮量试验,研究了：(1)棉纤维发育相关酶(蔗糖酶、蔗糖合成酶、磷酸蔗糖合成酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶)活性对棉铃对位叶氮浓度的响应及对纤维比强度形成的影响；(2)棉纤维发育相关物质(蔗糖、β-1,3-葡聚糖、纤维素)含量变化对棉铃对位叶氮浓度的响应及对纤维比强度形成的影响；(3)棉花不同果枝部位铃纤维发育相关酶活性和相关物质变化对棉铃对位叶氮浓度的响应差异及对纤维比强度形成的影响；(4)棉花源库强度对棉铃对位叶氮浓度的响应机制；(5)棉铃对位叶碳水化合物与叶氮浓度的关系及影响纤维比强度形成的机理。
主要研究结果如下：
1.棉纤维发育相关酶(蔗糖酶、蔗糖合成酶、磷酸蔗糖合成酶、p-1,3-葡聚糖酶)活性对棉铃对位叶氮浓度的响应及对纤维比强度形成的影响
棉铃对位叶氮浓度显著影响棉纤维发育过程中相关酶活性和纤维比强度的形成。在花后同一时期,各相关酶活性和纤维比强度均随棉铃对位叶氮浓度的升高呈先升高后降低的抛物线变化。花后不同时期各指标对应的适宜对位叶氮浓度差异较小,且随花后天数的变化趋势符合幂函数关系,德夏棉1号、科棉1号、美棉33B纤维发育的适宜棉铃对位叶氮浓度分别为：NDexiamianl=7.2841DPA-0.2771(R2=0.9860**). Nkemianl=7.1807DPA-0.2989(R2=0.9879**)、NNuCON33B一7.1467DPA-0.2819(R2=0.975**)，据此可诊断棉花氮素营养状况,指导氮肥施用进而调控纤维发育相关酶活性和比强度达到或接近最优。
2.棉纤维发育相关物质(蔗糖、β-1,3-葡聚糖、纤维素)含量变化对棉铃对位叶氮浓度的响应及对纤维比强度形成的影响
棉铃对位叶氮浓度显著影响棉纤维发育相关物质含量和纤维比强度的形成。在花后同一时期,各相关物质和纤维比强度与棉铃对位叶氮浓度之间均符合抛物线关系,在38DPA前蔗糖和p-1,3-葡聚糖含量随对位叶氮浓度升高呈先升高后降低的趋势,45DPA后趋势相反,纤维素含量和纤维比强度随对位叶氮浓度升高均呈先升高后降低的趋势。花后不同时期各指标对应的适宜棉铃对位叶氮浓度差异较小,且随花后天数的变化趋势符合幂函数关系,德夏棉1号、科棉1号、美棉33B纤维发育适宜的棉铃对位叶氮浓度分别为：NDexiamianl=7.6649DPA-0.2974(R2=0.9758**): Nkemianl=7.2945DPA-0.3086(R2=0.9816**)；NNuCOTN33B=7.3418DPA-0.2948(R2=0.9684**)。
3.棉花不同果枝部位铃纤维发育相关酶活性和相关物质变化对棉铃对位叶氮浓度的响应差异及对纤维比强度形成的影响
纤维发育相关酶(蔗糖酶、蔗糖合成酶、磷酸蔗糖合成酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶)活性和相关物质(蔗糖、p-1,3-葡聚糖、纤维素)含量变化对棉铃对位叶氮浓度的响应在棉花不同果枝部位铃之间趋势一致,但上部果枝铃纤维相关酶活性和相关物质含量高于下部果枝铃。在花后同一时期,各指标与棉铃对位叶氮浓度之间的关系符合抛物线型变化,表明不同果枝部位间均存在适宜的对位叶氮浓度使纤维发育相关酶活性和相关物质含量利于纤维素的合成累积以及纤维比强度的形成,且棉花相同果枝部位铃各指标对应的适宜对位叶氮浓度差异较小。棉花不同果枝部位间以上部果枝铃纤维发育对应的适宜氮浓度高于下部果枝。
4.棉花源库强度对棉铃对位叶氮浓度的响应机制
棉铃对位叶氮浓度显著影响棉花的源库强度。在花后同一时期,棉花源强度(可溶性糖、蔗糖、磷酸蔗糖合成酶)和库强度(蔗糖、蔗糖合成酶)各指标均随对位叶氮浓度的上升呈先升高后降低(45-52DPA的纤维蔗糖含量呈先降低后升高)的抛物线型变化趋势。在45DPA(德夏棉1号38DPA)前上述各指标所对应的最佳对位叶氮浓度差异较小,通过调节对位叶氮浓度可调控源、库强度达到最优,在本试验条件下棉花中部果枝铃源、库强度达到最优的适宜叶氮浓度分别为：NDexiamianl=7.2383t-0.2759(R2=0.9829**)、NKemianl=7.236t-0.3026(R2=0.9876**).NNuCOTN33B=7.1706t-0.284(R2=0.978*)。
5.棉铃对位叶碳水化合物与叶氮浓度的关系及影响纤维比强度形成的机理
棉铃对位叶氮浓度较叶片SPAD值和游离氨基酸浓度更能够反映棉株氮素营养状况；棉铃对位叶蔗糖和非结构性碳水化合物含量与棉铃对位叶氮浓度之间的关系符合抛物线关系(P<0.01)；纤维发育的适宜对位叶氮浓度约为2.50%,且随着花后天数的增加呈幂函数降低；24-38DPA纤维蔗糖含量与对位叶蔗糖、非结构性碳水化合物显著正相关(P<0.05),与棉铃对位叶淀粉和可溶性糖含量的相关性未达到显著水平(P>0.05)；纤维比强度与38DPA前的纤维蔗糖含量极显著正相关,且较纤维长度、细度和成熟度更易受纤维蔗糖变化的影响。因此,24-38DPA是决定纤维品质主要性状形成的关键时期,棉铃对位叶蔗糖和非结构性碳水化合物含量可作为检测纤维蔗糖含量的指标,用以预测纤维最终品质。
Fiber strength is one of the most important index to evaluate fiber quality, which associates with secondary wall thickening stage and cellulose deposition characters. Nitrogen is one of the regulating factors to the production and fiber quality of cotton. To study the regular mechanism of nitrogen on cotton fiber formation and clarify the optimal nitrogen status for fiber strength could provide a basement in field to improve fiber quality by regulate nitrogen status. A2-year (2008and2009) study was conducted outdoors in Nanjing (118°50'E,32°02'N), which was located in the middle-lower reaches of Yangtze River Valley, China. Cotton cultivars Dexiamian1, Kemian1and NuCOTN33B, that were quite different in fiber strength were used as materials, and different nitrogen rates were applied to carry out different leaf (the subtending leaf of boll) nitrogen concentration condition in the experiment. The objectives in this study were (1) to analyze the effects of leaf nitrogen concentration on related enzymes and fiber strength in cotton fiber during fiber development,(2) to analyze the effects of leaf nitrogen concentration on related substances and fiber strength in cotton fiber during fiber development,(3) to analyze the response of related enzymes and related substances in fiber on leaf nitrogen concentration during fiber development,(4) to analyze the response of source-sink activity on leaf nitrogen concentration during boll growth,(5) to analyze the relationship between nitrogen status and carbohydrates content and the effect of this relationship on fiber quality.
The main results were as follows:
1. Effects of leaf nitrogen concentration on related enzymes (Invertase, Sucrose synthase, Sucrose phosphate synthase andβ-1,3-glucanase) activity and fiber strength formation
By studying the response of characteristics of nitrogen concentration in subtending leaf of cotton boll to nitrogen application rates and the response of related enzymes'activity to leaf nitrogen concentration, to analyze the mechanism of nitrogen on fiber strength formation and clarify the optimal nitrogen status on fiber strength. The results indicated that the leaf nitrogen concentration was increased with the increasing of nitrogen rates; and the changes of leaf nitrogen concentration followed the equation:YN=αt(YN is nitrogen concentration in the subtending leaf of cotton boll(%); t is days post anthesis(d); a and β are parameters); The enzymes activity and fiber strength all changed following the parabolic equation (Y=ax2+bx+c, Y is enzyme activity or fiber strength, x is leaf nitrogen concentration (%), a, b and c are parameters) with the increasing of leaf nitrogen concentration. The leaf nitrogen concentration also had a significant effect on related enzymes activity and fiber strength, and there was little difference between the optimal leaf nitrogen concentrations that were for acquiring the highest related enzymes and for acquiring the highest fiber strength respectively in each sampling time. And the equations of the optimal leaf nitrogen concentration to the time course of days post anthesis were NDexiamianl=7.2841DPA-0.2771(R2=0.9860,P<0.01), NKemianl=7.1807DPA-0.2989(R2=0.9879, P<0.01), NNUCOTN33B=7.1467DPA-0.2819(R2=0.9755, P<0.01) for Dexiamian1, Kemian1and NuCOTN33B。 So, it is believed that higher fiber strength, accompany with the related enzymes activity could be acquired by regulating the leaf nitrogen concentration to a better level in cotton cultivation.
2. Effects of leaf nitrogen concentration on related substances (Sucrose, β-1,3-glucance and cellulose) content and fiber strength formation
By studying the response of related substance content to leaf nitrogen concentration, to analyze the mechanism of nitrogen on fiber strength formation and clarify the optimal nitrogen status on fiber strength. The results indicated that the leaf nitrogen concentration was increased with the increasing of nitrogen rates; and the changes of leaf nitrogen concentration followed the equation:Yn=αt-β (YN is nitrogen concentration in the subtending leaf of cotton boll(%);t is days post anthesis (d); a and β are parameters); The substances'content and fiber strength all changed following the parabolic equation (Y=ax2+bx+c,Y is enzyme activity or fiber strength, x is leaf nitrogen concentration (%), a, b and c are parameters) with the increasing of leaf nitrogen concentration. The leaf nitrogen concentration also had a significant effect on related substances content and fiber strength, and there was little difference between the optimal leaf nitrogen concentrations that were for acquiring the highest related substances and for acquiring the highest fiber strength respectively in each sampling time. And the equations of the optimal leaf nitrogen concentration to the time course of days post anthesis were NdeXiamianl=7.6649DPA-02974(R2=0.9758), Nkemianl=7.2945DPA-0.3086(R2=0.9816) and NNUCOTN33B=7.3418DPA-0.2948(R2=0.9684) for Dexiamian1, Kemian1and NuCOTN33B. So, it is believed that higher fiber strength, accompany with the related substances content could be acquired by regulating the leaf nitrogen concentration to a better level in cotton cultivation.
3. The mechanism of leaf nitrogen concentration on related enzymes and related substances in fiber at different fruit branch position
By studying the response of related enzymes activity and related substance content to leaf nitrogen concentration in lower and upper fruit branch position, to analyze the mechanism of nitrogen on fiber strength formation and clarify the optimal nitrogen status on fiber strength. The results showed that the related enzymes'activity and fiber strength all changed following the parabolic equation (Y=ax2+bx+c, Y is enzyme activity or fiber strength, x is leaf nitrogen concentration (%), a, b and c are parameters) with the increasing of leaf nitrogen concentration, and leaf nitrogen concentration had no significant effect on fiber growth process, and there were similar trend among different fruit branch position. There was little difference between the optimal leaf nitrogen concentrations that were for acquiring the highest related enzymes and for acquiring the highest fiber strength respectively in each sampling time in same fruit branch position. However, there were significant difference of optimal leaf nitrogen concentration between lower and upper fruit branch position, and upper leaf nitrogen concentration was higher than lower. So, it is believed that higher fiber strength, accompany with the related enzymes activity could be acquired by regulating the leaf nitrogen concentration to a better level in cotton cultivation, and the necessity of nitrogen fertilizer, the time and amount of nitrogen fertilizer application should consider the needing rule of fertilization.
4. Effects of leaf nitrogen concentration on source-sink activity between the subtending leaf of boll and cotton fiber
This study was conducted to explore the effects of subtending leaf nitrogen concentration on leaf source activity (soluble sugar content, sucrose content and sucrose phosphate synthase activity) and fiber sink activity (sucrose content and sucrose synthase activity) during the development of cotton boll. The results showed that leaf nitrogen concentration have significant effects on leaf source strength and fiber sink strength during the development of cotton boll. At the same days post anthesis(DPA), leaf source activity and fiber sink activity all changed following parabolic equation (Y=ax2+bx+c, Y is leaf source activity or fiber sink activity, x is leaf nitrogen concentration, a, b and c are parameters) with the increasing of the subtending leaf nitrogen concentration. Before45DPA(38DPA for Dexiamian1), there was a tiny difference among optimal leaf nitrogen concentration of above mentioned index. So, we could change the leaf nitrogen concentration and further to improve leaf source strength and fiber sink strength to best status and was benefit in cotton boll. The equation of optimal leaf nitrogen concentration to days post anthesis for Dexiamian1, Kemian1and NuCOTN33B during the development of cotton boll were NDexiamianl=7.2383DPA-02759(R2=0.9829**), NKemianl=7.236DPA-0.3026(R2=0.9876**)、 NNUCOTN33B=7.1706DPA-0.284(R2=0.9788**). After45DPA, there was a bigger difference among index, and leaf source activity and fiber sucrose phosphate synthase need a higher leaf nitrogen concentration than fiber sucrose.
5. The relationship between nitrogen status and carbohydrates in the subtending leaf and effect of above relationship on fiber quality
This study was to explore the relationship between nitrogen status and carbohydrate, and carbohydrate content and fiber quality. The results indicated that leaf (the subtending leaf of boll) N concentration can be more accurately to reflect the N status of the subtending leaves of boll than SPAD reading or free amino acid. Sucrose and non-structural carbohydrate had a quadratic relation with leaf N concentration (P<0.01). The optimal leaf N concentration is around2.50%, and it follows a typical dilution curve. During24-38days post-anthesis (DPA), sucrose in fiber was positively related to sucrose or non-structural carbohydrate of the subtending leaves of boll (P<0.05), while was not correlated with starch or soluble sugar of the leaf (P>0.05). Fiber sucrose had a positive correlation with fiber strength before38days post-anthesis (DPA)(P<0.05), and it is more susceptible than fiber length, fineness and maturity to fiber sucrose. These suggested that (1)24-38DPA is a crucial period for fiber development which might be significant influenced by physiological and ecological factors,(2) sucrose or non-structural carbohydrate in the subtending leaf of boll could be taken as monitoring indices to evaluate sucrose level in the developing fiber, and then to estimate the final fiber quality.
主要研究结果如下：
1.棉纤维发育相关酶(蔗糖酶、蔗糖合成酶、磷酸蔗糖合成酶、p-1,3-葡聚糖酶)活性对棉铃对位叶氮浓度的响应及对纤维比强度形成的影响
棉铃对位叶氮浓度显著影响棉纤维发育过程中相关酶活性和纤维比强度的形成。在花后同一时期,各相关酶活性和纤维比强度均随棉铃对位叶氮浓度的升高呈先升高后降低的抛物线变化。花后不同时期各指标对应的适宜对位叶氮浓度差异较小,且随花后天数的变化趋势符合幂函数关系,德夏棉1号、科棉1号、美棉33B纤维发育的适宜棉铃对位叶氮浓度分别为：NDexiamianl=7.2841DPA-0.2771(R2=0.9860**). Nkemianl=7.1807DPA-0.2989(R2=0.9879**)、NNuCON33B一7.1467DPA-0.2819(R2=0.975**)，据此可诊断棉花氮素营养状况,指导氮肥施用进而调控纤维发育相关酶活性和比强度达到或接近最优。
2.棉纤维发育相关物质(蔗糖、β-1,3-葡聚糖、纤维素)含量变化对棉铃对位叶氮浓度的响应及对纤维比强度形成的影响
棉铃对位叶氮浓度显著影响棉纤维发育相关物质含量和纤维比强度的形成。在花后同一时期,各相关物质和纤维比强度与棉铃对位叶氮浓度之间均符合抛物线关系,在38DPA前蔗糖和p-1,3-葡聚糖含量随对位叶氮浓度升高呈先升高后降低的趋势,45DPA后趋势相反,纤维素含量和纤维比强度随对位叶氮浓度升高均呈先升高后降低的趋势。花后不同时期各指标对应的适宜棉铃对位叶氮浓度差异较小,且随花后天数的变化趋势符合幂函数关系,德夏棉1号、科棉1号、美棉33B纤维发育适宜的棉铃对位叶氮浓度分别为：NDexiamianl=7.6649DPA-0.2974(R2=0.9758**): Nkemianl=7.2945DPA-0.3086(R2=0.9816**)；NNuCOTN33B=7.3418DPA-0.2948(R2=0.9684**)。
3.棉花不同果枝部位铃纤维发育相关酶活性和相关物质变化对棉铃对位叶氮浓度的响应差异及对纤维比强度形成的影响
纤维发育相关酶(蔗糖酶、蔗糖合成酶、磷酸蔗糖合成酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶)活性和相关物质(蔗糖、p-1,3-葡聚糖、纤维素)含量变化对棉铃对位叶氮浓度的响应在棉花不同果枝部位铃之间趋势一致,但上部果枝铃纤维相关酶活性和相关物质含量高于下部果枝铃。在花后同一时期,各指标与棉铃对位叶氮浓度之间的关系符合抛物线型变化,表明不同果枝部位间均存在适宜的对位叶氮浓度使纤维发育相关酶活性和相关物质含量利于纤维素的合成累积以及纤维比强度的形成,且棉花相同果枝部位铃各指标对应的适宜对位叶氮浓度差异较小。棉花不同果枝部位间以上部果枝铃纤维发育对应的适宜氮浓度高于下部果枝。
4.棉花源库强度对棉铃对位叶氮浓度的响应机制
棉铃对位叶氮浓度显著影响棉花的源库强度。在花后同一时期,棉花源强度(可溶性糖、蔗糖、磷酸蔗糖合成酶)和库强度(蔗糖、蔗糖合成酶)各指标均随对位叶氮浓度的上升呈先升高后降低(45-52DPA的纤维蔗糖含量呈先降低后升高)的抛物线型变化趋势。在45DPA(德夏棉1号38DPA)前上述各指标所对应的最佳对位叶氮浓度差异较小,通过调节对位叶氮浓度可调控源、库强度达到最优,在本试验条件下棉花中部果枝铃源、库强度达到最优的适宜叶氮浓度分别为：NDexiamianl=7.2383t-0.2759(R2=0.9829**)、NKemianl=7.236t-0.3026(R2=0.9876**).NNuCOTN33B=7.1706t-0.284(R2=0.978*)。
5.棉铃对位叶碳水化合物与叶氮浓度的关系及影响纤维比强度形成的机理
棉铃对位叶氮浓度较叶片SPAD值和游离氨基酸浓度更能够反映棉株氮素营养状况；棉铃对位叶蔗糖和非结构性碳水化合物含量与棉铃对位叶氮浓度之间的关系符合抛物线关系(P<0.01)；纤维发育的适宜对位叶氮浓度约为2.50%,且随着花后天数的增加呈幂函数降低；24-38DPA纤维蔗糖含量与对位叶蔗糖、非结构性碳水化合物显著正相关(P<0.05),与棉铃对位叶淀粉和可溶性糖含量的相关性未达到显著水平(P>0.05)；纤维比强度与38DPA前的纤维蔗糖含量极显著正相关,且较纤维长度、细度和成熟度更易受纤维蔗糖变化的影响。因此,24-38DPA是决定纤维品质主要性状形成的关键时期,棉铃对位叶蔗糖和非结构性碳水化合物含量可作为检测纤维蔗糖含量的指标,用以预测纤维最终品质。
Fiber strength is one of the most important index to evaluate fiber quality, which associates with secondary wall thickening stage and cellulose deposition characters. Nitrogen is one of the regulating factors to the production and fiber quality of cotton. To study the regular mechanism of nitrogen on cotton fiber formation and clarify the optimal nitrogen status for fiber strength could provide a basement in field to improve fiber quality by regulate nitrogen status. A2-year (2008and2009) study was conducted outdoors in Nanjing (118°50'E,32°02'N), which was located in the middle-lower reaches of Yangtze River Valley, China. Cotton cultivars Dexiamian1, Kemian1and NuCOTN33B, that were quite different in fiber strength were used as materials, and different nitrogen rates were applied to carry out different leaf (the subtending leaf of boll) nitrogen concentration condition in the experiment. The objectives in this study were (1) to analyze the effects of leaf nitrogen concentration on related enzymes and fiber strength in cotton fiber during fiber development,(2) to analyze the effects of leaf nitrogen concentration on related substances and fiber strength in cotton fiber during fiber development,(3) to analyze the response of related enzymes and related substances in fiber on leaf nitrogen concentration during fiber development,(4) to analyze the response of source-sink activity on leaf nitrogen concentration during boll growth,(5) to analyze the relationship between nitrogen status and carbohydrates content and the effect of this relationship on fiber quality.
The main results were as follows:
1. Effects of leaf nitrogen concentration on related enzymes (Invertase, Sucrose synthase, Sucrose phosphate synthase andβ-1,3-glucanase) activity and fiber strength formation
By studying the response of characteristics of nitrogen concentration in subtending leaf of cotton boll to nitrogen application rates and the response of related enzymes'activity to leaf nitrogen concentration, to analyze the mechanism of nitrogen on fiber strength formation and clarify the optimal nitrogen status on fiber strength. The results indicated that the leaf nitrogen concentration was increased with the increasing of nitrogen rates; and the changes of leaf nitrogen concentration followed the equation:YN=αt(YN is nitrogen concentration in the subtending leaf of cotton boll(%); t is days post anthesis(d); a and β are parameters); The enzymes activity and fiber strength all changed following the parabolic equation (Y=ax2+bx+c, Y is enzyme activity or fiber strength, x is leaf nitrogen concentration (%), a, b and c are parameters) with the increasing of leaf nitrogen concentration. The leaf nitrogen concentration also had a significant effect on related enzymes activity and fiber strength, and there was little difference between the optimal leaf nitrogen concentrations that were for acquiring the highest related enzymes and for acquiring the highest fiber strength respectively in each sampling time. And the equations of the optimal leaf nitrogen concentration to the time course of days post anthesis were NDexiamianl=7.2841DPA-0.2771(R2=0.9860,P<0.01), NKemianl=7.1807DPA-0.2989(R2=0.9879, P<0.01), NNUCOTN33B=7.1467DPA-0.2819(R2=0.9755, P<0.01) for Dexiamian1, Kemian1and NuCOTN33B。 So, it is believed that higher fiber strength, accompany with the related enzymes activity could be acquired by regulating the leaf nitrogen concentration to a better level in cotton cultivation.
2. Effects of leaf nitrogen concentration on related substances (Sucrose, β-1,3-glucance and cellulose) content and fiber strength formation
By studying the response of related substance content to leaf nitrogen concentration, to analyze the mechanism of nitrogen on fiber strength formation and clarify the optimal nitrogen status on fiber strength. The results indicated that the leaf nitrogen concentration was increased with the increasing of nitrogen rates; and the changes of leaf nitrogen concentration followed the equation:Yn=αt-β (YN is nitrogen concentration in the subtending leaf of cotton boll(%);t is days post anthesis (d); a and β are parameters); The substances'content and fiber strength all changed following the parabolic equation (Y=ax2+bx+c,Y is enzyme activity or fiber strength, x is leaf nitrogen concentration (%), a, b and c are parameters) with the increasing of leaf nitrogen concentration. The leaf nitrogen concentration also had a significant effect on related substances content and fiber strength, and there was little difference between the optimal leaf nitrogen concentrations that were for acquiring the highest related substances and for acquiring the highest fiber strength respectively in each sampling time. And the equations of the optimal leaf nitrogen concentration to the time course of days post anthesis were NdeXiamianl=7.6649DPA-02974(R2=0.9758), Nkemianl=7.2945DPA-0.3086(R2=0.9816) and NNUCOTN33B=7.3418DPA-0.2948(R2=0.9684) for Dexiamian1, Kemian1and NuCOTN33B. So, it is believed that higher fiber strength, accompany with the related substances content could be acquired by regulating the leaf nitrogen concentration to a better level in cotton cultivation.
3. The mechanism of leaf nitrogen concentration on related enzymes and related substances in fiber at different fruit branch position
By studying the response of related enzymes activity and related substance content to leaf nitrogen concentration in lower and upper fruit branch position, to analyze the mechanism of nitrogen on fiber strength formation and clarify the optimal nitrogen status on fiber strength. The results showed that the related enzymes'activity and fiber strength all changed following the parabolic equation (Y=ax2+bx+c, Y is enzyme activity or fiber strength, x is leaf nitrogen concentration (%), a, b and c are parameters) with the increasing of leaf nitrogen concentration, and leaf nitrogen concentration had no significant effect on fiber growth process, and there were similar trend among different fruit branch position. There was little difference between the optimal leaf nitrogen concentrations that were for acquiring the highest related enzymes and for acquiring the highest fiber strength respectively in each sampling time in same fruit branch position. However, there were significant difference of optimal leaf nitrogen concentration between lower and upper fruit branch position, and upper leaf nitrogen concentration was higher than lower. So, it is believed that higher fiber strength, accompany with the related enzymes activity could be acquired by regulating the leaf nitrogen concentration to a better level in cotton cultivation, and the necessity of nitrogen fertilizer, the time and amount of nitrogen fertilizer application should consider the needing rule of fertilization.
4. Effects of leaf nitrogen concentration on source-sink activity between the subtending leaf of boll and cotton fiber
This study was conducted to explore the effects of subtending leaf nitrogen concentration on leaf source activity (soluble sugar content, sucrose content and sucrose phosphate synthase activity) and fiber sink activity (sucrose content and sucrose synthase activity) during the development of cotton boll. The results showed that leaf nitrogen concentration have significant effects on leaf source strength and fiber sink strength during the development of cotton boll. At the same days post anthesis(DPA), leaf source activity and fiber sink activity all changed following parabolic equation (Y=ax2+bx+c, Y is leaf source activity or fiber sink activity, x is leaf nitrogen concentration, a, b and c are parameters) with the increasing of the subtending leaf nitrogen concentration. Before45DPA(38DPA for Dexiamian1), there was a tiny difference among optimal leaf nitrogen concentration of above mentioned index. So, we could change the leaf nitrogen concentration and further to improve leaf source strength and fiber sink strength to best status and was benefit in cotton boll. The equation of optimal leaf nitrogen concentration to days post anthesis for Dexiamian1, Kemian1and NuCOTN33B during the development of cotton boll were NDexiamianl=7.2383DPA-02759(R2=0.9829**), NKemianl=7.236DPA-0.3026(R2=0.9876**)、 NNUCOTN33B=7.1706DPA-0.284(R2=0.9788**). After45DPA, there was a bigger difference among index, and leaf source activity and fiber sucrose phosphate synthase need a higher leaf nitrogen concentration than fiber sucrose.
5. The relationship between nitrogen status and carbohydrates in the subtending leaf and effect of above relationship on fiber quality
This study was to explore the relationship between nitrogen status and carbohydrate, and carbohydrate content and fiber quality. The results indicated that leaf (the subtending leaf of boll) N concentration can be more accurately to reflect the N status of the subtending leaves of boll than SPAD reading or free amino acid. Sucrose and non-structural carbohydrate had a quadratic relation with leaf N concentration (P<0.01). The optimal leaf N concentration is around2.50%, and it follows a typical dilution curve. During24-38days post-anthesis (DPA), sucrose in fiber was positively related to sucrose or non-structural carbohydrate of the subtending leaves of boll (P<0.05), while was not correlated with starch or soluble sugar of the leaf (P>0.05). Fiber sucrose had a positive correlation with fiber strength before38days post-anthesis (DPA)(P<0.05), and it is more susceptible than fiber length, fineness and maturity to fiber sucrose. These suggested that (1)24-38DPA is a crucial period for fiber development which might be significant influenced by physiological and ecological factors,(2) sucrose or non-structural carbohydrate in the subtending leaf of boll could be taken as monitoring indices to evaluate sucrose level in the developing fiber, and then to estimate the final fiber quality.
引文
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