江苏省农户秸秆综合利用的实证研究
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摘要
我国的农业是大国农业,农业资源要素短缺是我国农业的基本特征之一,这决定了现阶段在由传统农业向现代农业转变的过程中,必须有效利用资源要素,一方面集约节约利用资源,另一方面积极推进农业节能减排。通过发展农业循环经济实现农业生产资料的减量化、再利用和资源化,降低农业资源消耗,提高资源利用效率。
农作物秸秆作为重要的生物质能源之一,犹如硬币,具有两面性：将其废弃焚烧,会造成严重的环境污染,威胁居民的生命财产安全；对其加以利用,则可实现农业生产系统中的物质高效转化和能量高效循环,是发展循环经济、低碳经济的重要途径。因此,秸秆是“用则利,弃则废”的生物质资源,秸秆的综合利用也因此成为国家可再生资源综合利用战略的重要延伸。
政府和各界学者对秸秆问题的关注由来已久。治理秸秆问题的初期,政府工作重点在于“以堵为主”的秸秆禁烧,1999年环保总局发布了《秸秆禁烧和综合利用管理办法》,旨在防止秸秆焚烧污染,保护生态环境,保障人体健康,维护公共安全。随后在全国各地禁烧工作的实际开展中,人们逐步意识到以堵为主的秸秆禁烧无法从根本上解决秸秆问题,秸秆问题不仅仅是环境污染问题,更是资源浪费的问题,秸秆禁烧工作应当由“以堵为主”转变为“疏堵结合”,为秸秆谋到出路才是根本的解决办法。由此,秸秆的综合利用被提升至农业节能减排、资源有效利用、发展循环经济的高度,国家相继出台了多项有关秸秆综合利用的政策。秸秆污染的治理和综合利用工作取得了一定进展,但仍存在一些问题：露天焚烧秸秆的现象仍然难以杜绝,秸秆商品化程度低,秸秆产业化水平低。
在秸秆综合利用的进程中,农户是重要的行为主体之一,秸秆资源化、商品化的顺利实现,以农户收集、利用秸秆为前提。然而现有的关于秸秆利用的研究,主要侧重于对全国或各地区秸秆资源量的测算；对秸秆各种利用技术的研究；对秸秆各种综合利用技术的经济、社会、生态效益评价；对秸秆资源综合利用现状、问题的描述及对策建议；另外虽有少量基于行为经济学理论的农户意愿及行为的研究文献,也主要是在政府禁烧秸秆的背景下,针对农户秸秆焚烧的意愿和行为的研究,而对农户综合利用秸秆的行为决策研究极少。事实上,政府禁止农户露天焚烧秸秆,并鼓励秸秆的综合利用,但各地废弃焚烧秸秆的现象普遍存在；实地调查也发现,江苏省农户对秸秆的利用非常有限,多停留在传统、初级的利用方式上,如作为直接生活燃料,这显然不利于秸秆产业化的长足发展。本文进行农户秸秆综合利用研究的总体目标,就是以发展循环经济为出发点,通过对农户意愿和行为决策的研究,为加快秸秆综合利用,实现秸秆资源化、商品化,以及农民增收的政策制定提供依据。全文共分为八个部分,研究的主要内容和结论陈述如下：
研究内容一：对江苏省苏南、苏中、苏北各地区农户不同秸秆利用方式理论上的成本收益进行对比分析。
基于理性经济人的假定,任何农户都以依据自身价值而产生的效用最大化为行为目标,预期成本收益是农户做出行为选择的依据。只有农户的预期收益大于成本时,农户才会具有从事该行为的意愿。本文在测算江苏省农作物秸秆资源量、描述江苏省秸秆资源综合利用现状及问题的基础上,对江苏省苏南、苏中、苏北地区农户不同秸秆利用方式的成本收益进行对比分析,探讨农户行为的原因及现实中农户利用秸秆的障碍。
研究结果表明,江苏省农户将秸秆作为生活燃料可获得最高的净收益,其次为秸秆沼气。苏北和苏中地区农户以自有农用拖拉机出售水稻秸秆能获得高于秸秆还田的净收益,出售小麦秸秆或中间人上门收购秸秆与秸秆还田的净收益相当；苏南地区农户由于劳动力成本较高,出售秸秆的净收益低于秸秆还田的净收益；雇佣拖拉机运输至15公里处的秸秆收购点出售秸秆,江苏省农户的收益将不足以弥补成本。此外,资金约束、技术约束、机械约束、市场约束是制约江苏省农户利用秸秆,导致秸秆废弃焚烧现象广泛存在的症结所在。
研究内容二：对江苏省农户秸秆还田的行为决策进行实证分析。
秸秆还田是农业循环经济发展的重要应用。本部分首先基于Matching方法考察江苏省农户实施秸秆还田对水稻、小麦产量的影响；然后分析江苏省农户秸秆还田支付意愿的影响因素,并基于模型测算农户秸秆还田的支付意愿值。
研究结果表明,农户实施秸秆还田提高了小麦单产水平,但增产幅度较小；对水稻单产没有显著影响。与农户支付意愿联系最密切的因素是农户的收入水平、农户对秸秆还田和秸秆焚烧的相关认知、当地秸秆产业发展水平、秸秆还田机具的配套情况,以及年龄、受教育程度、家庭耕地面积的个人家庭特征等；而政府作用未能有效发挥,对秸秆还田的宣传以及秸秆禁烧力度不够,因此政府的相关政策不是农户支付意愿的主要影响因素。最后根据COX比例风险模型测算出江苏省农户秸秆还田的支付意愿值约为16元/亩,在目前的市场条件下,为促进农户秸秆还田,政府约需给予农户9-14元/亩的财政补贴。
研究内容三：对江苏省农户秸秆出售的行为决策进行实证分析。
本部分首先根据实地调研掌握的微观数据,描述江苏省各地区农户对秸秆处置的认知、意愿及行为选择；然后对影响江苏省农户秸秆出售的因素进行实证分析；并基于农户秸秆出售意愿与行为选择差异的视角,探讨阻碍农户出售意愿转化为行为的现实因素。
研究结果表明,江苏省农户具有较高的秸秆出售意愿,约82%的农户表示希望出售秸秆,而实际仅有26.9%的农户出售了秸秆。户主年龄、家庭劳动力、家庭收入结构、出售秸秆的市场条件、政府关于秸秆禁烧和利用的政策,以及其他行为人的决策对农户秸秆出售决策具有显著影响。除了劳动力的可获得性差、种植业收入占总收入的比重低、出售秸秆的便利程度低、政府禁烧秸秆的力度不大等因素会导致农户出售秸秆的意愿无法转化为行为外,家庭耕地面积也是重要原因之一。家庭耕地面积越大,农户需耗费越多的劳动力成本收集打捆、运输秸秆,而农忙时要抢收抢种,最终农户会放弃出售秸秆。
China's agriculture has great power, and one of its basic characteristics is the shortage of agricultural resources, which has decided we should make full use of natural resources during the process of transformation from traditional agriculture to modern agriculture in the stage. On the one hand, we should make economical use of resources. On the other hand, we should promote agriculture energy saving actively. Though developing the recycling agricultural economy, realizing the agricultural production material's reduction, reuse and resource utilization, and reducing the consumption of agricultural resources, ultimately improving the efficiency of resource useage.
Crop straw is one of the main agricultural bioenergy, which is just as the coin. If incinerate or abandon the straw, it will cause serious environmental pollution and threat to residents'life and property safety.In the opposite, if take advantage of them, it can achieve efficient transformation of substances in agricultural production systems and energy cycling high efficiently, and become an important way to develop recycling economy and low carbon economy. Therefore, the straw is one of the biomass resources, which is beneficial while used and harmful while abandoned or incinerated, and the comprehensive utilization of straw is the important extension of the national strategy in utilization of renewable resource.
The government and scholars have concerned about the straw problem for a long time. In the initial, the government focused on the iniciration of straw. In1999,the Environmental Protection Administration pressed the management measures on the iniciration and comprehensive utilization of straw, which is aimed at preventing straw burning pollution, protecting the ecological environment, protection of residents'health and safeguarding public safety. Later on, during the actual carrying out of prohibiting iciniration in all parts of the country, people have gradually realized that the iciniration of straw couldn't sovle the problem, and the straw problem wasn't just the problem of environmental pollution, but also waste of resources, so prohibiting the icinaration should be combined with comprehensive utilization, and seeking for the way out for straw is the fundamental solution. As a result, the comprehensive utilization of straw was raised to the height of agricultural energy conservation, efficient use of resources, and developing recycling economy. There were many policies about the comprehensive utilization of straw in the country, and then straw pollution and utilization have made great progress. However, there are still some problems, such as the phenomenon of icinaration in the open is difficult to put into the end, the low degree of commercialization of straw, and the low level of straw industrialization.
Farmers is one of the important actors in the process of comprehensive ulitization of straw, and their collecting and using of straw is the precondition of the smooth realization of straw'scommercialization. However, the exsiting research on straw is mainly focused on the estimation of straw resources'amount in the national or regional, or comprehensive utilization techonology of straw, or the economical, social and ecological assements of straw utilization, or the discription of the comprehensive utilization status, problem and suggestions. In addition, although a few literatures research on farmers'willness and behavior based on the behavioral economics theory, they are mainly about farmers' incineration wiliness and behavior of straw in the context of prohibiting straw incineration, and few studies on farmers' utilization of straw.In fact, the government banned farmers burning straw in the open, and encouraged comprehensive utilization, but the incineration and abandonment is still normal. It is also founded that the utilization by rural householders is limited in Jiangsu Province, and the way is traditional and primary, such as direct fuel for life, which is obviously not conductive to the rapid development of straw industrialization. This paper studies the rural householders' behavioral decision on straw utilization, which takes developing cycling economy as the starting point, and the goal is to provide foundation for policy-making to speed up the straw comprehensive utilization, and realize the straw commercialization, as well as farmer's income improving. The full text is devided into eight parts, and the main contents and conclusions are stated as follows:
Part1:the comparative analysis of the theoretical costs and benefits of rural householders'different straw utilization in different regions in Jiangsu Province.
Based on the assumption of rational economic man, each rural househoulder behaves to maximize their own utility according to their own values, and the expected costs and benefits are the basis for farmers to make choices.Only when the expected benefits outweigh the costs, farmers will have the willingness to engage in the conduct. Based on estimating the straw recources in Jiangsu Province, describing the current situation of straw utilization and the exsiting problems, this part makes comparative analysis of costs and benefits rural householders'different straw utilization in southern Jiangsu, northern Jiangsu, and the middle part, which aims to explore causes and reality obstacles of rural householders'behavior.
The results show that rural householders can get the highest net income by taking straw as a fuel for life in Jiangsu Province, followed by straw biogas. In the northern and middle districts of Jiangsu Province, the net income of straw return is lower than sale of rice straw by farmers' own tractors, and almost equal to sale of wheat straw, while in the southern districts of Jiangsu Province, the net income of straw return is higher than sale of straw due to higher labor costs, which are compared to the former districts. It is terrible that costs of selling straw would be much higher than benefits if rural householders hire tractors to the straw purchase station at15kilometers. In addition, financial constraints, technical constraints, mechanical constraints, and market constraints restrict farmers utilizing straw in Jiangsu Province, which is also the crux of incineration and abandonment of straw still wide spread.
Part2:the empirical analysis of rural householders'behavioral decision on straw return in Jiangsu Province.
The straw return is an important application of the development of circular agricultural economy. The section first analizes the effect of straw return on crops production based on Matching methord, then analizes the influencing factors of rural householders' williningness to pay for straw return with COX model, and estimates farmers'willingness to pay for straw return in Jiangsu Province.
The results show that the implementation of straw return has improved wheat yields, but the extent is limited, and there have been no significant effect on rice yield. The factors most closely connected with rural householders'willingness to pay for straw return are the family income, farmers' attitudes to straw return and straw incineration, the development of local straw industry, the straw return equipment supporting, as well as age, educational level, family cultivated area, while the government policy isn't the important influence factor, because the role of government has failed to effectively play, the intensity of publicity on straw return and prohibiting straw incineration is not strong enough. Finally, according to the COX proportional hazards model, the paper estimates rural householders' willingness to pay for straw return, and the estimate is about16yuan/mu. In the current market condition, the government should take about9to14yuan/mu as financial subsidies for each rural householder to promote straw return. Part3:the empirical analysis of rural householders'behavioral decision on sale of straw in Jiangsu Province.
This section first describes the rural householders'attitudes, willingness and behavior of straw disposal, according to the micro data from the survey, and then make empirical analysis on the influencing factors of farmers'sale of straw in Jiangsu Province.In addition, the paper explores the practical reasons that hinder farmers' selling willingness into behavior, in the perspective of differences between farmers' selling willingness and behavior choice.
The results show that the rural householders are active in selling straw in Jiangsu Province, about82percent of farmers have the willingness to sell straw. However, only26.9percent of farmers sell straw in fact. The factors such as head of householder's age, family labor, the structure of family income, the marketing condition of straw selling, government policies, and others' decision-making have a significant influence on farmers' decision-making.In addition to the low availability of laobor, low farming income to total revenue, the worse convenience of selling straw, low intensity of government policy, which lead to the farmers'selling wiliingness failed to come into practical behavior, the cultivated area is also a key factor. The larger the cultivated area is, the more labor cost the farmers should pay for collecting and transporting straw, and farmers have to be busy rush in the crop harvest season, ultimately the farmers would choose to abandon the sale of straw.
农作物秸秆作为重要的生物质能源之一,犹如硬币,具有两面性：将其废弃焚烧,会造成严重的环境污染,威胁居民的生命财产安全；对其加以利用,则可实现农业生产系统中的物质高效转化和能量高效循环,是发展循环经济、低碳经济的重要途径。因此,秸秆是“用则利,弃则废”的生物质资源,秸秆的综合利用也因此成为国家可再生资源综合利用战略的重要延伸。
政府和各界学者对秸秆问题的关注由来已久。治理秸秆问题的初期,政府工作重点在于“以堵为主”的秸秆禁烧,1999年环保总局发布了《秸秆禁烧和综合利用管理办法》,旨在防止秸秆焚烧污染,保护生态环境,保障人体健康,维护公共安全。随后在全国各地禁烧工作的实际开展中,人们逐步意识到以堵为主的秸秆禁烧无法从根本上解决秸秆问题,秸秆问题不仅仅是环境污染问题,更是资源浪费的问题,秸秆禁烧工作应当由“以堵为主”转变为“疏堵结合”,为秸秆谋到出路才是根本的解决办法。由此,秸秆的综合利用被提升至农业节能减排、资源有效利用、发展循环经济的高度,国家相继出台了多项有关秸秆综合利用的政策。秸秆污染的治理和综合利用工作取得了一定进展,但仍存在一些问题：露天焚烧秸秆的现象仍然难以杜绝,秸秆商品化程度低,秸秆产业化水平低。
在秸秆综合利用的进程中,农户是重要的行为主体之一,秸秆资源化、商品化的顺利实现,以农户收集、利用秸秆为前提。然而现有的关于秸秆利用的研究,主要侧重于对全国或各地区秸秆资源量的测算；对秸秆各种利用技术的研究；对秸秆各种综合利用技术的经济、社会、生态效益评价；对秸秆资源综合利用现状、问题的描述及对策建议；另外虽有少量基于行为经济学理论的农户意愿及行为的研究文献,也主要是在政府禁烧秸秆的背景下,针对农户秸秆焚烧的意愿和行为的研究,而对农户综合利用秸秆的行为决策研究极少。事实上,政府禁止农户露天焚烧秸秆,并鼓励秸秆的综合利用,但各地废弃焚烧秸秆的现象普遍存在；实地调查也发现,江苏省农户对秸秆的利用非常有限,多停留在传统、初级的利用方式上,如作为直接生活燃料,这显然不利于秸秆产业化的长足发展。本文进行农户秸秆综合利用研究的总体目标,就是以发展循环经济为出发点,通过对农户意愿和行为决策的研究,为加快秸秆综合利用,实现秸秆资源化、商品化,以及农民增收的政策制定提供依据。全文共分为八个部分,研究的主要内容和结论陈述如下：
研究内容一：对江苏省苏南、苏中、苏北各地区农户不同秸秆利用方式理论上的成本收益进行对比分析。
基于理性经济人的假定,任何农户都以依据自身价值而产生的效用最大化为行为目标,预期成本收益是农户做出行为选择的依据。只有农户的预期收益大于成本时,农户才会具有从事该行为的意愿。本文在测算江苏省农作物秸秆资源量、描述江苏省秸秆资源综合利用现状及问题的基础上,对江苏省苏南、苏中、苏北地区农户不同秸秆利用方式的成本收益进行对比分析,探讨农户行为的原因及现实中农户利用秸秆的障碍。
研究结果表明,江苏省农户将秸秆作为生活燃料可获得最高的净收益,其次为秸秆沼气。苏北和苏中地区农户以自有农用拖拉机出售水稻秸秆能获得高于秸秆还田的净收益,出售小麦秸秆或中间人上门收购秸秆与秸秆还田的净收益相当；苏南地区农户由于劳动力成本较高,出售秸秆的净收益低于秸秆还田的净收益；雇佣拖拉机运输至15公里处的秸秆收购点出售秸秆,江苏省农户的收益将不足以弥补成本。此外,资金约束、技术约束、机械约束、市场约束是制约江苏省农户利用秸秆,导致秸秆废弃焚烧现象广泛存在的症结所在。
研究内容二：对江苏省农户秸秆还田的行为决策进行实证分析。
秸秆还田是农业循环经济发展的重要应用。本部分首先基于Matching方法考察江苏省农户实施秸秆还田对水稻、小麦产量的影响；然后分析江苏省农户秸秆还田支付意愿的影响因素,并基于模型测算农户秸秆还田的支付意愿值。
研究结果表明,农户实施秸秆还田提高了小麦单产水平,但增产幅度较小；对水稻单产没有显著影响。与农户支付意愿联系最密切的因素是农户的收入水平、农户对秸秆还田和秸秆焚烧的相关认知、当地秸秆产业发展水平、秸秆还田机具的配套情况,以及年龄、受教育程度、家庭耕地面积的个人家庭特征等；而政府作用未能有效发挥,对秸秆还田的宣传以及秸秆禁烧力度不够,因此政府的相关政策不是农户支付意愿的主要影响因素。最后根据COX比例风险模型测算出江苏省农户秸秆还田的支付意愿值约为16元/亩,在目前的市场条件下,为促进农户秸秆还田,政府约需给予农户9-14元/亩的财政补贴。
研究内容三：对江苏省农户秸秆出售的行为决策进行实证分析。
本部分首先根据实地调研掌握的微观数据,描述江苏省各地区农户对秸秆处置的认知、意愿及行为选择；然后对影响江苏省农户秸秆出售的因素进行实证分析；并基于农户秸秆出售意愿与行为选择差异的视角,探讨阻碍农户出售意愿转化为行为的现实因素。
研究结果表明,江苏省农户具有较高的秸秆出售意愿,约82%的农户表示希望出售秸秆,而实际仅有26.9%的农户出售了秸秆。户主年龄、家庭劳动力、家庭收入结构、出售秸秆的市场条件、政府关于秸秆禁烧和利用的政策,以及其他行为人的决策对农户秸秆出售决策具有显著影响。除了劳动力的可获得性差、种植业收入占总收入的比重低、出售秸秆的便利程度低、政府禁烧秸秆的力度不大等因素会导致农户出售秸秆的意愿无法转化为行为外,家庭耕地面积也是重要原因之一。家庭耕地面积越大,农户需耗费越多的劳动力成本收集打捆、运输秸秆,而农忙时要抢收抢种,最终农户会放弃出售秸秆。
China's agriculture has great power, and one of its basic characteristics is the shortage of agricultural resources, which has decided we should make full use of natural resources during the process of transformation from traditional agriculture to modern agriculture in the stage. On the one hand, we should make economical use of resources. On the other hand, we should promote agriculture energy saving actively. Though developing the recycling agricultural economy, realizing the agricultural production material's reduction, reuse and resource utilization, and reducing the consumption of agricultural resources, ultimately improving the efficiency of resource useage.
Crop straw is one of the main agricultural bioenergy, which is just as the coin. If incinerate or abandon the straw, it will cause serious environmental pollution and threat to residents'life and property safety.In the opposite, if take advantage of them, it can achieve efficient transformation of substances in agricultural production systems and energy cycling high efficiently, and become an important way to develop recycling economy and low carbon economy. Therefore, the straw is one of the biomass resources, which is beneficial while used and harmful while abandoned or incinerated, and the comprehensive utilization of straw is the important extension of the national strategy in utilization of renewable resource.
The government and scholars have concerned about the straw problem for a long time. In the initial, the government focused on the iniciration of straw. In1999,the Environmental Protection Administration pressed the management measures on the iniciration and comprehensive utilization of straw, which is aimed at preventing straw burning pollution, protecting the ecological environment, protection of residents'health and safeguarding public safety. Later on, during the actual carrying out of prohibiting iciniration in all parts of the country, people have gradually realized that the iciniration of straw couldn't sovle the problem, and the straw problem wasn't just the problem of environmental pollution, but also waste of resources, so prohibiting the icinaration should be combined with comprehensive utilization, and seeking for the way out for straw is the fundamental solution. As a result, the comprehensive utilization of straw was raised to the height of agricultural energy conservation, efficient use of resources, and developing recycling economy. There were many policies about the comprehensive utilization of straw in the country, and then straw pollution and utilization have made great progress. However, there are still some problems, such as the phenomenon of icinaration in the open is difficult to put into the end, the low degree of commercialization of straw, and the low level of straw industrialization.
Farmers is one of the important actors in the process of comprehensive ulitization of straw, and their collecting and using of straw is the precondition of the smooth realization of straw'scommercialization. However, the exsiting research on straw is mainly focused on the estimation of straw resources'amount in the national or regional, or comprehensive utilization techonology of straw, or the economical, social and ecological assements of straw utilization, or the discription of the comprehensive utilization status, problem and suggestions. In addition, although a few literatures research on farmers'willness and behavior based on the behavioral economics theory, they are mainly about farmers' incineration wiliness and behavior of straw in the context of prohibiting straw incineration, and few studies on farmers' utilization of straw.In fact, the government banned farmers burning straw in the open, and encouraged comprehensive utilization, but the incineration and abandonment is still normal. It is also founded that the utilization by rural householders is limited in Jiangsu Province, and the way is traditional and primary, such as direct fuel for life, which is obviously not conductive to the rapid development of straw industrialization. This paper studies the rural householders' behavioral decision on straw utilization, which takes developing cycling economy as the starting point, and the goal is to provide foundation for policy-making to speed up the straw comprehensive utilization, and realize the straw commercialization, as well as farmer's income improving. The full text is devided into eight parts, and the main contents and conclusions are stated as follows:
Part1:the comparative analysis of the theoretical costs and benefits of rural householders'different straw utilization in different regions in Jiangsu Province.
Based on the assumption of rational economic man, each rural househoulder behaves to maximize their own utility according to their own values, and the expected costs and benefits are the basis for farmers to make choices.Only when the expected benefits outweigh the costs, farmers will have the willingness to engage in the conduct. Based on estimating the straw recources in Jiangsu Province, describing the current situation of straw utilization and the exsiting problems, this part makes comparative analysis of costs and benefits rural householders'different straw utilization in southern Jiangsu, northern Jiangsu, and the middle part, which aims to explore causes and reality obstacles of rural householders'behavior.
The results show that rural householders can get the highest net income by taking straw as a fuel for life in Jiangsu Province, followed by straw biogas. In the northern and middle districts of Jiangsu Province, the net income of straw return is lower than sale of rice straw by farmers' own tractors, and almost equal to sale of wheat straw, while in the southern districts of Jiangsu Province, the net income of straw return is higher than sale of straw due to higher labor costs, which are compared to the former districts. It is terrible that costs of selling straw would be much higher than benefits if rural householders hire tractors to the straw purchase station at15kilometers. In addition, financial constraints, technical constraints, mechanical constraints, and market constraints restrict farmers utilizing straw in Jiangsu Province, which is also the crux of incineration and abandonment of straw still wide spread.
Part2:the empirical analysis of rural householders'behavioral decision on straw return in Jiangsu Province.
The straw return is an important application of the development of circular agricultural economy. The section first analizes the effect of straw return on crops production based on Matching methord, then analizes the influencing factors of rural householders' williningness to pay for straw return with COX model, and estimates farmers'willingness to pay for straw return in Jiangsu Province.
The results show that the implementation of straw return has improved wheat yields, but the extent is limited, and there have been no significant effect on rice yield. The factors most closely connected with rural householders'willingness to pay for straw return are the family income, farmers' attitudes to straw return and straw incineration, the development of local straw industry, the straw return equipment supporting, as well as age, educational level, family cultivated area, while the government policy isn't the important influence factor, because the role of government has failed to effectively play, the intensity of publicity on straw return and prohibiting straw incineration is not strong enough. Finally, according to the COX proportional hazards model, the paper estimates rural householders' willingness to pay for straw return, and the estimate is about16yuan/mu. In the current market condition, the government should take about9to14yuan/mu as financial subsidies for each rural householder to promote straw return. Part3:the empirical analysis of rural householders'behavioral decision on sale of straw in Jiangsu Province.
This section first describes the rural householders'attitudes, willingness and behavior of straw disposal, according to the micro data from the survey, and then make empirical analysis on the influencing factors of farmers'sale of straw in Jiangsu Province.In addition, the paper explores the practical reasons that hinder farmers' selling willingness into behavior, in the perspective of differences between farmers' selling willingness and behavior choice.
The results show that the rural householders are active in selling straw in Jiangsu Province, about82percent of farmers have the willingness to sell straw. However, only26.9percent of farmers sell straw in fact. The factors such as head of householder's age, family labor, the structure of family income, the marketing condition of straw selling, government policies, and others' decision-making have a significant influence on farmers' decision-making.In addition to the low availability of laobor, low farming income to total revenue, the worse convenience of selling straw, low intensity of government policy, which lead to the farmers'selling wiliingness failed to come into practical behavior, the cultivated area is also a key factor. The larger the cultivated area is, the more labor cost the farmers should pay for collecting and transporting straw, and farmers have to be busy rush in the crop harvest season, ultimately the farmers would choose to abandon the sale of straw.
引文
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