低矮房屋与高层建筑的风场和风荷载特性实测研究
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摘要
我国是受台风影响非常频繁的国家之一，据统计平均每年有6.6个热带气旋登录我国。在我国东南沿海地区，台风造成的人员伤亡和巨大的财产损失主要是由大量低矮房屋的损毁所导致，而低矮房屋风场和风荷载特性的研究不足是导致低矮房屋风损、风毁的重要原因。随着我国经济建设的快速发展，大量体型复杂、结构新颖的高层建筑不断涌现。轻质高强材料的应用使得现代高层建筑呈现出高柔和低阻尼特性，从而增加了高层建筑的风敏感性，强/台风引起的风荷载往往是此类建筑结构设计的主要控制荷载。然而，国内对高层建筑的台风风场尤其是风荷载的现场实测研究还非常少。因此，有必要加强开展低矮房屋和高层建筑的风场和风荷载现场实测研究，为提高我国沿海地区低矮房屋和高层建筑的抗风设计奠定坚实的科学基础。
本文主要以4项国家自然科学基金项目为依托，开展了既有低矮房屋和高层建筑的风场和风荷载实测研究工作。本文首先介绍了低矮房屋和高层建筑风场和风荷载研究的国内外研究现状与进展，并简要阐述了大气边界层的相关风特性理论和统计分析方法。
接着，基于作者近年在温州和厦门沿海地区开展的风场观测工作，以多次近地面和高层建筑台风风场实测数据为基础，分析了沿海地区近山地形、海岛山坡地形和海岸等场地上的近地面和高层建筑台风风场或风剖面的平均风速及风向角、湍流度、阵风因子、湍流积分尺度、脉动风速谱和湍流的相干性等风场特性。重点分析了台风登录全过程的近地面风场特性及其变化规律，分析了海岛山坡地形上既有低矮房屋近地面10m内的风剖面特性，深入探讨了近地面台风的湍流特性与平均时距的关系，进行了受高层建筑干扰前后的高层建筑台风风场特性的对比研究，开展了近地面台风风场与高层建筑台风风场不同时距的湍流特性对比分析。基于气象统计资料，对近年来影响西太平洋区域和登录我国的热带气旋的相关发生规律，以及温州各地的年最大风速特征进行了统计分析。
在国内首次开展了针对海岛山坡地形上既有低矮房屋的风荷载实测研究工作，获得了台风作用下既有低矮房屋的风荷载特性（瞬时风压、平均风压、平均风压系数和脉动风压系数）及其变化规律。结果表明，因受到周边环境和地形的影响，既有低矮房屋周围风场一般较为紊乱，其墙面和屋面的风压分布较为复杂，实测风荷载与理论计算结果之间存在着较大的差异。
基于高层建筑的风荷载实测研究工作，并结合风洞试验，获得了台风作用下高层建筑的风荷载特性（瞬时风压、平均风压、平均风压系数、阵风风压系数和脉动风压系数）及其变化规律。结果表明风洞试验和现场实测揭示出的高层建筑表面平均风压系数的特性及其随风向角的变化规律基本一致，迎风面平均风压系数的现场实测值明显大于风洞试验结果，而背风面和侧风面平均风压系数的现场实测值与风洞试验结果相差较小。
本文对沿海台风环境下低矮房屋和高层建筑风场和风荷载的现场实测研究成果，可为我国工程结构的抗风研究和设计提供有价值的参考。
China is strongly influenced by typhoon in the world, and there is annual6.6tropical cyclones landfalling in China according to the statistics. In southeast Chinacoast, the casualties and huge property damage caused by typhoon is mainly inducedby a large number of destroyed low-rise buildings. Inadequate research of wind fieldsand wind load characteristics of low-rise building is considered the important reasonsfor the destroyed low-rise buildings. With the rapid development of China economy, agreat number of complex shape and novel style high-rise buildings are constantlyemerging. Modern high-rise buildings has manifested more flexible and lightlydamped characteristics due to adopting high strength and lighter-weight materialswith respect to those in the past. As a consequence, the sensitivity of these high-risebuildings to dynamic excitations, such as strong wind, has increasingly increased.And the wind loads caused by strong wind or typhoon have become the main controlload of structure design for these high-rise buildings. However, there are seriousscarcities of typhoon field full-scale measurement, especially wind pressure full-scalemeasurement for high-rise buildings. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen thedevelopment of low-and high-rise building wind field and wind loads full-scalemeasurements, which will lay a solid foundation for the wind-resistant design of low-and high-rise buildings in southeast China coast.
Supported by four projects of National Natural Science Foundation of China, thedissertation carried out the wind field and wind loads full-scale measurements for theexisting low-and high-rise buildings. Firstly, the dissertation described the researchpresent situation and progress of wind field and wind loads of low-and high-risebuilding home and abroad. The atmospheric boundary layer wind characteristicstheory and corresponding statistical analysis method is also briefly presented.
Then, based on the authors field observation in Wenzhou and Xiamen coastalareas in recent years, and combined with a large amount of surface boundary layer andhigh attitude measured typhoon field data, this dissertation demonstrated the meanwind speed and wind direction, turbulence intensity, gust factor, turbulence integrallength scale, spectra of wind speed fluctuations and spatial coherence characteristicsof measured surface boundary layer and high attitude typhoon field data at the terrainnear mountain, island slope terrain and coast areas. Especially, the dissertation analyzed the surface boundary layer wind characteristics and its variation rules duringthe whole passages of typhoon, the surface boundary layer wind profile characteristicsin10m for an existing low-rise building at island slope terrain, and the turbulencecharacteristics and its relationship with different time intervals of surface boundarylayer typhoon field. Furthermore, a comparative study of high attitude typhoon fieldcharacteristics before and after the typhoon field being disturbed by high-rise buildingitself, and a comparative study of turbulence characteristics at different time intervalsof surface boundary layer and high altitude typhoon field are conducted. Based on alarge number of meteorological records, the dissertation also investigated theoccurrence rules of tropical cyclones appearing in West Pacific Ocean and itslandfalling in China, and the characteristics of annual maximum wind speed indifferent areas of Wenzhou district.
In this dissertation, the full-scale measurements of wind loads on the existinglow-rise building at island slope terrain is carried out for the first time in China, andthe wind loads characteristics (instantaneous wind pressure, mean wind pressure,mean wind pressure coefficient and fluctuating pressure coefficients) and variationrules of existing low-rise building during the passage of typhoon is obtained. Theresults indicated that, due to the effect of surrounding environment and topography,the wind field around the existing low-rise building is greatly disturbed, the windpressure distribution on the walls and roofs are very complicated, and there is arelative large difference between the measured wind loads and the results oftheoretical calculation.
Based on the full-scale measurements and wind tunnel test of wind loads onhigh-rise building, the wind loads characteristics (instantaneous wind pressure, meanwind pressure, mean wind pressure coefficient, gust wind pressure coefficient andfluctuating pressure coefficients) and variation rules of high-rise building during thepassage of typhoon is obtained. The results clearly demonstrate that the mean windpressure characteristics and its variation rules with wind direction on high-risebuilding revealed by full-scale measurements are roughly agree with the wind tunneltest, the mean wind pressure coefficient results of field measurement is obvious largerthan that of wind tunnel test in the windward side, but there is a relative smalldifference between the mean wind pressure coefficient of field measurement and thatof wind tunnel test in other sides.
The outputs of this dissertation in wind field and wind loads of low-andhigh-rise building are expected to be useful for further understanding in structural wind engineering, it is also expected that the results presented in this study should bevaluable for wind-resistant design of low-and high-rise buildings.
本文主要以4项国家自然科学基金项目为依托，开展了既有低矮房屋和高层建筑的风场和风荷载实测研究工作。本文首先介绍了低矮房屋和高层建筑风场和风荷载研究的国内外研究现状与进展，并简要阐述了大气边界层的相关风特性理论和统计分析方法。
接着，基于作者近年在温州和厦门沿海地区开展的风场观测工作，以多次近地面和高层建筑台风风场实测数据为基础，分析了沿海地区近山地形、海岛山坡地形和海岸等场地上的近地面和高层建筑台风风场或风剖面的平均风速及风向角、湍流度、阵风因子、湍流积分尺度、脉动风速谱和湍流的相干性等风场特性。重点分析了台风登录全过程的近地面风场特性及其变化规律，分析了海岛山坡地形上既有低矮房屋近地面10m内的风剖面特性，深入探讨了近地面台风的湍流特性与平均时距的关系，进行了受高层建筑干扰前后的高层建筑台风风场特性的对比研究，开展了近地面台风风场与高层建筑台风风场不同时距的湍流特性对比分析。基于气象统计资料，对近年来影响西太平洋区域和登录我国的热带气旋的相关发生规律，以及温州各地的年最大风速特征进行了统计分析。
在国内首次开展了针对海岛山坡地形上既有低矮房屋的风荷载实测研究工作，获得了台风作用下既有低矮房屋的风荷载特性（瞬时风压、平均风压、平均风压系数和脉动风压系数）及其变化规律。结果表明，因受到周边环境和地形的影响，既有低矮房屋周围风场一般较为紊乱，其墙面和屋面的风压分布较为复杂，实测风荷载与理论计算结果之间存在着较大的差异。
基于高层建筑的风荷载实测研究工作，并结合风洞试验，获得了台风作用下高层建筑的风荷载特性（瞬时风压、平均风压、平均风压系数、阵风风压系数和脉动风压系数）及其变化规律。结果表明风洞试验和现场实测揭示出的高层建筑表面平均风压系数的特性及其随风向角的变化规律基本一致，迎风面平均风压系数的现场实测值明显大于风洞试验结果，而背风面和侧风面平均风压系数的现场实测值与风洞试验结果相差较小。
本文对沿海台风环境下低矮房屋和高层建筑风场和风荷载的现场实测研究成果，可为我国工程结构的抗风研究和设计提供有价值的参考。
China is strongly influenced by typhoon in the world, and there is annual6.6tropical cyclones landfalling in China according to the statistics. In southeast Chinacoast, the casualties and huge property damage caused by typhoon is mainly inducedby a large number of destroyed low-rise buildings. Inadequate research of wind fieldsand wind load characteristics of low-rise building is considered the important reasonsfor the destroyed low-rise buildings. With the rapid development of China economy, agreat number of complex shape and novel style high-rise buildings are constantlyemerging. Modern high-rise buildings has manifested more flexible and lightlydamped characteristics due to adopting high strength and lighter-weight materialswith respect to those in the past. As a consequence, the sensitivity of these high-risebuildings to dynamic excitations, such as strong wind, has increasingly increased.And the wind loads caused by strong wind or typhoon have become the main controlload of structure design for these high-rise buildings. However, there are seriousscarcities of typhoon field full-scale measurement, especially wind pressure full-scalemeasurement for high-rise buildings. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen thedevelopment of low-and high-rise building wind field and wind loads full-scalemeasurements, which will lay a solid foundation for the wind-resistant design of low-and high-rise buildings in southeast China coast.
Supported by four projects of National Natural Science Foundation of China, thedissertation carried out the wind field and wind loads full-scale measurements for theexisting low-and high-rise buildings. Firstly, the dissertation described the researchpresent situation and progress of wind field and wind loads of low-and high-risebuilding home and abroad. The atmospheric boundary layer wind characteristicstheory and corresponding statistical analysis method is also briefly presented.
Then, based on the authors field observation in Wenzhou and Xiamen coastalareas in recent years, and combined with a large amount of surface boundary layer andhigh attitude measured typhoon field data, this dissertation demonstrated the meanwind speed and wind direction, turbulence intensity, gust factor, turbulence integrallength scale, spectra of wind speed fluctuations and spatial coherence characteristicsof measured surface boundary layer and high attitude typhoon field data at the terrainnear mountain, island slope terrain and coast areas. Especially, the dissertation analyzed the surface boundary layer wind characteristics and its variation rules duringthe whole passages of typhoon, the surface boundary layer wind profile characteristicsin10m for an existing low-rise building at island slope terrain, and the turbulencecharacteristics and its relationship with different time intervals of surface boundarylayer typhoon field. Furthermore, a comparative study of high attitude typhoon fieldcharacteristics before and after the typhoon field being disturbed by high-rise buildingitself, and a comparative study of turbulence characteristics at different time intervalsof surface boundary layer and high altitude typhoon field are conducted. Based on alarge number of meteorological records, the dissertation also investigated theoccurrence rules of tropical cyclones appearing in West Pacific Ocean and itslandfalling in China, and the characteristics of annual maximum wind speed indifferent areas of Wenzhou district.
In this dissertation, the full-scale measurements of wind loads on the existinglow-rise building at island slope terrain is carried out for the first time in China, andthe wind loads characteristics (instantaneous wind pressure, mean wind pressure,mean wind pressure coefficient and fluctuating pressure coefficients) and variationrules of existing low-rise building during the passage of typhoon is obtained. Theresults indicated that, due to the effect of surrounding environment and topography,the wind field around the existing low-rise building is greatly disturbed, the windpressure distribution on the walls and roofs are very complicated, and there is arelative large difference between the measured wind loads and the results oftheoretical calculation.
Based on the full-scale measurements and wind tunnel test of wind loads onhigh-rise building, the wind loads characteristics (instantaneous wind pressure, meanwind pressure, mean wind pressure coefficient, gust wind pressure coefficient andfluctuating pressure coefficients) and variation rules of high-rise building during thepassage of typhoon is obtained. The results clearly demonstrate that the mean windpressure characteristics and its variation rules with wind direction on high-risebuilding revealed by full-scale measurements are roughly agree with the wind tunneltest, the mean wind pressure coefficient results of field measurement is obvious largerthan that of wind tunnel test in the windward side, but there is a relative smalldifference between the mean wind pressure coefficient of field measurement and thatof wind tunnel test in other sides.
The outputs of this dissertation in wind field and wind loads of low-andhigh-rise building are expected to be useful for further understanding in structural wind engineering, it is also expected that the results presented in this study should bevaluable for wind-resistant design of low-and high-rise buildings.
引文
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