EPS混凝土试验、本构模型及节能评价研究
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摘要
发泡聚苯乙烯(Expanded Polystyrene，简称EPS)混凝土是一种新型节能建筑材料。由于利用废弃的塑料泡沫作为主要骨料代替混凝土中的部分沙石，所以具有轻质、保温、节能、利废、环保的特性，EPS混凝土的材料研发与工程应用在建筑领域和环境科学领域中固体废弃物回收利用方面逐渐成为研究热点。本文在国内外EPS混凝土前期工作的基础上，针对东北地区建筑高能耗问题，从宏观、粗观、细观、微观四个层次对EPS混凝土的材料组成、结构及性能进行了深入的研究，制备一种适用于东北地区的EPS混凝土材料，进行EPS混凝土的配比及各项性能试验，并建立了该EPS混凝土的损伤本构模型，为EPS混凝土在东北地区的工程应用奠定了理论基础。针对东北地区的气候环境，构建了适用于东北严寒地区的建筑节能评价指标体系，对东北地区的建筑节能做出更加科学的评价提供了有利工具，有利于促进建筑节能技术和新型建筑节能材料在东北地区的推广应用。本文的研究对实现国家节能降耗和可持续发展具有重要意义。
首先，对不同配比的EPS混凝土进行了力学性能试验。通过试验数据回归分析得出EPS混凝土抗压强度与EPS混凝土密度之间的函数关系。对EPS混凝土的各组成成分对其力学性能的影响分别进行了研究。分析了不同EPS颗粒粒径大小(2~3mm、3~6mm)，不同体积含量(56%、64%、67%)对EPS混凝土性能的影响。研究了不同硅灰掺量(1%、10%、18%)对EPS混凝土抗压强度的影响。加入不同比例的聚丙烯纤维的EPS混凝土的试验结果表明，聚丙烯纤维最优掺入量为1.3~2.0kg/m3。基于不同水灰比对抗压强度影响的分析结果，建立了可用于配合比设计的EPS混凝土强度模型。对不同强度的EPS混凝土单轴受压应力-应变关系特征进行了分析，对于强度较低的EPS混凝土的整个压缩曲线表现出明显的三个不同的阶段：弹性阶段、坍塌平台阶段、应变软化阶段；对于强度大于3MPa的EPS混凝土，其应力-应变曲线可以概括为弹性、强化、软化三个阶段。通过扫描电镜试验对EPS混凝土的微观形貌进行表征，揭示了EPS混凝土受力破坏机理以及聚丙烯纤维的增强作用机理。通过快速冻融试验与湿迁移试验对EPS混凝土的耐久性能进行了研究。通过X射线衍射化学成分分析试验确定了EPS混凝土的主要化学成分。
其次，在连续介质损伤力学和经典塑性力学的理论框架下，基于混凝土损伤本构模型的研究基础，给出了EPS混凝土弹塑性损伤本构模型。通过确定合适的损伤变量，基于弹性Helmholtz自由能建立损伤本构方程，在有效应力空间定义屈服面来考虑塑性变形，进行了弹塑性损伤本构模型的基本公式的推导，用试验结果确定模型参数，给出了单轴受压\受拉情况下EPS混凝土材料的损伤演化方程、塑性变形的计算公式和损伤本构方程，通过与EPS混凝土单调加载作用下的试验结果进行对比，对EPS混凝土弹塑性损伤模型的有效性进行了验证，EPS混凝土材料的损伤演化行为可以被该模型较好地描述。
再次，把EPS混凝土看作由EPS圆形骨料和砂浆基体组成的两相复合材料进行细观数值模拟研究，建立两种不同的EPS骨料分布模型，分析EPS骨料的变形和相对位置对EPS混凝土应力分布的影响。通过数值模拟与理论公式的推导揭示了EPS混凝土单轴受压破坏的机理。根据不同时间步的应力分布图，分析了EPS混凝土在强化阶段、软化阶段的裂缝形式。
最后，运用模糊综合评定的系统工程方法，考虑新型节能材料在现代建筑中的使用和对建筑节能的影响，依据东北地区气候特征，进行建筑节能指标分析，建立东北严寒地区建筑节能评价指标体系，通过对现有建筑进行试评价说明该评价方法的可操作性。
EPS (Expanded Polystyrene) concrete is a new type of energy-savingbuilding materials. Due to the use of waste plastic foam as main parts of theconcrete aggregate to replace sand, EPS concrete has the characteristic of lightweight, thermal insulation, energy saving, waste recycling and environmentalprotection. Materials research and engineering application of EPS concrete havegradually become a research hotspot in the construction and environmentalscience about solid waste recycling. In this paper, based on domestic andinternational previous research work，aiming at the problems of high energyconsumption in northeast China, a kind of EPS concrete suitable for thenortheast area was presented through the profound study of material composition,structure and properties of EPS concrete on the grand, macro, sub-micro andmicro four levels. The mix proportion design and the properties of EPS concretewere researched experimentally, and the damage constitutive model of EPSconcrete was established as theoretical basis of the engineering application ofEPS concrete in the northeast. According to the climate environment of northeast,energy-saving evaluation index system for severe cold area of Northeast wasproposed as tool of building energy-saving assessment. This assessment indexsystem was favorable to promote the popularization and application of buildingenergy-saving technology and new type energy-saving building materials in thenortheast. The research of this paper has important significance for realization ofnational energy-saving and sustainable development.
First of all, mechanical performance tests of EPS concrete with differentproportion had been carried out. Through regressive analysis of the test data，thefunction relationship between the compressive strength and the density of EPSconcrete was established. The influence of the components of EPS concrete onthe mechanical performance was studied respectively.The effect of EPS particleswith different size (2~3mm,3~6mm), different volume contents(56%,64%,67%)on the mechanical property of EPS concrete was analyzed; The influence ofdifferent content of silica fume (1%,10%,18%) on EPS concrete compressivestrength was investigated; The different dosage of polypropylene fiber added inEPS concrete was experimented, results showed that the optimal mixing contentof polypropylene fiber is1.3~2.0kg/m3. Based on analysis results of the effect ofdifferent water-cement ratio on compressive strength, the strength model of EPSconcrete applied to mix design was established. The stress-strain relationshipcharacteristics of EPS concrete with different uniaxial compressive strength wasanalyzed, the compression curve of EPS concrete with the lower strengthexhibited obviously three different phases: linear-elasticity, platform as result ofplastic buckling and collapse of cells, strain softening; The stress-strain curve ofEPS concrete with strength more than3MPa was summarized as elasticity, strengthening and softening stages. Microstructure characterization of EPSconcrete by scanning electron microscopy test revealed that the damagemechanism of EPS concrete and polypropylene fiber enhancement mechanism.The fast freeze-thaw and the moisture migration experiments were carried out fordurability of EPS concrete. The chemical composition of EPS concrete wasdetermined by X-ray diffraction method.
Secondly, under the theory framework of the continuum damage mechanicsand the classic plastic mechanics，based on damage constitutive model ofconcrete, elastic-plastic damage constitutive model of EPS concrete was proposed.By determining the appropriate damage variable, establishing damageconstitutive equation based on the elastic Helmholtz free energy, defining yieldsurface in the effective stress space for considering plastic deformation, the basicformula of the elastic-plastic damage constitutive model was derived. Parametersof the model were determined according to the experimental data. The damageevolution equations, plastic deformation and the damage constitutive equations ofEPS concrete under uniaxial compressive and tensile was presented. The EPSconcrete elastic-plastic damage model is proved to be effective for describing theprocess of the damage evolution of EPS concrete by the test results.
Thirdly, EPS concrete be considering as a two-phase composite material wasstudied on numerical simulation of Meso-level Structure. Two types model ofdifferent EPS aggregate distribution were established to analyze the effect of thedeformation and the relative position of the EPS aggregate on stress distributionof EPS concrete. The failure mechanism of EPS concrete under uniaxialcompression was revealed through analysis of numerical simulation andderivation of theoretical formula. According to the stress distribution of differenttime steps, crack mode of the EPS concrete in strengthening and softening stagewas analyzed.
Finally, according to climate characteristics in northeast China,energy-saving evaluation index system for severe cold area of Northeast wasestablished by the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method of system engineering,considering the impact of new energy-saving materials on modern buildingenergy efficiency, and maneuverability of it was verified through evaluation ofexisting building.
首先，对不同配比的EPS混凝土进行了力学性能试验。通过试验数据回归分析得出EPS混凝土抗压强度与EPS混凝土密度之间的函数关系。对EPS混凝土的各组成成分对其力学性能的影响分别进行了研究。分析了不同EPS颗粒粒径大小(2~3mm、3~6mm)，不同体积含量(56%、64%、67%)对EPS混凝土性能的影响。研究了不同硅灰掺量(1%、10%、18%)对EPS混凝土抗压强度的影响。加入不同比例的聚丙烯纤维的EPS混凝土的试验结果表明，聚丙烯纤维最优掺入量为1.3~2.0kg/m3。基于不同水灰比对抗压强度影响的分析结果，建立了可用于配合比设计的EPS混凝土强度模型。对不同强度的EPS混凝土单轴受压应力-应变关系特征进行了分析，对于强度较低的EPS混凝土的整个压缩曲线表现出明显的三个不同的阶段：弹性阶段、坍塌平台阶段、应变软化阶段；对于强度大于3MPa的EPS混凝土，其应力-应变曲线可以概括为弹性、强化、软化三个阶段。通过扫描电镜试验对EPS混凝土的微观形貌进行表征，揭示了EPS混凝土受力破坏机理以及聚丙烯纤维的增强作用机理。通过快速冻融试验与湿迁移试验对EPS混凝土的耐久性能进行了研究。通过X射线衍射化学成分分析试验确定了EPS混凝土的主要化学成分。
其次，在连续介质损伤力学和经典塑性力学的理论框架下，基于混凝土损伤本构模型的研究基础，给出了EPS混凝土弹塑性损伤本构模型。通过确定合适的损伤变量，基于弹性Helmholtz自由能建立损伤本构方程，在有效应力空间定义屈服面来考虑塑性变形，进行了弹塑性损伤本构模型的基本公式的推导，用试验结果确定模型参数，给出了单轴受压\受拉情况下EPS混凝土材料的损伤演化方程、塑性变形的计算公式和损伤本构方程，通过与EPS混凝土单调加载作用下的试验结果进行对比，对EPS混凝土弹塑性损伤模型的有效性进行了验证，EPS混凝土材料的损伤演化行为可以被该模型较好地描述。
再次，把EPS混凝土看作由EPS圆形骨料和砂浆基体组成的两相复合材料进行细观数值模拟研究，建立两种不同的EPS骨料分布模型，分析EPS骨料的变形和相对位置对EPS混凝土应力分布的影响。通过数值模拟与理论公式的推导揭示了EPS混凝土单轴受压破坏的机理。根据不同时间步的应力分布图，分析了EPS混凝土在强化阶段、软化阶段的裂缝形式。
最后，运用模糊综合评定的系统工程方法，考虑新型节能材料在现代建筑中的使用和对建筑节能的影响，依据东北地区气候特征，进行建筑节能指标分析，建立东北严寒地区建筑节能评价指标体系，通过对现有建筑进行试评价说明该评价方法的可操作性。
EPS (Expanded Polystyrene) concrete is a new type of energy-savingbuilding materials. Due to the use of waste plastic foam as main parts of theconcrete aggregate to replace sand, EPS concrete has the characteristic of lightweight, thermal insulation, energy saving, waste recycling and environmentalprotection. Materials research and engineering application of EPS concrete havegradually become a research hotspot in the construction and environmentalscience about solid waste recycling. In this paper, based on domestic andinternational previous research work，aiming at the problems of high energyconsumption in northeast China, a kind of EPS concrete suitable for thenortheast area was presented through the profound study of material composition,structure and properties of EPS concrete on the grand, macro, sub-micro andmicro four levels. The mix proportion design and the properties of EPS concretewere researched experimentally, and the damage constitutive model of EPSconcrete was established as theoretical basis of the engineering application ofEPS concrete in the northeast. According to the climate environment of northeast,energy-saving evaluation index system for severe cold area of Northeast wasproposed as tool of building energy-saving assessment. This assessment indexsystem was favorable to promote the popularization and application of buildingenergy-saving technology and new type energy-saving building materials in thenortheast. The research of this paper has important significance for realization ofnational energy-saving and sustainable development.
First of all, mechanical performance tests of EPS concrete with differentproportion had been carried out. Through regressive analysis of the test data，thefunction relationship between the compressive strength and the density of EPSconcrete was established. The influence of the components of EPS concrete onthe mechanical performance was studied respectively.The effect of EPS particleswith different size (2~3mm,3~6mm), different volume contents(56%,64%,67%)on the mechanical property of EPS concrete was analyzed; The influence ofdifferent content of silica fume (1%,10%,18%) on EPS concrete compressivestrength was investigated; The different dosage of polypropylene fiber added inEPS concrete was experimented, results showed that the optimal mixing contentof polypropylene fiber is1.3~2.0kg/m3. Based on analysis results of the effect ofdifferent water-cement ratio on compressive strength, the strength model of EPSconcrete applied to mix design was established. The stress-strain relationshipcharacteristics of EPS concrete with different uniaxial compressive strength wasanalyzed, the compression curve of EPS concrete with the lower strengthexhibited obviously three different phases: linear-elasticity, platform as result ofplastic buckling and collapse of cells, strain softening; The stress-strain curve ofEPS concrete with strength more than3MPa was summarized as elasticity, strengthening and softening stages. Microstructure characterization of EPSconcrete by scanning electron microscopy test revealed that the damagemechanism of EPS concrete and polypropylene fiber enhancement mechanism.The fast freeze-thaw and the moisture migration experiments were carried out fordurability of EPS concrete. The chemical composition of EPS concrete wasdetermined by X-ray diffraction method.
Secondly, under the theory framework of the continuum damage mechanicsand the classic plastic mechanics，based on damage constitutive model ofconcrete, elastic-plastic damage constitutive model of EPS concrete was proposed.By determining the appropriate damage variable, establishing damageconstitutive equation based on the elastic Helmholtz free energy, defining yieldsurface in the effective stress space for considering plastic deformation, the basicformula of the elastic-plastic damage constitutive model was derived. Parametersof the model were determined according to the experimental data. The damageevolution equations, plastic deformation and the damage constitutive equations ofEPS concrete under uniaxial compressive and tensile was presented. The EPSconcrete elastic-plastic damage model is proved to be effective for describing theprocess of the damage evolution of EPS concrete by the test results.
Thirdly, EPS concrete be considering as a two-phase composite material wasstudied on numerical simulation of Meso-level Structure. Two types model ofdifferent EPS aggregate distribution were established to analyze the effect of thedeformation and the relative position of the EPS aggregate on stress distributionof EPS concrete. The failure mechanism of EPS concrete under uniaxialcompression was revealed through analysis of numerical simulation andderivation of theoretical formula. According to the stress distribution of differenttime steps, crack mode of the EPS concrete in strengthening and softening stagewas analyzed.
Finally, according to climate characteristics in northeast China,energy-saving evaluation index system for severe cold area of Northeast wasestablished by the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method of system engineering,considering the impact of new energy-saving materials on modern buildingenergy efficiency, and maneuverability of it was verified through evaluation ofexisting building.
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