厄尔尼诺/南方涛动双模态的物理本质
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摘要
热带太平洋海洋-大气相关作用是全球气候系统的重要组成部分，厄尔尼诺/南方涛动(El Ni o-Southern Oscillation, ENSO)又是其中最活跃的成分，长期以来得到科学界的极大关注。本文使用改进的Zebiak-Cane (ZC)模式，采用求解线性系统稳定性的方法，考察了ENSO的主模态在不同的背景态和海气耦合参数下的稳定性，并且分析了相应的不稳定主模态的海气变量特征和背后的控制因素。本文不仅证实前人有关ENSO有多个模态的结论，还得到了以下的创新性研究
结果:
1.充分认识到ZC模式在模拟ENSO方面的缺陷，即赤道东太平洋海面风异常过强，提出该缺陷是由ZC模式对赤道东太平洋大气热量异常经向尺度的错误模拟导致的。在ZC模式的大气模式中加入垂直动量混合和对流不稳定参数，修正赤道东太平洋海温异常对大气的加热效率及大气内对流激发的垂直动量混合，成功地模拟出与观测到的降水异常分布相似的大气热量异常，从而得到了较为理想的ENSO异常风场。改进后的大气模式中模拟的ENSO异常风的纬向、经向尺度和强度均比原模式更大，且更接近观测。
2.将改进后的大气模式与ZC的海洋模式相耦合并作线性化处理，在不同的热带太平洋背景态下考察了该模式中海气相互作用的主模态，发现ENSO的主模态有两个：海温异常中心位于赤道东太平洋的准四年(quasi-quadrennial, QQ)振荡模态和海温异常中心位于赤道中太平洋的准两年(quasi-biennial, QB)振荡模态。且得益于海面风异常的水平尺度和强度的增加，这两个模态的强度均比前人研究过的更强。这两个模态在特定的背景态下可以共存，也可以独立存在。研究还发现,QQ(QB)模态随着温跃层反馈的增强而增强(减弱)，且QQ模态对海气耦合强度、海面热力耗散及海洋波速的敏感性小于QB模态。这说明，QQ(QB)模式是受次表层(表层)海洋动力影响较大的模态。
3. QQ和QB模态的海温变化热量收支平衡的分析进一步证实了上述观点，在QQ模态中，温跃层反馈(次表层海温异常在气候平均的上升流的输运下对表层海温的影响)提供海温异常发展和衰减的动力，而在QB模态中，起这一作用的物理过程是纬向平流反馈(异常海流对海温的纬向梯度的改变)。
4.综合考虑模式中的QQ和QB模态的海气变量时空特征和海温变化主要控制因子，我们认为本模式揭示的QQ模态正位相其实就对应着传统研究的El Ni o，而QB模态的正位相则为近年来发现的新型El Ni o。
The air-sea interaction in the tropical Pacific is the key element of the globalclimate system, in which the El Ni o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) behaviors as amajor contributor. ENSO has been long investigated for its diversity of oscillations inthe scientific community. In this thesis, instability analysis is performed to alinearized modified Zebiak-Cane (ZC) model, which is improved by the author, todetect the most unstable modes under continuous varying basic states and physicalparameters. The main results, in one hand, support the earlier conclusions on thistopic, and, in the other hand, are enlightened by the following unique findings.
1. The defects of the ZC model in simulating the ENSO winds anomalies are longblamed for the unreasonable strong winds variation over the tropical eastern Pacific. Itis the failure of simulating the right pattern of atmospheric heating that should beresponsible for such defects. In order to reproduce the atmospheric heating whichshares a similar pattern as the observed precipitation anomalies, the parameterizationof the vertical momentum mixing and the parameter of convective instability areadopted to improve the atmospheric component of ZC model. And it is shown that theENSO winds are greatly improved, in particular over the tropical eastern Pacific,which is represented by wind anomalies with broader horizontal scales and strongeramplitude than those from the original model. In total, the ENSO wind anomaliesfrom the modified model resemble the observation more.
2. The improved atmospheric model is coupled with the original ocean model to setup a new ZC model, and after it is linearized, the ENSO modes are investigated. It is found that the most unstable modes are the quasi-quadrennial (QQ) and quasi-biennial(QB) modes, whose peak SST anomalies are centered in the tropical eastern Pacificand central Pacific, respectively. Due to the enhancement of the wind anomalies, theboth modes are stronger than those in an earlier and similar study. The two modes caneither coexsist or exsist independently in some typical mean states. The results alsoshow that the QQ (QB) mode increases (decreases) as the increasement of thethermocline feedback, and the QQ mode is less sensitive to the strength of the air-seacoupling and thermal damping, as well as the oceanic wave speed. In general, the QQ(QB) mode depends more on the oceanic dynamics in the sub-surface (surface) layer.
3. The heat budget analysis of the QQ and QB modes confirms the above-mentionedresults. For the QQ mode, the thermocline feedback (the vertical advection of theanomalous subsurface temperature by the mean upwelling) contributes to thedevelopment and phase transition of the SST anomalies. However, For the QB mode,it is the zonal advective feedback (the zonal advection of the mean SST gradient bythe anomalous zonal currents).
4. Taking the spatial-temporal pattern of the QQ and QB modes and theircontrolling mechanism, we conclude that the QQ mode in this mode corresponses tothe conventional El Ni o and the QB mode the new type of El Ni o.
结果:
1.充分认识到ZC模式在模拟ENSO方面的缺陷，即赤道东太平洋海面风异常过强，提出该缺陷是由ZC模式对赤道东太平洋大气热量异常经向尺度的错误模拟导致的。在ZC模式的大气模式中加入垂直动量混合和对流不稳定参数，修正赤道东太平洋海温异常对大气的加热效率及大气内对流激发的垂直动量混合，成功地模拟出与观测到的降水异常分布相似的大气热量异常，从而得到了较为理想的ENSO异常风场。改进后的大气模式中模拟的ENSO异常风的纬向、经向尺度和强度均比原模式更大，且更接近观测。
2.将改进后的大气模式与ZC的海洋模式相耦合并作线性化处理，在不同的热带太平洋背景态下考察了该模式中海气相互作用的主模态，发现ENSO的主模态有两个：海温异常中心位于赤道东太平洋的准四年(quasi-quadrennial, QQ)振荡模态和海温异常中心位于赤道中太平洋的准两年(quasi-biennial, QB)振荡模态。且得益于海面风异常的水平尺度和强度的增加，这两个模态的强度均比前人研究过的更强。这两个模态在特定的背景态下可以共存，也可以独立存在。研究还发现,QQ(QB)模态随着温跃层反馈的增强而增强(减弱)，且QQ模态对海气耦合强度、海面热力耗散及海洋波速的敏感性小于QB模态。这说明，QQ(QB)模式是受次表层(表层)海洋动力影响较大的模态。
3. QQ和QB模态的海温变化热量收支平衡的分析进一步证实了上述观点，在QQ模态中，温跃层反馈(次表层海温异常在气候平均的上升流的输运下对表层海温的影响)提供海温异常发展和衰减的动力，而在QB模态中，起这一作用的物理过程是纬向平流反馈(异常海流对海温的纬向梯度的改变)。
4.综合考虑模式中的QQ和QB模态的海气变量时空特征和海温变化主要控制因子，我们认为本模式揭示的QQ模态正位相其实就对应着传统研究的El Ni o，而QB模态的正位相则为近年来发现的新型El Ni o。
The air-sea interaction in the tropical Pacific is the key element of the globalclimate system, in which the El Ni o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) behaviors as amajor contributor. ENSO has been long investigated for its diversity of oscillations inthe scientific community. In this thesis, instability analysis is performed to alinearized modified Zebiak-Cane (ZC) model, which is improved by the author, todetect the most unstable modes under continuous varying basic states and physicalparameters. The main results, in one hand, support the earlier conclusions on thistopic, and, in the other hand, are enlightened by the following unique findings.
1. The defects of the ZC model in simulating the ENSO winds anomalies are longblamed for the unreasonable strong winds variation over the tropical eastern Pacific. Itis the failure of simulating the right pattern of atmospheric heating that should beresponsible for such defects. In order to reproduce the atmospheric heating whichshares a similar pattern as the observed precipitation anomalies, the parameterizationof the vertical momentum mixing and the parameter of convective instability areadopted to improve the atmospheric component of ZC model. And it is shown that theENSO winds are greatly improved, in particular over the tropical eastern Pacific,which is represented by wind anomalies with broader horizontal scales and strongeramplitude than those from the original model. In total, the ENSO wind anomaliesfrom the modified model resemble the observation more.
2. The improved atmospheric model is coupled with the original ocean model to setup a new ZC model, and after it is linearized, the ENSO modes are investigated. It is found that the most unstable modes are the quasi-quadrennial (QQ) and quasi-biennial(QB) modes, whose peak SST anomalies are centered in the tropical eastern Pacificand central Pacific, respectively. Due to the enhancement of the wind anomalies, theboth modes are stronger than those in an earlier and similar study. The two modes caneither coexsist or exsist independently in some typical mean states. The results alsoshow that the QQ (QB) mode increases (decreases) as the increasement of thethermocline feedback, and the QQ mode is less sensitive to the strength of the air-seacoupling and thermal damping, as well as the oceanic wave speed. In general, the QQ(QB) mode depends more on the oceanic dynamics in the sub-surface (surface) layer.
3. The heat budget analysis of the QQ and QB modes confirms the above-mentionedresults. For the QQ mode, the thermocline feedback (the vertical advection of theanomalous subsurface temperature by the mean upwelling) contributes to thedevelopment and phase transition of the SST anomalies. However, For the QB mode,it is the zonal advective feedback (the zonal advection of the mean SST gradient bythe anomalous zonal currents).
4. Taking the spatial-temporal pattern of the QQ and QB modes and theircontrolling mechanism, we conclude that the QQ mode in this mode corresponses tothe conventional El Ni o and the QB mode the new type of El Ni o.
引文
1Neelin J. D. Climate change and climate modeling. New York: Cambridge University Press,2011.1-282.
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