InSAR高精度观测地震形变场及其三维重建技术研究
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摘要
目前，InSAR已成为监测地震同震、震后以及震间断层滑动的重要手段之一，但由于InSAR数据处理过程中存在多种误差的累积使得测量精度受到影响。本文从InSAR形变监测数据处理关键环节入手，系统分析各个关键环节的误差贡献，探讨InSAR误差干扰项的消除方法。在此基础上，研究了利用DEM校正InSAR大气垂直分层延迟相位的方法，进而将这种方法应用于2008年当雄地震同震和震后形变观测；推导了系统和随机两种观测误差在三维形变场解算模型中的传播规律，进而研究了地震三维形变场最优解算模型。本文的研究取得了如下主要研究成果：
1.系统总结了InSAR形变监测数据处理关键环节的主要误差项：配准误差、干涉图相位噪声、DEM误差相位、基线估计残差相位以及相位解缠误差等。综合运用理论推导、数值模拟和实例数据分析相结合的方法，深入分析了这些误差干扰项对InSAR形变信号提取的影响特征，并给出了相应的误差校正策略。另外，根据误差传播定律，分析了InSAR大气附加相位对形变信号的影响程度。分析表明：InSAR基线估计残余相位和大气延迟相位是影响InSAR观测准确度的主要因素。
2.深入研究了InSAR大气附加相位的空间变化特征，在此基础上将InSAR大气延迟相位重新划分为：空间平均分量，与高程相关分量，以及大气湍流混合分量。引入变异函数理论，推导出了InSAR大气延迟相位的变异函数组成结构，并分析得到了重新分类后大气延迟相位各分量的空间变异特征。通过分析DEM和InSAR大气延迟相位各分量的实验变异函数曲线变化特征，提出了基于地形数据的InSAR大气垂直分层延迟相位校正流程。为了构建基于DEM的最优大气校正模型，本文进一步给出了三种方法确定相位/地形最优函数关系，同时评价了这三种方法的优缺点。
3.利用MERIS反演的PWV研究了2008当雄地震震中区域的InSAR大气延迟相位变化特征，结果表明：研究区内的水汽在大尺度上的时空变化微弱；而MERIS水汽产品不能反映小尺度的水汽变化。因此，本文选择采用DEM校正InSAR同震形变干涉图，根据校正后的干涉图，本文发现：当雄地震除了同震阶段产生的构造形变外，地震还导致沿啰朗曲河谷出现了地裂缝、地震滑坡、崩塌等非构造震害现象。通过引入地形校正大气策略（TCAD），提出了SBAS-TCAD InSAR时序分析算法，有效解决了InSAR时序解缠图中存在大气垂直分层残余延迟相位的问题。进而利用该算法分析了发震断层的震后形变演变过程：在震后最初10个月，发震断层上盘的形变变化呈现出随时间按照对数衰减的特征；而发震断层下盘的震后形变过程在震后最初6个月内呈现随时间指数增长的趋势，而后4个月内表现为对数衰减特征。最后，在同震和震后阶段的发震断层形变结果分析的基础上，利用Okada模型反演得到了发震断层的同震滑动分布情况。
4.系统分析了方位向形变测量技术Offset-Tracking和MAI两种方法的精度影响因素，并根据这些因素对方位向形变监测的影响特征，分别给出了Offset-Tracking和MAI方法监测方位向形变的处理流程。总结了目前解算地震三维同震形变场的几类主要构建模型，并评价了这几类模型的解算稳健性问题。根据误差传播定律，推导出了不同类别的观测误差（偶然误差和系统误差）在三维重建模型中的传播规律。分别以Bam地震、Hector mine地震和改则地震为例，根据观测数据类型和质量的不同，针对这几次典型地震，分别给出了其三维同震形变场解算的最优模型。
InSAR (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar) has the potential toproduce millimeter-level displacement maps for coseismic, postseismic, andinterseismic fault slip. However, accumulative errors in InSAR processinghave an impact on the accuracy of measurement. In this paper, we firstlypresent the brief flow of InSAR processing, then systematically analyze theerror-contributions of key procedures of InSAR, and discuss the methods ofeliminating errors. On the basis of above-mentioned discussions, we developsome methods to correcting height-dependent atmospheric delay phase, andapply the developed algorithms to monitor coseismic and postseismicdisplacements of2008Damxung earthquake. The laws of systematic andrandom errors are deduced in resolving3D displacement field, then theoptimal3D displacement fields are estimating in some earthquakes. The mainresults of the work are listed as below:
1. Systematically summarize the main error-contributions of InSAR:image registration error, phase noise, residual phase due to DEM error,residual phase due to satellite orbit inaccuracies, and phase unwrapping error.We fully analyze the influence characteristics of above-mentioned InSARphase errors using the methods of combining theoretical inference, numericalsimulation, and real SAR data analysis, and discuss the methods ofeliminating different errors. Moreover, according to the law of errorpropagation, the influence of InSAR atmospheric delay is discussed inmonitoring displacement. From the above-mentioned discussions, we canconcluded that residual phase due to satellite orbit inaccuracies andatmospheric delay are the primary factors in affecting the accuracy of InSARprocessing.
2. Based on the spatial delay characteristics, the InSAR atmosphericdelay can be re-parameterized as: the spatial mean, the turbulence and theheight-dependent (vertical stratification) components. Semi-variogram modelis introduced to analyze the characteristics of spacial variability of there-parameterized components. And we also deduce the semi-variogramstructure of InSAR atmospheric delay. According to the characteristics of theexperimental variogram, we propose the flow of correcting height-dependentatmospheric delay phase with DEM. Three algorithms are proposed to determine the optimal function of phase and topography.
3. The characteristics of InSAR atmospheric delay in the area of2008Damxung earthquake are analyzed using Precipitable Water Vapor (PWV)derived by MERIS, which indicate that MERIS PWV does not capturesmaller-scale variation of PWV, and there is slight temporal-spatial variationof PWV in study area. Therefore, we chose the TCAD algorithm to correctInSAR images. According to the corrected InSAR coseismic images, wediscover that: except for structure displacement, the Damxung earthquakeresult in much non-structural earthquake damage related to collapse, landslide,and fissure. SBAS-TCAD InSAR time serial analysis algorithm is proposed inthis paper, which greatly removes the residual topography atmospheric delayphase. The algorithm is also used to analyze the evolution of postseismicdisplacement of seismogenic fault: in the first10months, the displacement ofupperwall presents logarithmic decrement in time; while the footwall presentsexponential decay in the first6months, the in4months it presents logarithmicdecrement in time. On the basis of analyzing coseismic and postseismiccharacteristics of displacement, slip distribution of seismogenic fault isinverted with Okada model.
4. According to the analysis of influence factors of Offset-Tracking andMAI techniques, the process flows of Offset-Tracking and MAI are proposedto measure azimuth displacement. We summarize the main models of3Ddisplacement, and evaluate the robustness of these models. Based on the lawof error propagation, the laws of systematic and random errors are deduced inresolving3D displacement field. Then we take Bam earthquake, Hector mineearthquake, and Gaize earthquake for examples, the optimal3D displacementfields resolved models are proposed in these earthquakes.
1.系统总结了InSAR形变监测数据处理关键环节的主要误差项：配准误差、干涉图相位噪声、DEM误差相位、基线估计残差相位以及相位解缠误差等。综合运用理论推导、数值模拟和实例数据分析相结合的方法，深入分析了这些误差干扰项对InSAR形变信号提取的影响特征，并给出了相应的误差校正策略。另外，根据误差传播定律，分析了InSAR大气附加相位对形变信号的影响程度。分析表明：InSAR基线估计残余相位和大气延迟相位是影响InSAR观测准确度的主要因素。
2.深入研究了InSAR大气附加相位的空间变化特征，在此基础上将InSAR大气延迟相位重新划分为：空间平均分量，与高程相关分量，以及大气湍流混合分量。引入变异函数理论，推导出了InSAR大气延迟相位的变异函数组成结构，并分析得到了重新分类后大气延迟相位各分量的空间变异特征。通过分析DEM和InSAR大气延迟相位各分量的实验变异函数曲线变化特征，提出了基于地形数据的InSAR大气垂直分层延迟相位校正流程。为了构建基于DEM的最优大气校正模型，本文进一步给出了三种方法确定相位/地形最优函数关系，同时评价了这三种方法的优缺点。
3.利用MERIS反演的PWV研究了2008当雄地震震中区域的InSAR大气延迟相位变化特征，结果表明：研究区内的水汽在大尺度上的时空变化微弱；而MERIS水汽产品不能反映小尺度的水汽变化。因此，本文选择采用DEM校正InSAR同震形变干涉图，根据校正后的干涉图，本文发现：当雄地震除了同震阶段产生的构造形变外，地震还导致沿啰朗曲河谷出现了地裂缝、地震滑坡、崩塌等非构造震害现象。通过引入地形校正大气策略（TCAD），提出了SBAS-TCAD InSAR时序分析算法，有效解决了InSAR时序解缠图中存在大气垂直分层残余延迟相位的问题。进而利用该算法分析了发震断层的震后形变演变过程：在震后最初10个月，发震断层上盘的形变变化呈现出随时间按照对数衰减的特征；而发震断层下盘的震后形变过程在震后最初6个月内呈现随时间指数增长的趋势，而后4个月内表现为对数衰减特征。最后，在同震和震后阶段的发震断层形变结果分析的基础上，利用Okada模型反演得到了发震断层的同震滑动分布情况。
4.系统分析了方位向形变测量技术Offset-Tracking和MAI两种方法的精度影响因素，并根据这些因素对方位向形变监测的影响特征，分别给出了Offset-Tracking和MAI方法监测方位向形变的处理流程。总结了目前解算地震三维同震形变场的几类主要构建模型，并评价了这几类模型的解算稳健性问题。根据误差传播定律，推导出了不同类别的观测误差（偶然误差和系统误差）在三维重建模型中的传播规律。分别以Bam地震、Hector mine地震和改则地震为例，根据观测数据类型和质量的不同，针对这几次典型地震，分别给出了其三维同震形变场解算的最优模型。
InSAR (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar) has the potential toproduce millimeter-level displacement maps for coseismic, postseismic, andinterseismic fault slip. However, accumulative errors in InSAR processinghave an impact on the accuracy of measurement. In this paper, we firstlypresent the brief flow of InSAR processing, then systematically analyze theerror-contributions of key procedures of InSAR, and discuss the methods ofeliminating errors. On the basis of above-mentioned discussions, we developsome methods to correcting height-dependent atmospheric delay phase, andapply the developed algorithms to monitor coseismic and postseismicdisplacements of2008Damxung earthquake. The laws of systematic andrandom errors are deduced in resolving3D displacement field, then theoptimal3D displacement fields are estimating in some earthquakes. The mainresults of the work are listed as below:
1. Systematically summarize the main error-contributions of InSAR:image registration error, phase noise, residual phase due to DEM error,residual phase due to satellite orbit inaccuracies, and phase unwrapping error.We fully analyze the influence characteristics of above-mentioned InSARphase errors using the methods of combining theoretical inference, numericalsimulation, and real SAR data analysis, and discuss the methods ofeliminating different errors. Moreover, according to the law of errorpropagation, the influence of InSAR atmospheric delay is discussed inmonitoring displacement. From the above-mentioned discussions, we canconcluded that residual phase due to satellite orbit inaccuracies andatmospheric delay are the primary factors in affecting the accuracy of InSARprocessing.
2. Based on the spatial delay characteristics, the InSAR atmosphericdelay can be re-parameterized as: the spatial mean, the turbulence and theheight-dependent (vertical stratification) components. Semi-variogram modelis introduced to analyze the characteristics of spacial variability of there-parameterized components. And we also deduce the semi-variogramstructure of InSAR atmospheric delay. According to the characteristics of theexperimental variogram, we propose the flow of correcting height-dependentatmospheric delay phase with DEM. Three algorithms are proposed to determine the optimal function of phase and topography.
3. The characteristics of InSAR atmospheric delay in the area of2008Damxung earthquake are analyzed using Precipitable Water Vapor (PWV)derived by MERIS, which indicate that MERIS PWV does not capturesmaller-scale variation of PWV, and there is slight temporal-spatial variationof PWV in study area. Therefore, we chose the TCAD algorithm to correctInSAR images. According to the corrected InSAR coseismic images, wediscover that: except for structure displacement, the Damxung earthquakeresult in much non-structural earthquake damage related to collapse, landslide,and fissure. SBAS-TCAD InSAR time serial analysis algorithm is proposed inthis paper, which greatly removes the residual topography atmospheric delayphase. The algorithm is also used to analyze the evolution of postseismicdisplacement of seismogenic fault: in the first10months, the displacement ofupperwall presents logarithmic decrement in time; while the footwall presentsexponential decay in the first6months, the in4months it presents logarithmicdecrement in time. On the basis of analyzing coseismic and postseismiccharacteristics of displacement, slip distribution of seismogenic fault isinverted with Okada model.
4. According to the analysis of influence factors of Offset-Tracking andMAI techniques, the process flows of Offset-Tracking and MAI are proposedto measure azimuth displacement. We summarize the main models of3Ddisplacement, and evaluate the robustness of these models. Based on the lawof error propagation, the laws of systematic and random errors are deduced inresolving3D displacement field. Then we take Bam earthquake, Hector mineearthquake, and Gaize earthquake for examples, the optimal3D displacementfields resolved models are proposed in these earthquakes.
引文
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