基于社会均衡的居民阶梯电价定价模型及政策模拟研究
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摘要
近年来我国能源供应紧缺、环境压力加大等矛盾逐步凸显,煤炭等一次能源价格持续攀升,电力价格也随之上涨,但居民电价的调整幅度和频率均低于其他行业用电。居民生活用电价格水平较低,造成了用电量较高的用户获得的补贴越多,而用电量越少的用户,获得的补贴越少,从而无法体现居民用户之间的公平性,与公平负担的原则不符。为了促进资源节约型和环境友好型社会建设,逐步减少电价交叉补贴,引导居民合理用电、节约用电,有必要实行居民阶梯电价。当前有关居民阶梯电价的定价研究主要方法为居民用电量的数据统计,且对于居民阶梯电价的实施效果与政策方面的分析较少。本文以社会福利最大化为目标,提出了社会均衡下的居民阶梯电价定价模型,并对居民阶梯电价的公平性、节能减排、多维效益定性评价作出了分析,最后,根据我国国情,提出了相应的政策建议。
首先,以社会福利最大化为目标构建居民阶梯电价定价模型。在研究国内外阶梯电价制度的基础上,分析影响居民阶梯电价制定的影响因素,构建基于社会均衡的居民非线性定价模型与基于社会均衡的居民阶梯电价定价优化分析。应用拉姆齐定价原则研究居民阶梯电价下的电价弹性与收入弹性,以福利最大化为目标,提出居民的非线性定价模型与社会福利计算模型,进而求得社会均衡条件下的居民阶梯电价方案。研究结果表明,基于社会均衡的居民阶梯电价能够有效地保证社会福利最大化前提下电价的合理性,为政府部门制定合理的居民阶梯电价提供参考。
其次,居民阶梯电价的多维效益评价研究。提出基于基尼系数的居民阶梯电价适用性模型,考虑多元因素的居民阶梯电价定量评估模型与基于灰色关联度与TOPSIS法的多维效益评价模型。首先根据收入中立、公平与经济效率三个目标,构建基于消费者剩余基尼系数的居民阶梯电价适用性模型。其次选择评估居民阶梯电价的三个因素,包括低收入居民的电力价格弹性、节能降耗效果及对CPI的影响,提出考虑多元因素的居民阶梯电价定量评估模型。最后,从供电侧、用户侧和社会侧三个角度构建多层次的阶梯电价实施效果综合评价指标体系,结合灰色关联度和理想解法对居民阶梯电价方案的实施效果进行综合评价,通过试点地区间阶梯电价的实施效果评比,验证了模型的有效性和合理性。研究结果表明居民阶梯电价能够体现公平特性,具有一定的节能减排效果,对于居民阶梯电价的实施效果评估具有一定的参考价值。
最后,居民阶梯电价的政策模拟研究。提出基于社会均衡的低收入家庭的居民阶梯电价政策模拟模型与中高收入家庭的用电响应模型。在研究居民家庭用电决策过程的基础上,以低收入居民家庭的效用最大化为目标,应用二次近似理想需求系统模型,建立居民用电的预算份额模型,并考虑居民阶梯电价给不同家庭带来的福利效应,构建出基于社会均衡的低收入家庭的居民阶梯电价政策模拟模型。研究中高收入家庭居民阶梯电价下的边际电价与平均电价,应用差分模型,构建中高收入家庭居民阶梯电价下的用户响应模型。研究结果表明对于低收入居民家庭应提供一定的电费补贴,应扩大中高收入家庭的居民阶梯电价各档之间的电价价差,为政府部门制定和完善相应的电价政策提供参考。
Currently, China's energy supply shortages and environmental pressures are increasing gradually aggravating, the energy prices such as coal continue to rise, as well as electricity prices, but the amplitude and frequency adjustments of residential electricity prices are lower than other industries. Residents living electricity price level is relatively lower, resulting in more subsidies for high electricity comsumption users and less for low, which can not reflect the fairness between users and not in conformity with the principle of fair burden. In order to promote resource-saving and environment-friendly society construction, it is necessary to gradually reduce the price of cross subsidies, guide residents to use reasonaby electricity and save electricity and implement the residential tiered electricity pricing. Current research methods of residential tiered electricity pricing are data statistic of consumption, and the analysis of implementation effect of residential tiered electricity pricing and policy are scarce. This paper takes the maximization of social welfare as the goal, puts forward residential tiered electricity pricing model under the social equilibrium and analyses the residential tiered electricity pricing equity, energy-saving and emission reduction and the multi-dimensional benefit qualitative evaluation. Finally, according to the situation of our country, corresponding policy recommendations are put forward.
Firsly, taking social welfare maximization as the goal, residents tiered electricity price pricing model is built. Based on the research of tiered electricity price system at home and abroad, influence factors of residents tiered electricity price are analyzed, residents nonlinear pricing model and optimization anaysis based on the social equilibrium is built. Using Ramsey pricing principle to research residentials tiered electricity price, residential nonlinear pricing model and the social welfare caculation model are put forward, then the residents tiered electricity price scheme under social equilibrium is determined. The results show that based on social equilibrium, the tiered electricity price can effectively guarantee the electricy price rationality of the social welfare maximization, which provides reference for government departments to formulate reasonable residential tiered electricity price.
Secondly, residential tiered electricity pricing is evaluated from the multi-dimensional benefit. Residential tiered electricity pricing model is constructed on the basis of Gene coefficient, the evaluation model based on grey correlation degree and TOPSIS is constructed to make comprehensive evaluation for the implementing effect of the tiered tariff. According to the goal of revenue neutrality, fairness and economic efficiency, residential tiered electricity pricing model is constructed on the basis of Gene coefficient. This paper chooses three essential indexes which are the electricity pricing elasticity for low income consumers, saving energy and reducing consumption, and the relationship with CPI, multiple quantitative evaluation factors of residential tiered electricity price model is put forward. Finally, a multi-level comprehensive evaluation index system of tiered pricing implementation effect is established from supply side, customer side and social side respectively. The evaluation model based on grey correlation degree and TOPSIS is constructed to make comprehensive evaluation for the implementing effect of the step tariff. Finally, through analysis of an example of step tariff in pilot areas, the efficiency and rationality of the model was verified.
Thirdly, policy simulation research of residential tiered electricity pricing is put forward. Based on social equilibrium, low-income residential tiered electricity pricing policy simulation model and the middle and high income families response model are proposed. Through the study on electricity decision-making process of household and the Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System, taking low-income households utility maximization as the goal, the paper adopts the welfare effects of residents by the relative equivalence and build residents tiered electricity price policy simulation model of low-income users based on social equilibrium. Average and marginal electricity price middle and high income families residential tiered electricity pricing are studied, using the finite difference model, user response of middle and high income family residents tiered electricity price model is constructed. Research results show that low-income households should be provided a certain amount of electricity subsidies and block price gap of middle and high income familiesof should be expanded, which provides the reference for improving relevant electricity price policy for the government.
首先,以社会福利最大化为目标构建居民阶梯电价定价模型。在研究国内外阶梯电价制度的基础上,分析影响居民阶梯电价制定的影响因素,构建基于社会均衡的居民非线性定价模型与基于社会均衡的居民阶梯电价定价优化分析。应用拉姆齐定价原则研究居民阶梯电价下的电价弹性与收入弹性,以福利最大化为目标,提出居民的非线性定价模型与社会福利计算模型,进而求得社会均衡条件下的居民阶梯电价方案。研究结果表明,基于社会均衡的居民阶梯电价能够有效地保证社会福利最大化前提下电价的合理性,为政府部门制定合理的居民阶梯电价提供参考。
其次,居民阶梯电价的多维效益评价研究。提出基于基尼系数的居民阶梯电价适用性模型,考虑多元因素的居民阶梯电价定量评估模型与基于灰色关联度与TOPSIS法的多维效益评价模型。首先根据收入中立、公平与经济效率三个目标,构建基于消费者剩余基尼系数的居民阶梯电价适用性模型。其次选择评估居民阶梯电价的三个因素,包括低收入居民的电力价格弹性、节能降耗效果及对CPI的影响,提出考虑多元因素的居民阶梯电价定量评估模型。最后,从供电侧、用户侧和社会侧三个角度构建多层次的阶梯电价实施效果综合评价指标体系,结合灰色关联度和理想解法对居民阶梯电价方案的实施效果进行综合评价,通过试点地区间阶梯电价的实施效果评比,验证了模型的有效性和合理性。研究结果表明居民阶梯电价能够体现公平特性,具有一定的节能减排效果,对于居民阶梯电价的实施效果评估具有一定的参考价值。
最后,居民阶梯电价的政策模拟研究。提出基于社会均衡的低收入家庭的居民阶梯电价政策模拟模型与中高收入家庭的用电响应模型。在研究居民家庭用电决策过程的基础上,以低收入居民家庭的效用最大化为目标,应用二次近似理想需求系统模型,建立居民用电的预算份额模型,并考虑居民阶梯电价给不同家庭带来的福利效应,构建出基于社会均衡的低收入家庭的居民阶梯电价政策模拟模型。研究中高收入家庭居民阶梯电价下的边际电价与平均电价,应用差分模型,构建中高收入家庭居民阶梯电价下的用户响应模型。研究结果表明对于低收入居民家庭应提供一定的电费补贴,应扩大中高收入家庭的居民阶梯电价各档之间的电价价差,为政府部门制定和完善相应的电价政策提供参考。
Currently, China's energy supply shortages and environmental pressures are increasing gradually aggravating, the energy prices such as coal continue to rise, as well as electricity prices, but the amplitude and frequency adjustments of residential electricity prices are lower than other industries. Residents living electricity price level is relatively lower, resulting in more subsidies for high electricity comsumption users and less for low, which can not reflect the fairness between users and not in conformity with the principle of fair burden. In order to promote resource-saving and environment-friendly society construction, it is necessary to gradually reduce the price of cross subsidies, guide residents to use reasonaby electricity and save electricity and implement the residential tiered electricity pricing. Current research methods of residential tiered electricity pricing are data statistic of consumption, and the analysis of implementation effect of residential tiered electricity pricing and policy are scarce. This paper takes the maximization of social welfare as the goal, puts forward residential tiered electricity pricing model under the social equilibrium and analyses the residential tiered electricity pricing equity, energy-saving and emission reduction and the multi-dimensional benefit qualitative evaluation. Finally, according to the situation of our country, corresponding policy recommendations are put forward.
Firsly, taking social welfare maximization as the goal, residents tiered electricity price pricing model is built. Based on the research of tiered electricity price system at home and abroad, influence factors of residents tiered electricity price are analyzed, residents nonlinear pricing model and optimization anaysis based on the social equilibrium is built. Using Ramsey pricing principle to research residentials tiered electricity price, residential nonlinear pricing model and the social welfare caculation model are put forward, then the residents tiered electricity price scheme under social equilibrium is determined. The results show that based on social equilibrium, the tiered electricity price can effectively guarantee the electricy price rationality of the social welfare maximization, which provides reference for government departments to formulate reasonable residential tiered electricity price.
Secondly, residential tiered electricity pricing is evaluated from the multi-dimensional benefit. Residential tiered electricity pricing model is constructed on the basis of Gene coefficient, the evaluation model based on grey correlation degree and TOPSIS is constructed to make comprehensive evaluation for the implementing effect of the tiered tariff. According to the goal of revenue neutrality, fairness and economic efficiency, residential tiered electricity pricing model is constructed on the basis of Gene coefficient. This paper chooses three essential indexes which are the electricity pricing elasticity for low income consumers, saving energy and reducing consumption, and the relationship with CPI, multiple quantitative evaluation factors of residential tiered electricity price model is put forward. Finally, a multi-level comprehensive evaluation index system of tiered pricing implementation effect is established from supply side, customer side and social side respectively. The evaluation model based on grey correlation degree and TOPSIS is constructed to make comprehensive evaluation for the implementing effect of the step tariff. Finally, through analysis of an example of step tariff in pilot areas, the efficiency and rationality of the model was verified.
Thirdly, policy simulation research of residential tiered electricity pricing is put forward. Based on social equilibrium, low-income residential tiered electricity pricing policy simulation model and the middle and high income families response model are proposed. Through the study on electricity decision-making process of household and the Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System, taking low-income households utility maximization as the goal, the paper adopts the welfare effects of residents by the relative equivalence and build residents tiered electricity price policy simulation model of low-income users based on social equilibrium. Average and marginal electricity price middle and high income families residential tiered electricity pricing are studied, using the finite difference model, user response of middle and high income family residents tiered electricity price model is constructed. Research results show that low-income households should be provided a certain amount of electricity subsidies and block price gap of middle and high income familiesof should be expanded, which provides the reference for improving relevant electricity price policy for the government.
引文
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