超声激励—光纤光栅传感检测技术的相关理论与应用研究
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摘要
超声激励-光纤光栅检测技术(Ultrasonic excitation-fiber Bragg gratings damage detection techniques, UE-FBGs)是近几年发展起来的一种新的检测技术,其基本原理是利用分布布置的光纤光栅(Fiber Bragg Gratings-FBG)代替无损检测中的压电陶瓷来检测超声信号,根据FBG测量的超声、应变等信息分析结构的损伤。该技术将FBG抗电磁干扰、分布式传感等独特优势与超声波的方向性好、穿透能力强等特点相结合,在结构损伤检测领域呈现出良好的发展潜力。国外已有高校和研究机构对此展开研究,而国内还未见相关报道。
本论文旨在利用超声激励机械结构,通过FBG测量携带损伤信息的超声和结构应力应变等信息,建立面向机械结构损伤定位检测的新理论和新技术。重点研究基于超声激励下FBG高速解调技术和表面粘贴型FBG传感体复合结构模型,揭示超声激励下,粘贴型FBG从基体材料到纤芯的应变传递特征,实验研究基于超声激励和FBG分布传感的机械损伤检测与定位的新原理、新方法,解决机械结构裂纹损伤在线检测、识别和定位的基础问题。论文的主要工作如下：
1.总结了超声激励下FBG反射波长的高速解调技术、FBG的应变传递特性与敏感特性三个关键问题的研究进展及该技术在复合材料和金属材料损伤监测方面的应用概况。
2.分析了机械结构中超声波声场的分布特点,确定了FBG应轴向布置在离声源较近的远声场区；研究了铝合金的频散曲线及超声入射角与频厚积的关系曲线,为针对不同材料合理选择超声探头频率和入射角提供了理论基础；仿真分析了在超声源激励下机械结构试件的超声应力场分布,为FBG多点布置与优化提供了依据。
3.研究了FBG反射波长的匹配滤波解调系统和基于可调激光光源的FBG解调系统,分析了各检测系统的工作原理,理论推导了对应输出电压与所测超声应变的关系式,将两测量系统均用于超声清洗槽振动信号的测量,对比分析了两解调系统的灵敏度和解调速度,最终试验验证了基于可调激光光源的FBG解调系统对金属板件中兰姆波信号测量的可行性。
4.提出了超声激励下粘贴型FBG应变传递模型,并利用剪滞理论得出相应的应变传递方程。仿真分析了基于该模型的FBG应变传递特征及超声波频率、胶层厚度、待测材料对FBG从基体材料到纤芯的应变传递效率的影响关系；最后用超声探头对铝合金薄板件进行超声激励,用AB胶粘贴的FBG对板中的兰姆波进行测量,实验验证了超声激励下粘贴型FBG传感特性。
5.利用传输矩阵法讨论了超声激励下FBG光谱特性,讨论分析了超声波长度和超声波能量对FBG反射谱的影响,研究印证了当超声波能量适当且FBG长度小于等于超声波波长的一半时,FBG可用于结构损伤检测中超声信号的测量。
6.搭建了超声激励-FBG检测系统：系统采用超声波探伤仪激励超声探头从而在薄板中产生超声波,利用粘贴型FBG对超声波进行测量,用基于可调激光光源的解调系统实现FBG中心波长的解调,并将该装置用于5052铝合金板中超声波声轴线声强分布特征的研究,验证了该装置用于板中超声波信号测量的可行性；利用该装置分别进行5052铝合金板中两处直径为6mm的孔缺陷的检测,实验证明,当板中出现孔缺陷时,FBG所测波形中出将现新的波包,可通过损伤前后新增波包到来的时刻确定孔的位置,两孔的缺陷定位偏差分别为3.3mm和0.8mm；利用该装置开展了基于分布式FBG测试数据的板缺陷损伤检测的试验研究,初步确定了损伤的位置和大小。
The fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) detection technique under ultrasonic excitation is a new technology being developed in recent years. Its basic idea is to use the FBG as an ultrasonic detector instead of piezoelectric ceramics and analyze the injury condition of the construction based on FBG signals. By combining the unique advantages of FBG in electromagnetic interference immunity, distributed sensing with the ultrasonic features such as good directivity, high penetrating power, it has great development potentiality in structural damage detection field. Some foreign universities and research institutes have studied on this technology, however it hasn't been reported in china.
This dissertation aims to set up a new theory for mechanical structure damage detection by using ultrasonic wave to excite mechanical structures and FBGs to detect the ultrasonic strain wave with damage information and structural stress signals. It mainly studies the FBG high speed demodulation technology and glued FBG multiple structure under ultrasonic excitation; it reveals the strain sensing characteristics from host material to fiber core of the glued FBG under ultrasonic excitation; it presents a new principle and method on structural damage detection and location based on ultrasonic excitation and distributed FBG sensing in order to solve the foundation problem toward the on-line detection identification and location of the mechanical crack damage. The detailed content of this paper shows as follows:
1. It gives a review of the FBG high speed demodulation method, FBG strain transferring characteristic and sensitivity property as well as the application of this technique in composite and metallic materials health monitoring.
2. It analyses the acoustic field distribution in mechanical structure and proposes that the FBG should be arranged at the closer far-field region from the ultrasonic source. The dispersion curves of the alloy aluminum as well as the relationship between the ultrasonic incidence angle and the frequency-thickness product are studied, to provide a theoretical basis for the reasonable selection of acoustic frequency and incidence angle according to different test materials. The ultrasonic stress field of the test mechanical structure under ultrasonic excitation is simulated with Comsol software, offering references for the layout and optimization of FBGs.
3. Two high-speed demodulation systems for fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor respectively based on matched fiber Bragg grating and tunable laser light are studied. Their measuring principles are presented and the output curves are given by theoretical deduction. Then the vibration signals of an ultrasonic cleaner were measured using these two systems. The wavelength measurement sensitivity and demodulation speed of these two systems were compared with experiments. Finally, the experimental results demonstrated the feasibility to detect Lamb waves in metal plates with the FBG demodulation system based on a tunable laser light.
4. A four-cylinder sensing model for glued FBG sensor is established in this paper. According to the shear-lag theory, an improved strain sensing function is derived from this model. Then, based on above function, the strain sensing characteristics and the effects of ultrasonic frequency, adhesive layer thickness and host material on strain transfer efficiency from host material to fiber core are studied with simulation. Finally, the system with an ultrasonic transducer to excite aluminum alloy thin plates and surface-bounded FBGs with AB glue to detect the Lamb wave propagating through the plate was established to validate the theoretical analysis.
5. The optical spectrum of FBG under ultrasonic excitation is analyzed with the Transmission Matrix method. The influences of FBG length and ultrasonic power on the FBG spectrum distribution are discussed. Numerical results prove that the FBG can be used to detect ultrasonic signal in structure detection when the length of the FBG is shorter than a half of ultrasound wavelength with proper energy
6. The detection system based on ultrasonic excitation and fiber Bragg gratings sensing was established. The ultrasonic fault detector was employed to stimulate the ultrasonic probe, thus generating ultrasonic waves in the thin plate. The glued FBG was used to measure the ultrasonic waves and the demodulating system based on tunable laser source was applied to achieve the center wavelength demodulation of FGB. On these bases, the experiment set was used to study the character of acoustic intensity distribution along the acoustic axis in the aluminum alloy (5052) plates, proving the feasibility to detect the acoustic waves with the system. Then, the experiment device was used to detect the two hole defects with diameters of6mm in the aluminum alloy (5052) plates, discovering new wave packets in the FGB measured ultrasonic waveform when there was hole damage in the plate, whose arriving time before and after the damage can be used to determine the damage localization. The positioning errors of the two holes were3.3mm and0.8mm, respectively. The datas obtained from distributed FBGs with this experiment set were used to study the position and size of the damage in a plate.
本论文旨在利用超声激励机械结构,通过FBG测量携带损伤信息的超声和结构应力应变等信息,建立面向机械结构损伤定位检测的新理论和新技术。重点研究基于超声激励下FBG高速解调技术和表面粘贴型FBG传感体复合结构模型,揭示超声激励下,粘贴型FBG从基体材料到纤芯的应变传递特征,实验研究基于超声激励和FBG分布传感的机械损伤检测与定位的新原理、新方法,解决机械结构裂纹损伤在线检测、识别和定位的基础问题。论文的主要工作如下：
1.总结了超声激励下FBG反射波长的高速解调技术、FBG的应变传递特性与敏感特性三个关键问题的研究进展及该技术在复合材料和金属材料损伤监测方面的应用概况。
2.分析了机械结构中超声波声场的分布特点,确定了FBG应轴向布置在离声源较近的远声场区；研究了铝合金的频散曲线及超声入射角与频厚积的关系曲线,为针对不同材料合理选择超声探头频率和入射角提供了理论基础；仿真分析了在超声源激励下机械结构试件的超声应力场分布,为FBG多点布置与优化提供了依据。
3.研究了FBG反射波长的匹配滤波解调系统和基于可调激光光源的FBG解调系统,分析了各检测系统的工作原理,理论推导了对应输出电压与所测超声应变的关系式,将两测量系统均用于超声清洗槽振动信号的测量,对比分析了两解调系统的灵敏度和解调速度,最终试验验证了基于可调激光光源的FBG解调系统对金属板件中兰姆波信号测量的可行性。
4.提出了超声激励下粘贴型FBG应变传递模型,并利用剪滞理论得出相应的应变传递方程。仿真分析了基于该模型的FBG应变传递特征及超声波频率、胶层厚度、待测材料对FBG从基体材料到纤芯的应变传递效率的影响关系；最后用超声探头对铝合金薄板件进行超声激励,用AB胶粘贴的FBG对板中的兰姆波进行测量,实验验证了超声激励下粘贴型FBG传感特性。
5.利用传输矩阵法讨论了超声激励下FBG光谱特性,讨论分析了超声波长度和超声波能量对FBG反射谱的影响,研究印证了当超声波能量适当且FBG长度小于等于超声波波长的一半时,FBG可用于结构损伤检测中超声信号的测量。
6.搭建了超声激励-FBG检测系统：系统采用超声波探伤仪激励超声探头从而在薄板中产生超声波,利用粘贴型FBG对超声波进行测量,用基于可调激光光源的解调系统实现FBG中心波长的解调,并将该装置用于5052铝合金板中超声波声轴线声强分布特征的研究,验证了该装置用于板中超声波信号测量的可行性；利用该装置分别进行5052铝合金板中两处直径为6mm的孔缺陷的检测,实验证明,当板中出现孔缺陷时,FBG所测波形中出将现新的波包,可通过损伤前后新增波包到来的时刻确定孔的位置,两孔的缺陷定位偏差分别为3.3mm和0.8mm；利用该装置开展了基于分布式FBG测试数据的板缺陷损伤检测的试验研究,初步确定了损伤的位置和大小。
The fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) detection technique under ultrasonic excitation is a new technology being developed in recent years. Its basic idea is to use the FBG as an ultrasonic detector instead of piezoelectric ceramics and analyze the injury condition of the construction based on FBG signals. By combining the unique advantages of FBG in electromagnetic interference immunity, distributed sensing with the ultrasonic features such as good directivity, high penetrating power, it has great development potentiality in structural damage detection field. Some foreign universities and research institutes have studied on this technology, however it hasn't been reported in china.
This dissertation aims to set up a new theory for mechanical structure damage detection by using ultrasonic wave to excite mechanical structures and FBGs to detect the ultrasonic strain wave with damage information and structural stress signals. It mainly studies the FBG high speed demodulation technology and glued FBG multiple structure under ultrasonic excitation; it reveals the strain sensing characteristics from host material to fiber core of the glued FBG under ultrasonic excitation; it presents a new principle and method on structural damage detection and location based on ultrasonic excitation and distributed FBG sensing in order to solve the foundation problem toward the on-line detection identification and location of the mechanical crack damage. The detailed content of this paper shows as follows:
1. It gives a review of the FBG high speed demodulation method, FBG strain transferring characteristic and sensitivity property as well as the application of this technique in composite and metallic materials health monitoring.
2. It analyses the acoustic field distribution in mechanical structure and proposes that the FBG should be arranged at the closer far-field region from the ultrasonic source. The dispersion curves of the alloy aluminum as well as the relationship between the ultrasonic incidence angle and the frequency-thickness product are studied, to provide a theoretical basis for the reasonable selection of acoustic frequency and incidence angle according to different test materials. The ultrasonic stress field of the test mechanical structure under ultrasonic excitation is simulated with Comsol software, offering references for the layout and optimization of FBGs.
3. Two high-speed demodulation systems for fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor respectively based on matched fiber Bragg grating and tunable laser light are studied. Their measuring principles are presented and the output curves are given by theoretical deduction. Then the vibration signals of an ultrasonic cleaner were measured using these two systems. The wavelength measurement sensitivity and demodulation speed of these two systems were compared with experiments. Finally, the experimental results demonstrated the feasibility to detect Lamb waves in metal plates with the FBG demodulation system based on a tunable laser light.
4. A four-cylinder sensing model for glued FBG sensor is established in this paper. According to the shear-lag theory, an improved strain sensing function is derived from this model. Then, based on above function, the strain sensing characteristics and the effects of ultrasonic frequency, adhesive layer thickness and host material on strain transfer efficiency from host material to fiber core are studied with simulation. Finally, the system with an ultrasonic transducer to excite aluminum alloy thin plates and surface-bounded FBGs with AB glue to detect the Lamb wave propagating through the plate was established to validate the theoretical analysis.
5. The optical spectrum of FBG under ultrasonic excitation is analyzed with the Transmission Matrix method. The influences of FBG length and ultrasonic power on the FBG spectrum distribution are discussed. Numerical results prove that the FBG can be used to detect ultrasonic signal in structure detection when the length of the FBG is shorter than a half of ultrasound wavelength with proper energy
6. The detection system based on ultrasonic excitation and fiber Bragg gratings sensing was established. The ultrasonic fault detector was employed to stimulate the ultrasonic probe, thus generating ultrasonic waves in the thin plate. The glued FBG was used to measure the ultrasonic waves and the demodulating system based on tunable laser source was applied to achieve the center wavelength demodulation of FGB. On these bases, the experiment set was used to study the character of acoustic intensity distribution along the acoustic axis in the aluminum alloy (5052) plates, proving the feasibility to detect the acoustic waves with the system. Then, the experiment device was used to detect the two hole defects with diameters of6mm in the aluminum alloy (5052) plates, discovering new wave packets in the FGB measured ultrasonic waveform when there was hole damage in the plate, whose arriving time before and after the damage can be used to determine the damage localization. The positioning errors of the two holes were3.3mm and0.8mm, respectively. The datas obtained from distributed FBGs with this experiment set were used to study the position and size of the damage in a plate.
引文
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