导师指导风格对研究生创造力的影响研究
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摘要
国家之间的竞争越来越体现为创新水平的竞争,创新型国家建设日益被提升至国家发展战略的核心高度。研究生作为我国创新型国家建设的重要支撑力量,肩负着重要的使命和责任。但是,目前我国研究生的创造力水平与国家建设需求存在一定的差距,因此,如何提升研究生创造力显得尤为重要。我国研究生教育采取的是导师负责制,导师在研究生培养中发挥着重要作用。但是,目前有关导师指导行为如何影响研究生创造力研究较少,需要进一步深入。因此,本文借鉴支持型和控制型领导风格研究,基于动机理论和情境理论,研究导师支持型指导风格和控制型指导风格对研究生创造力的直接影响和组合影响,并分析学生个人主动性和团队成员支持在导师指导风格与研究生创造力关系中的情境化作用。
在动机理论、情境理论、创造力研究和导师指导研究等文献综述基础上,本文分三个部分内容研究导师指导风格对研究生创造力的影响：
研究内容一：通过内容分析法,归纳出导师指导风格的主要内容,并将之归类为支持型领导风格和控制型领导风格。论文收集1999-2011年间“优秀博士学位论文”指导教师发表的有关导师如何指导研究生的文献,总结研究生导师指导行为,并与支持型和控制型指导风格的内涵进行对比分析,从而将导师指导风格明确为支持型指导风格和控制型指导风格。
研究内容二：基于动机理论,通过问卷调研法,分析导师支持型指导风格和控制型指导风格对研究生创造力的直接影响和组合影响。结果发现,导师支持型指导风格和控制型指导风格均正向影响研究生创造力,其中,支持型指导风格的三个子维度(导师的学术支持、人际支持和自主支持)均正向影响研究生创造力,控制型指导风格的两个子维度(指示命令和设定目标)同样正向影响研究生创造力。两种指导风格组合效应中,高支持型高控制型的指导风格下研究生的创造力水平最高。
研究内容三：基于情境理论,通过问卷调研法,分析导师指导风格的情境因素,研究学生个人主动性和团队成员支持对导师指导风格与研究生创造力关系的调节作用。结果发现,学生个人主动性调节导师控制型指导风格与研究生创造力之间的关系,体现为学生个人主动性越低,导师控制型指导风格与研究生创造力的关系越强；团队成员支持调节导师学术支持和人际支持对研究生创造力的影响,体现为团队成员支持越高,导师学术支持与研究生创造力的关系越强,导师人际支持与研究生创造力的关系越弱。
虽然导师对于研究生创造力培养发挥着重要作用,但是目前有关导师指导影响研究生创造力的研究较少。本研究立足于研究生教育背景,借鉴支持型和控制领导风格研究,基于动机理论和情境理论分析导师行为对研究生创造力的影响。研究将拓展导师指导对研究生创造力的影响研究,并进一步验证和丰富相关理论。本研究的创新点主要体现为：
1)引入领导风格,研究导师指导风格对研究生创造力的影响。
虽然导师对于研究生创造力培养发挥着重要作用,但是现有关于导师指导风格对研究生创造力影响的实证研究还相对较少,而且有学者指出关于学生创造力的研究应该更多的借鉴组织学和心理学的理论基础。本研究立足于研究生教育背景,在现有研究生创造力相关研究的基础上,将领导风格的概念借鉴至导师指导研究,并基于动机理论分析导师指导风格对研究生创造力的直接影响和组合影响。
2)探索导师指导风格影响的情境因素
情境理论指出领导者行为的有效性需要考虑被领导者特征和领导环境特征两类情境因素,其中个人主动性和团队成员支持分别是重要的被领导者特征和环境特征。但是,现有导师指导对研究生创造力的研究中,尚没有研究分析个人主动性和团队成员支持的情境作用。本研究基于情境理论,分析学生个人主动性和团队成员支持对导师指导与研究生创造力关系的调节作用。研究结果将丰富导师指导研究的情境研究。
3)进一步验证和丰富动机理论和情境理论
虽然动机理论和情境理论在较多领域已经得到了学者们的认同和验证,但是在导师指导风格对研究生创造力影响研究中尚未有研究引入这两个理论视角。本文通过结合创造力研究等多个研究,进一步拓展了动机理论和情境理论在相关领域的适用性,同时,本文研究结果将有助于进一步丰富两种理论。
The competition between countries is more and more depending on the innovation level.Innovative national construction is increasingly promoted to the height of the core national development strategy, and graduate students who are the important supporting force in building the innovative country are shouldering more and more missions and responsibilities. But at present the creativity level of our graduate students are far from the demand of the national construction, so it is particularly important to improve the creativity of graduate students. In our country, the mentors are responsibility of the graduate education and are very important in cultivating the graduate students, but the study on the graduate students'creativity and how the mentors influence the creativity is rare, there need to be more further in-depth research. Therefore, Basing on motivation theory and situational theory,this article study the direct and combined influence of mentor supporting and controlling leadership on the graduate students'creativity, and analyze the moderation effect of students's personal initiative and team member support.
Based on the literature of motivation theory, situational theory and research on creativity and mentoring, this article is divided into three research parts to analyze the mentor's leadership influence on postgraduate creativity.
The first part concludes the content of mentor leadership and categories it into supporting and controlling mentor leadership, using content analysis. This research collects the materials between1999and2011of the mentoring experience of mentors who have guided the "outstanding Ph.D. Thesis" and conclude the core mentor behaviors which will be compared with the definition of mentor leadership.The result shows that mentor supporting and controlling leadership is suitable for the graduate student education background.
The second part use the reference of motivation theory to analyze the direct and combinational effect of the mentor supporting and controlling leadership on the graduate students'creativity, using multiple regression analysis and variance analysis. The result finds that mentor's supporting and controlling leadership both positively influence the creativity of graduate students. The three dimensions of supporting leadership(including academic support, personal support and autonomy support) all have positive influence on student creativity, and the two dimensions of controlling leadership(issuing instructions&commands and assigning goals) also positively influence the graduate students'creativity. And the combination of high supporting and high controlling leadership is the best pattern for creativity.
The third part use the reference of situation theory to analysis situational factor about mentors'behaviors. Using questionnaire survey, the moderation effect of students'personal initiative and team member support are proved. The study finds that when the students'personal initiative is higher, the relationship between the controlling leadership and students'creativity is stronger. Team member support moderates the influence of mentor's academic support and personal support. When the team member support is higher, the relationship between academic support and graduate students'creativity is the stronger relationship, with relationship between the personal support and graduate students'creativity is lower.
Though mentors play an important role in cultivating the graduate students'creativity.but the study on this is rare. Based on the background of graduate education,this research refers the supporting and controlling leadership,and analyzes the influence of mentor behaviors on graduates'creativity, which will expand the research filed and enrich related theory. The innovational points of this study mainly embodied in:
1) Introduction of the research on leadership to analyze the influence of mentoring on the graduate creativity
Although mentor plays an important role in cultivating graduate students creativity, there are few studies in this area. Some researchers points out that the future research should embodied the perspective of organizational and psychology research. Based on the postgraduate education background, this study draws lessons from introduces the concept of leadership, and investigates the direct and combined influence of the supporting and controlling leadership on the creativity.
2) Expanding the situational factors of mentor's instruction
Despite the fact that situational theory points out the leaders should adjust their behaviors on the basis of the features of the objectives and the environment, especially the effect of personal initiative and team member support.the current research about the influence of the mentor's instruction on the postgraduates' creativity seldom investigates the impact of these situational factors. This paper analyzes the moderation effect of the students's personal initiative and the team members'support between the mentor's leadership and the creativity of the postgraduates. This study, to some extent, deepens the research on the situational factors of mentoring.
3)Confirm and enrich the motivation theory and situational theory
Although the motivation theory and situational theory have been identified and verified by many scholars in many domains,few research introduce the two perspectives to analyze the influence of mentors on the graduate creativity.This study analyzes the influence of mentor guidance towards graduates'creativity. By combining with creativity research and other researches, The results will help to explore the applicability of the two theories in the graduates'creativity cultivation,and further verify and enrich the motivation theory and situational theory.
在动机理论、情境理论、创造力研究和导师指导研究等文献综述基础上,本文分三个部分内容研究导师指导风格对研究生创造力的影响：
研究内容一：通过内容分析法,归纳出导师指导风格的主要内容,并将之归类为支持型领导风格和控制型领导风格。论文收集1999-2011年间“优秀博士学位论文”指导教师发表的有关导师如何指导研究生的文献,总结研究生导师指导行为,并与支持型和控制型指导风格的内涵进行对比分析,从而将导师指导风格明确为支持型指导风格和控制型指导风格。
研究内容二：基于动机理论,通过问卷调研法,分析导师支持型指导风格和控制型指导风格对研究生创造力的直接影响和组合影响。结果发现,导师支持型指导风格和控制型指导风格均正向影响研究生创造力,其中,支持型指导风格的三个子维度(导师的学术支持、人际支持和自主支持)均正向影响研究生创造力,控制型指导风格的两个子维度(指示命令和设定目标)同样正向影响研究生创造力。两种指导风格组合效应中,高支持型高控制型的指导风格下研究生的创造力水平最高。
研究内容三：基于情境理论,通过问卷调研法,分析导师指导风格的情境因素,研究学生个人主动性和团队成员支持对导师指导风格与研究生创造力关系的调节作用。结果发现,学生个人主动性调节导师控制型指导风格与研究生创造力之间的关系,体现为学生个人主动性越低,导师控制型指导风格与研究生创造力的关系越强；团队成员支持调节导师学术支持和人际支持对研究生创造力的影响,体现为团队成员支持越高,导师学术支持与研究生创造力的关系越强,导师人际支持与研究生创造力的关系越弱。
虽然导师对于研究生创造力培养发挥着重要作用,但是目前有关导师指导影响研究生创造力的研究较少。本研究立足于研究生教育背景,借鉴支持型和控制领导风格研究,基于动机理论和情境理论分析导师行为对研究生创造力的影响。研究将拓展导师指导对研究生创造力的影响研究,并进一步验证和丰富相关理论。本研究的创新点主要体现为：
1)引入领导风格,研究导师指导风格对研究生创造力的影响。
虽然导师对于研究生创造力培养发挥着重要作用,但是现有关于导师指导风格对研究生创造力影响的实证研究还相对较少,而且有学者指出关于学生创造力的研究应该更多的借鉴组织学和心理学的理论基础。本研究立足于研究生教育背景,在现有研究生创造力相关研究的基础上,将领导风格的概念借鉴至导师指导研究,并基于动机理论分析导师指导风格对研究生创造力的直接影响和组合影响。
2)探索导师指导风格影响的情境因素
情境理论指出领导者行为的有效性需要考虑被领导者特征和领导环境特征两类情境因素,其中个人主动性和团队成员支持分别是重要的被领导者特征和环境特征。但是,现有导师指导对研究生创造力的研究中,尚没有研究分析个人主动性和团队成员支持的情境作用。本研究基于情境理论,分析学生个人主动性和团队成员支持对导师指导与研究生创造力关系的调节作用。研究结果将丰富导师指导研究的情境研究。
3)进一步验证和丰富动机理论和情境理论
虽然动机理论和情境理论在较多领域已经得到了学者们的认同和验证,但是在导师指导风格对研究生创造力影响研究中尚未有研究引入这两个理论视角。本文通过结合创造力研究等多个研究,进一步拓展了动机理论和情境理论在相关领域的适用性,同时,本文研究结果将有助于进一步丰富两种理论。
The competition between countries is more and more depending on the innovation level.Innovative national construction is increasingly promoted to the height of the core national development strategy, and graduate students who are the important supporting force in building the innovative country are shouldering more and more missions and responsibilities. But at present the creativity level of our graduate students are far from the demand of the national construction, so it is particularly important to improve the creativity of graduate students. In our country, the mentors are responsibility of the graduate education and are very important in cultivating the graduate students, but the study on the graduate students'creativity and how the mentors influence the creativity is rare, there need to be more further in-depth research. Therefore, Basing on motivation theory and situational theory,this article study the direct and combined influence of mentor supporting and controlling leadership on the graduate students'creativity, and analyze the moderation effect of students's personal initiative and team member support.
Based on the literature of motivation theory, situational theory and research on creativity and mentoring, this article is divided into three research parts to analyze the mentor's leadership influence on postgraduate creativity.
The first part concludes the content of mentor leadership and categories it into supporting and controlling mentor leadership, using content analysis. This research collects the materials between1999and2011of the mentoring experience of mentors who have guided the "outstanding Ph.D. Thesis" and conclude the core mentor behaviors which will be compared with the definition of mentor leadership.The result shows that mentor supporting and controlling leadership is suitable for the graduate student education background.
The second part use the reference of motivation theory to analyze the direct and combinational effect of the mentor supporting and controlling leadership on the graduate students'creativity, using multiple regression analysis and variance analysis. The result finds that mentor's supporting and controlling leadership both positively influence the creativity of graduate students. The three dimensions of supporting leadership(including academic support, personal support and autonomy support) all have positive influence on student creativity, and the two dimensions of controlling leadership(issuing instructions&commands and assigning goals) also positively influence the graduate students'creativity. And the combination of high supporting and high controlling leadership is the best pattern for creativity.
The third part use the reference of situation theory to analysis situational factor about mentors'behaviors. Using questionnaire survey, the moderation effect of students'personal initiative and team member support are proved. The study finds that when the students'personal initiative is higher, the relationship between the controlling leadership and students'creativity is stronger. Team member support moderates the influence of mentor's academic support and personal support. When the team member support is higher, the relationship between academic support and graduate students'creativity is the stronger relationship, with relationship between the personal support and graduate students'creativity is lower.
Though mentors play an important role in cultivating the graduate students'creativity.but the study on this is rare. Based on the background of graduate education,this research refers the supporting and controlling leadership,and analyzes the influence of mentor behaviors on graduates'creativity, which will expand the research filed and enrich related theory. The innovational points of this study mainly embodied in:
1) Introduction of the research on leadership to analyze the influence of mentoring on the graduate creativity
Although mentor plays an important role in cultivating graduate students creativity, there are few studies in this area. Some researchers points out that the future research should embodied the perspective of organizational and psychology research. Based on the postgraduate education background, this study draws lessons from introduces the concept of leadership, and investigates the direct and combined influence of the supporting and controlling leadership on the creativity.
2) Expanding the situational factors of mentor's instruction
Despite the fact that situational theory points out the leaders should adjust their behaviors on the basis of the features of the objectives and the environment, especially the effect of personal initiative and team member support.the current research about the influence of the mentor's instruction on the postgraduates' creativity seldom investigates the impact of these situational factors. This paper analyzes the moderation effect of the students's personal initiative and the team members'support between the mentor's leadership and the creativity of the postgraduates. This study, to some extent, deepens the research on the situational factors of mentoring.
3)Confirm and enrich the motivation theory and situational theory
Although the motivation theory and situational theory have been identified and verified by many scholars in many domains,few research introduce the two perspectives to analyze the influence of mentors on the graduate creativity.This study analyzes the influence of mentor guidance towards graduates'creativity. By combining with creativity research and other researches, The results will help to explore the applicability of the two theories in the graduates'creativity cultivation,and further verify and enrich the motivation theory and situational theory.
引文
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