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中国义务教育财政投入不均衡问题研究
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摘要
教育公平是人类社会普遍的价值取向,均衡的财政投入是实现教育公平的重要基础。义务教育作为国家为全体适龄儿童少年提供的一项基本公共服务,在教育中处于最基础的地位,是实现社会公平的起点。
     我国于1986年提出实施九年义务教育,在20多年的时间里,我国基本普及了义务教育,取得了令世人瞩目的成就。2006年我国对《义务教育法》又进行了重新修订,明确了义务教育的公益性,同时把实现义务教育公平、促进义务教育均衡发展作为未来义务教育发展的方向,并指出义务教育资源分配应体现公平性和公正性,尤其对财政经费的公平投入提出了明确要求。
     应该看到,现阶段我国义务教育财政投入不均衡的问题是客观存在的。在现有的义务教育财政制度下,由于我国各地区经济社会发展不平衡,城乡二元结构矛盾突出,使我国区域间、城乡间的义务教育财政投入呈现不均衡状况,即使在同一地区,校与校之间也存在明显差异。虽然近些年我国义务教育财政体制不断改革和完善,但义务教育财政投入不均衡问题依然突出,已成为影响社会公平正义的不和谐因素。因此,为了更好地解决我国义务教育财政投入不均衡问题,以我国现阶段义务教育财政体制为背景,对我国义务教育财政投入不均衡问题进行深入研究具有重大的理论和现实意义。通过对这一问题的研究,将为我国建立公平、规范的义务教育财政体制机制厘清思路,从而为实现我国义务教育财政均衡提供现实途径。
     本文试图从财政角度来研究和解决义务教育发展不均衡问题,研究过程贯穿新义务教育法和农村义务教育经费保障新机制实施的前后,研究采用定量分析、定性分析、比较分析和实证分析的方法,通过对现阶段我国区域间、城乡间义务教育财政投入状况的分析,清楚地看到我国义务教育领域财政投入不均衡问题较为突出,同时,对产生这一问题的原因进行了理论分析和实证分析,在借鉴国外相关经验的基础上,提出了解决我国义务教育财政投入不均衡问题的对策建议。
     本文在结构上,首先介绍了论文的研究背景及研究的意义,同时,还对论文研究方法、结构安排、创新点和不足进行了阐述。其次,介绍了国内外关于义务教育财政投入的研究状况。在国外文献综述部分,一是从总体上介绍了国外关于义务教育财政均衡的五种观点,即机会均等、财富的中性、横向公平、纵向公平和充足性。二是介绍了国外关于义务教育财政均衡研究的相关成果。在国内文献综述部分,主要从五个方面对义务教育财政投入的研究状况进行归纳和梳理。
     在义务教育财政均衡相关理论部分,首先对相关概念进行了辨析,介绍了经济学中有关均衡的论述,以及教育的公平与均衡、义务教育均衡、义务教育财政均衡、教育投入横向公平及纵向公平等概念。然后重点讨论了公共物品理论及其三个基本特征。其次,从市场失灵、私人供给公共物品的低效率、政府供给公共物品的合理性三个方面对公共物品供给理论进行阐述。再次,介绍了义务教育的内涵,指出了义务教育是纯公共物品的理论依据及义务教育财政均衡应依据的原则。
     在现阶段我国义务教育财政投入不均衡水平分析上,首先,介绍了标准差、极差、变异系数等测量方法。其次,依据相关原则将我国划分为东、中、西三个经济区域,对不同区域间普通初中、普通小学的生均预算内经费、生均预算内公用经费的不均衡水平进行测定分析。再次,还对我国东中西各区域内部各省(自治区、直辖市)义务教育财政投入不均衡水平进行了研究。最后,对城乡间义务教育不均衡状况进行了测算分析。
     关于义务教育财政投入不均衡原因的分析,首先,在理论层面造成义务教育财政投入不均衡的原因主要有五个方面:一是义务教育财政资源供给不充足;二是区域经济梯次发展作用影响;三是义务教育财政制度存在弊端;四是城乡二元结构体制长期的影响;五是法规政策和监督机制不完善。其次,在实证方面采用了计量分析的方法,对影响义务教育财政投入不均衡因素进行实证分析。
     为更好地研究和解决我国义务教育财政投入不均衡问题,本文还较为详细地介绍了促进义务教育财政均衡的国际经验。经验主要包括四个方面:一是运用法律手段来保障教育经费的公平投入;二是建立规范的义务教育财政转移支付制度;三是采取具有针对性的财政扶持措施;四是实行中央拨款和市场化运行机制。
     在促进我国义务教育财政均衡的对策建议上,首先,从整体上提出了增加义务教育财政资源供给、消除城乡二元结构、促进区域经济协调可持续发展、制定义务教育财政均衡统一标准、发挥中央和省级政府在财政资源调控上的作用、在区域之间设立义务教育财政调节资金、建立有助于财政均衡的转移支付制度等对策措施。其次,在解决贫困地区、薄弱学校、弱势群体义务教育财政投入不足问题上,指出应采取差异性的财政政策给予重点扶持。最后,提出了建立义务教育财政均衡相关法律法规及监管机制等保障措施。
Equity of education is an universal value of human society, and a balanced financialinvestment is an important basis to realize the equity of education. Compulsoryeducation, which is a beginning and basis to the realization of society equity, is a basicpublic service to the entire children of right age.
     China started to carry out nine years compulsory education since1986. and hasmade an astonished achievement by popularizing the compulsory education during thepast20years. In2006, China revised the law of compulsory education, which pointedout the public welfare service characteristic of compulsory education clearly. The newlaw of compulsory education sets the realization of education equity and promotion ofbalanced development as the direction of future development, and points out the resourceallocation of compulsory education should be equal and fair, especially that of theequal investment on financial funds.
     It is obvious that the problem of unbalanced financial investment on compulsoryeducation does still exists. Under the present financial institution of compulsoryeducation, the financial investment is unbalanced among different regions, urban andrural areas, even schools in the same region, because of the unequal development ofeconomy, the prominent problem of urban-rural binary structure, and society in variousregions, and urban-rural dual system. Although the financial institution system ofcompulsory education has been reformed and perfected, the unbalanced problem infinancial investment on compulsory education is still a serious one. Therefore, it is ofgreat significance both in theory and in practice to research in-depth the unbalancedinvestment of compulsory education under the background of the present financialinstitution system of compulsory education. This article will provide an idea for theestablishment of equal and normative financial system of compulsory education throughthe research on this issue, and provide a realistic path to realize a balanced financialsystem of compulsory education.
     This dissertation tries to research and solve the unbalanced problem in thedevelopment of compulsory education from the prospective of finance. It analyses the problem in the whole process before and after the new law of compulsory education andnew institution of guaranteeing funds for compulsory education in rural area, and itcombines qualitative and quantitative analysis, globally and locally, especially thecomparison analysis and empirical analysis. It finds out that the unbalanced problem infinancial investment on compulsory education is obvious and severe, through the analysisof the conditions of present financial investment among different regions, and amongurban and rural areas. At the same time, it takes out a theoretical and empirical analysisof the problems, and proposes suggestions of solving the unbalanced problem incompulsory education financial investment based on the experiences of relative foreigncountries.
     In structure, this dissertation firstly introduces the background and significance ofthe researched topic, as well as the research method, structure arrangement, innovationand deficiencies. Secondly, it reviews the studies about compulsory education. In thereview of foreign studies, it first introduces five points of view, i.e., opportunity equality,neutral of wealth, horizontal equity, vertical equity, and sufficiency. And then it reviewsthe relative foreign research findings about financial equity of compulsory education. Inthe review of domestic research, it concludes the research of compulsory education fromfive perspectives.
     About the theory of compulsory education financial equity, it firstly introduces therelative theories about equilibrium, it analyses the relative definition about equity andequilibrium, compulsory education financial equilibrium, horizontal and vertical equityof education. and then talks about the theory of public goods and its three basiccharacteristics. Secondly, it analyses the theory of public goods supply from marketfailure, low efficiency of private providing public goods, and suitability of governmentproviding. Thirdly, it introduces the connotation of compulsory education, and points outthe theoretical basis of pure public goods of compulsory education, and the principles ofcompulsory education financial equilibrium.
     In the analysis of unbalanced financial investment on compulsory education, firstly,it introduces measurement methods, such as standard deviation, range, variablecoefficient, etc. Secondly, it divides China into east, middle, west three economicregions according to relative principle, and uses methods of standard deviation, range, and variable coefficient to measure the unbalanced level of the funds in budget andpublic funds in budget for students in ordinary primary and secondary schools in variousregions. Thirdly, it researches the unbalanced level of compulsory financial investment inthe provinces of east, middle and west region. Finally, it analyses the unbalancedcondition in urban and rural areas.
     About the analysis of the reasons of unbalanced financial investment of compulsoryeducation, it first elaborates the reasons from five aspects, i.e., the insufficient financialresources invested in compulsory education investment, the different development ofregional economies, the imperfect institutions of compulsory education, the impact ofurban-rural system, the imperfect of supervisory mechanism. Secondly, it makes anempirical analysis about the factors that affect the unbalanced investment of compulsoryeducation.
     In order to research and solve the problem of unbalanced financial investment in abetter way, it introduces the international experiences of promoting financial balance ofcompulsory education. These experiences include the insurance of equal investment ofeducation funds through legal measures, establishment of transfer payment institution,adoption of more targeted financial support measures, implementation of central fundingand market-orient operation mechanism.
     About the suggestions of promoting financial equity of compulsory education, itfirstly proposes the measures of increasing financial investment on compulsoryeducation, elimination of urban-rural dual structure, promotion of coordinated andsustainable development of regional economy, establishing uniform standard, exercisingthe liability of central and local government, setting up regional adjusting funds,establishing financial transfer institutions. Secondly, in solving the problem ofinsufficient investment in poor areas, weak schools, and vulnerable groups, it proposesthat it should adopt different financial support. In conclusion, it proposes the measures ofestablishing laws, regulations, and supervisory institutions of compulsory education.
引文
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