溪黄草有效成分分离纯化、结构鉴定及活性评价
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摘要
溪黄草是一种华南特色的中药资源,具有多种生理活性,极具研究开发前景。溪黄草中有效成分复杂,至今尚未完全明晰。本论文通过现代色谱及波谱技术分离和鉴定溪黄草的有效成分,阐明了溪黄草中主要活性物质,包括活性小分子化合物、多糖及挥发性成分；阐明了二萜类化合物抗肿瘤活性的构效关系及一种二萜化合物对鼻咽癌细胞抑制增殖作用、诱导凋亡作用的作用机制；探讨了大孔吸附树脂对溪黄草多酚类化合物的吸附动力学与热力学；研究了加工方式(包括热处理及干燥技术)对溪黄草叶活性成分、功效的影响。本研究有助于阐明溪黄草药食两用的物质基础,并且可对其高附加值产品的开发提供理论和方法的指导。
(1)本论文优化了顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)法提取溪黄草叶挥发性成分的条件,即：选择CAR/PDMS萃取头；平衡时间为10min萃取温度为50℃；萃取时间为40min。通过HS-SPME-气相色谱-质谱法分别从溪黄草茎、叶中提取、分离、鉴定得到48及56种挥发性成分,包括醇类、醛类、烃类、酮类、酸类、酯类及芳香族类化合物。溪黄草叶中最主要的挥发性成分包括：1-辛烯-3-醇、2-己烯醛及1,顺-3-辛二烯。阴干叶中挥发性成分种类最多。溪黄草茎、叶中挥发性成分差异较大。聚类分析结果表明：HS-SPME与SDE(同时蒸馏萃取)法对溪黄草挥发性物质的萃取性能有显著性差异。HS-SPME法所提取的挥发性物质更能体现溪黄草特有的风味。
(2)从溪黄草中分离得到20种化合物,包括：(a)4种多酚类化合物：迷迭香酸(溪黄草中含量最高的化合物)、迷迭香酸甲酯、胡麻素及芦丁；(b)9种二萜类化合物：包括8种7,20-环氧-对映-贝壳杉烷型(6种已知化合物包括parvifolin G、lasiodin、effusanin E、rabdosichuanin D、lushanrubescensin F及parvifoliside;2种新化合物effusanin F及effusanin G)和1种6,7-断裂-对映-贝壳杉烷型(nodosin);(c)5种三萜类化合物：β-谷甾醇、豆甾醇、齐墩果酸、熊果酸及β-胡萝卜苷；(d)2种其它类化合物：棕榈酸及蔗糖。其中,迷迭香酸甲酯、胡麻素、parvifolin G、effusanin E、rabdosichuanin lushanrubescensin F及parvifoliside为首次从溪黄草中分离得到。多酚类化合物是溪黄草提取物发挥抗氧化作用的关键物质基础。该类化合物不仅具有卓越的抗氧化活性；而且对酪氨酸酶及α-葡萄糖苷酶具有一定的抑制活性。二萜类化合物是溪黄草提取物呈现抑菌及抗肿瘤活性的重要物质基础。Lasiodin、effusanin E及effusanin F显现出很强的抑菌活性；lasiodin和effusanin G具有与顺铂相同或更高的抑制HepG-2(人肝癌细胞株)、MCF-7(人乳腺癌细胞株)及HL-60(人早幼粒细胞白血病细胞株)细胞增殖活性。
(3)研究了HP-20及XAD-7HP大孔树脂对溪黄草多酚类化合物的静态吸附动力学及热力学。两种树脂对多酚类化合物的吸附以准二级动力学为最佳模型,且吸附过程受表面扩散与颗粒内扩散过程的影响。两种树脂对多酚类化合物的吸附行为是单分子层吸附,且属于放热过程。通过大孔树脂柱层析法,得到不同浓度乙醇洗脱组分,其中以30%乙醇洗脱组分中总酚含量最高,可达63%以上,其中93%以上的多酚类化合物是迷迭香酸。
(4)首次研究了lasiodin在鼻咽癌细胞及动物水平上的抗肿瘤作用及其作用机制。Lasiodin不仅能在细胞水平上抑制鼻咽癌细胞增殖、改变细胞形态、抑制细胞体外成瘤与转化能力、并能抑制鼻咽癌细胞侵袭迁移能力；还能在动物水平上抑制肿瘤的增殖,起到体内抗肿瘤作用。采用免疫荧光图像分析及Western印迹技术,研究了lasiodin对鼻咽癌细胞的抑制增殖作用、诱导凋亡作用的作用机制。结果表明：lasiodin通过调控细胞色素C/caspase凋亡通路、P13K/AKT信号传导通路、MAPKs信号传导通路、NF-KB与COX-2信号传导通路抑制鼻咽癌细胞增殖,诱导细胞凋亡。
(5)利用不同截留分子量的超滤膜对溪黄草茎、叶多糖进行分级与富集,得到分子量>10kDa的溪黄草茎、叶粗多糖。通过离子交换柱层析进一步分离纯化,分别得到1种中性多糖及2种酸性多糖。茎、叶中性多糖的平均分子量较大,分别为736kDa及766kDa:而茎、叶酸性多糖主要是以低分子量多糖为主。葡萄糖、半乳糖及阿拉伯糖构成了茎、叶中性多糖的骨架结构；而酸性多糖由阿拉伯糖及半乳糖构成骨架。茎、叶中性多糖中_6)-Glcp-(1→6)-Galp-(1→以及→5)-Araf-(1→残基含量最高。叶酸性多糖中Araf-(1→、→5)-Araf-(1→以及→6)-Galp-(1→残基含量较高；茎酸性多糖中Araf-(1→以及→2,3,6)-Galp-(1→残基含量最高。
(6)研究了热水漂烫及蒸汽灭酶对溪黄草鲜叶中POD(过氧化氢酶)及PPO(多酚氧化酶)的灭活参数,灭活PPO所需要的活化能Ea为52.30kJ·mol-1,高于灭活POD所需要的活化能(20.15kJ·mol-1)。表明溪黄草鲜叶中PPO比POD具有更高的耐热性。选择热处理参数为：90℃热水漂烫90s,或100℃蒸汽处理90s,不仅能高效地灭活POD及PPO,还能在最大程度上保留溪黄草鲜叶中的多酚类化合物。冷冻干燥是最适合溪黄草鲜叶的干燥方式,而晒干与阴干会造成叶中多酚类化合物的损失。保持叶片的完整性,对于溪黄草叶中多酚类化合物的保留是十分关键的。
Rabdosia serra (Maxim.) Hara is a typical traditional Chinese medicine in South China,which possesses a variety of biological activities and is of great prospect for research anddevelopment. The acitive ingredients of R. serra are complex, which are not comprehensivelyinvestigated. The acitive ingredients of R. serra were purified and identified in terms ofmodern chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques, which illustrated the main activecomponents in R. serra including volatiles, polysaccharides and bioactive compounds. Therelationship between structure of diterpenoids and their antitumor activities were wellillustrated. And the underlying mechanisms of lasiodin-induced inhibitions of humannasopharyngeal carcinoma cells (NPC) proliferation were investigated. The adsorptionkinetics and thermodynamics of adsorption processes by macroporous resin for R. serraphenolics were also studied. The effects of processing methods of R. serra leaf includingblanching and drying on active compounds and their biological activities were illustrated. Thecomprehensive investigation of R. serra could clarify the active ingredients responsible forthe pharmaceutical activities of R. serra and provide theories and methods for thedevelopment of relative products.
(1) HS-SPME (headspace solid-phase microextraction) method was optimized forextraction of volatiles of R. serra leaf. A total of56and48compounds including alcohols,aldehydes, hydrocarbons, ketones, carboxylic acid, ester, and aromatics were identified in leafand stem by optimized HS-SPME method (CAR/PDMS fibre; incubation time,10min;extraction temperature,50°C; extraction time,40min), which were seperated and identifiedby gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The major volatile compounds of leaf were1-octen-3-ol,(2E)-hexenal, and (3E)-1,3-octadiene. The highest diversity of volatiles wasfound in air dried leaf. Furthermore, the volatile diversity of leaf and stem were different.Cluster analysis indicated that there were significant differences between HS-SPME and SDE(simultaneous-distillation extraction) methods. HS-SPME is a useful technique for theanalysis of readily volatile components for the characteristics of R. serra aroma.
(2) Twenty compounds were purified from R. serra, which include four phenolicsconsisting of rosmarinic acid (the most abundant compound in R. serra), methyl rosmarinate,pedalitin and rutin; nine diterpenoids consisting of eight7,20-epoxy-ent-kauranes (includingsix known compounds: parvifolin G, lasiodin, effusanin E, rabdosichuanin D,lushanrubescensin F and parvifoliside; and two new compounds: effusanin F and effusanin G)and one6,7-seco-ent-kauranes namely nodosin; five triterpenoids consisting of β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid and β-daucosterol; two other compounds consistingof palmitic acid and sucrose. It was the first time that methyl rosmarinate, pedalitin, parvifolinG, effusanin E, rabdosichuanin D, lushanrubescensin F and parvifoliside were found in R.serra. Phenolics are responsible for the good antioxidant capacity of R. serra ethanol extract.Phenolics possessed excellent antioxidant activities, which also exhibited inhibitory effects onboth tyrosinase and α-glucosidase. Diterpenoids are responsible for the good antitumoractivity of R. serra ethanol extract. Effusanin E, lasiodin and effusanin F exhibited stronginhibition against Gram-positive bacteria. Effusanin G and lasiodin exhibited stronginhibitory effects on the HepG-2(human hepatocellular liver carcinoma cell line), MCF-7(human breast adenocarcinoma cell line) and HL-60(human promyelocytic leukemia cell line)cell, and their inhibitory effects were comparable to cisplatin with broad clinical use.
(3) The adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics of adsorption processes by HP-20andXAD-7HP resins for R. serra phenolics were studied. The pseudo-second-order kineticsmodel was the most favorable for illustrating the whole exothermic adsorption processes,which were affected by the mutual effects of boundary layer diffusion and intraparticlediffusion kinetics. The adsorption behaviors were of monomolecule layer adsorption. Thenegative enthalpy changes indicated that the adsorption processes were exothermic. From thedynamic adsorption/desorption experiments through column packed with HP-20orXAD-7HP resins, phenolics, antioxidants and rosmarinic acid were enriched in30%ethanolfractions. Total phenolics took up over63%in30%ethanol fractions. And rosmarinic acidaccounted for over93%of total phenolics in30%ethanol fractions.
(4) It is the first time that in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity of lasiodin wasinvestigated. Our results provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms oflasiodin-mediated NPC cell suppression. Treatment with lasiodin inhibited cell viability andmigration, mediated cell morphology change, and induced apoptosis in NPC cells. Lasiodinalso significantly suppressed tumor growth with a low toxicity in human NPC tumor-bearingmice. It is the first time that molecular mechanisms of lasiodin-mediated NPC cellsuppression were studied. Lasoidin inhibits NPC tumor growth by simultaneously activatingthe Apaf-1/caspase-dependent apoptotic pathway and suppressing the PI3K/AKT, MAPKsand COX-2/NF-κB signaling.
(5) Water-soluble polysaccharides of Rabdosia serra leaf and stem were fractionated byultrafiltration and DEAE-Sepharose fast flow chromatogram to obtain one neutralpolysaccharides and two acidic polysaccharides. The average molecular weights of the neutralpolysaccharides of leaf and stem were estimated to be766and736kDa, respectively. However, acidic polysaccharides possessed lower molecular weights. Glucose, galactose andarabinose constructed the backbone for neutral polysaccharides. Arabinose and galactose werethe major monosaccharides in acidic polysaccharides. The branched neutral polysaccharideswere composed mainly of→6)-Glcp-(1→,→6)-Galp-(1→, and→5)-Araf-(1→residues.Acidic polysaccharides of leaf were composed mainly of Araf-(1→→5)-Araf-(1→and→6)-Galp-(1→residues. Araf-(1→and→2,3,6)-Galp-(1→residues distributed widely inacidic polysaccharides of stem.
(6) Inactivation kinetics of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase in fresh Rabdosia serraleaf were determined by hot water and steam blanching. Activation energy (52.30kJ·mol-1) ofpolyphenol oxidase inactivation was higher than that (20.15kJ·mol-1) of peroxidaseinactivation. Water blanching at90°C or steam blanching at100°C for90s wasrecommended as the preliminary processing for retention of phenolics. The intact fresh leafafter freeze drying retained the initial quality only. Significant losses of phenolics in Rabdosiaserra leaf after sun-, air-drying were observed. The retention of integrity of fresh leaf wasessential to keep the original quality.
(1)本论文优化了顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)法提取溪黄草叶挥发性成分的条件,即：选择CAR/PDMS萃取头；平衡时间为10min萃取温度为50℃；萃取时间为40min。通过HS-SPME-气相色谱-质谱法分别从溪黄草茎、叶中提取、分离、鉴定得到48及56种挥发性成分,包括醇类、醛类、烃类、酮类、酸类、酯类及芳香族类化合物。溪黄草叶中最主要的挥发性成分包括：1-辛烯-3-醇、2-己烯醛及1,顺-3-辛二烯。阴干叶中挥发性成分种类最多。溪黄草茎、叶中挥发性成分差异较大。聚类分析结果表明：HS-SPME与SDE(同时蒸馏萃取)法对溪黄草挥发性物质的萃取性能有显著性差异。HS-SPME法所提取的挥发性物质更能体现溪黄草特有的风味。
(2)从溪黄草中分离得到20种化合物,包括：(a)4种多酚类化合物：迷迭香酸(溪黄草中含量最高的化合物)、迷迭香酸甲酯、胡麻素及芦丁；(b)9种二萜类化合物：包括8种7,20-环氧-对映-贝壳杉烷型(6种已知化合物包括parvifolin G、lasiodin、effusanin E、rabdosichuanin D、lushanrubescensin F及parvifoliside;2种新化合物effusanin F及effusanin G)和1种6,7-断裂-对映-贝壳杉烷型(nodosin);(c)5种三萜类化合物：β-谷甾醇、豆甾醇、齐墩果酸、熊果酸及β-胡萝卜苷；(d)2种其它类化合物：棕榈酸及蔗糖。其中,迷迭香酸甲酯、胡麻素、parvifolin G、effusanin E、rabdosichuanin lushanrubescensin F及parvifoliside为首次从溪黄草中分离得到。多酚类化合物是溪黄草提取物发挥抗氧化作用的关键物质基础。该类化合物不仅具有卓越的抗氧化活性；而且对酪氨酸酶及α-葡萄糖苷酶具有一定的抑制活性。二萜类化合物是溪黄草提取物呈现抑菌及抗肿瘤活性的重要物质基础。Lasiodin、effusanin E及effusanin F显现出很强的抑菌活性；lasiodin和effusanin G具有与顺铂相同或更高的抑制HepG-2(人肝癌细胞株)、MCF-7(人乳腺癌细胞株)及HL-60(人早幼粒细胞白血病细胞株)细胞增殖活性。
(3)研究了HP-20及XAD-7HP大孔树脂对溪黄草多酚类化合物的静态吸附动力学及热力学。两种树脂对多酚类化合物的吸附以准二级动力学为最佳模型,且吸附过程受表面扩散与颗粒内扩散过程的影响。两种树脂对多酚类化合物的吸附行为是单分子层吸附,且属于放热过程。通过大孔树脂柱层析法,得到不同浓度乙醇洗脱组分,其中以30%乙醇洗脱组分中总酚含量最高,可达63%以上,其中93%以上的多酚类化合物是迷迭香酸。
(4)首次研究了lasiodin在鼻咽癌细胞及动物水平上的抗肿瘤作用及其作用机制。Lasiodin不仅能在细胞水平上抑制鼻咽癌细胞增殖、改变细胞形态、抑制细胞体外成瘤与转化能力、并能抑制鼻咽癌细胞侵袭迁移能力；还能在动物水平上抑制肿瘤的增殖,起到体内抗肿瘤作用。采用免疫荧光图像分析及Western印迹技术,研究了lasiodin对鼻咽癌细胞的抑制增殖作用、诱导凋亡作用的作用机制。结果表明：lasiodin通过调控细胞色素C/caspase凋亡通路、P13K/AKT信号传导通路、MAPKs信号传导通路、NF-KB与COX-2信号传导通路抑制鼻咽癌细胞增殖,诱导细胞凋亡。
(5)利用不同截留分子量的超滤膜对溪黄草茎、叶多糖进行分级与富集,得到分子量>10kDa的溪黄草茎、叶粗多糖。通过离子交换柱层析进一步分离纯化,分别得到1种中性多糖及2种酸性多糖。茎、叶中性多糖的平均分子量较大,分别为736kDa及766kDa:而茎、叶酸性多糖主要是以低分子量多糖为主。葡萄糖、半乳糖及阿拉伯糖构成了茎、叶中性多糖的骨架结构；而酸性多糖由阿拉伯糖及半乳糖构成骨架。茎、叶中性多糖中_6)-Glcp-(1→6)-Galp-(1→以及→5)-Araf-(1→残基含量最高。叶酸性多糖中Araf-(1→、→5)-Araf-(1→以及→6)-Galp-(1→残基含量较高；茎酸性多糖中Araf-(1→以及→2,3,6)-Galp-(1→残基含量最高。
(6)研究了热水漂烫及蒸汽灭酶对溪黄草鲜叶中POD(过氧化氢酶)及PPO(多酚氧化酶)的灭活参数,灭活PPO所需要的活化能Ea为52.30kJ·mol-1,高于灭活POD所需要的活化能(20.15kJ·mol-1)。表明溪黄草鲜叶中PPO比POD具有更高的耐热性。选择热处理参数为：90℃热水漂烫90s,或100℃蒸汽处理90s,不仅能高效地灭活POD及PPO,还能在最大程度上保留溪黄草鲜叶中的多酚类化合物。冷冻干燥是最适合溪黄草鲜叶的干燥方式,而晒干与阴干会造成叶中多酚类化合物的损失。保持叶片的完整性,对于溪黄草叶中多酚类化合物的保留是十分关键的。
Rabdosia serra (Maxim.) Hara is a typical traditional Chinese medicine in South China,which possesses a variety of biological activities and is of great prospect for research anddevelopment. The acitive ingredients of R. serra are complex, which are not comprehensivelyinvestigated. The acitive ingredients of R. serra were purified and identified in terms ofmodern chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques, which illustrated the main activecomponents in R. serra including volatiles, polysaccharides and bioactive compounds. Therelationship between structure of diterpenoids and their antitumor activities were wellillustrated. And the underlying mechanisms of lasiodin-induced inhibitions of humannasopharyngeal carcinoma cells (NPC) proliferation were investigated. The adsorptionkinetics and thermodynamics of adsorption processes by macroporous resin for R. serraphenolics were also studied. The effects of processing methods of R. serra leaf includingblanching and drying on active compounds and their biological activities were illustrated. Thecomprehensive investigation of R. serra could clarify the active ingredients responsible forthe pharmaceutical activities of R. serra and provide theories and methods for thedevelopment of relative products.
(1) HS-SPME (headspace solid-phase microextraction) method was optimized forextraction of volatiles of R. serra leaf. A total of56and48compounds including alcohols,aldehydes, hydrocarbons, ketones, carboxylic acid, ester, and aromatics were identified in leafand stem by optimized HS-SPME method (CAR/PDMS fibre; incubation time,10min;extraction temperature,50°C; extraction time,40min), which were seperated and identifiedby gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The major volatile compounds of leaf were1-octen-3-ol,(2E)-hexenal, and (3E)-1,3-octadiene. The highest diversity of volatiles wasfound in air dried leaf. Furthermore, the volatile diversity of leaf and stem were different.Cluster analysis indicated that there were significant differences between HS-SPME and SDE(simultaneous-distillation extraction) methods. HS-SPME is a useful technique for theanalysis of readily volatile components for the characteristics of R. serra aroma.
(2) Twenty compounds were purified from R. serra, which include four phenolicsconsisting of rosmarinic acid (the most abundant compound in R. serra), methyl rosmarinate,pedalitin and rutin; nine diterpenoids consisting of eight7,20-epoxy-ent-kauranes (includingsix known compounds: parvifolin G, lasiodin, effusanin E, rabdosichuanin D,lushanrubescensin F and parvifoliside; and two new compounds: effusanin F and effusanin G)and one6,7-seco-ent-kauranes namely nodosin; five triterpenoids consisting of β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid and β-daucosterol; two other compounds consistingof palmitic acid and sucrose. It was the first time that methyl rosmarinate, pedalitin, parvifolinG, effusanin E, rabdosichuanin D, lushanrubescensin F and parvifoliside were found in R.serra. Phenolics are responsible for the good antioxidant capacity of R. serra ethanol extract.Phenolics possessed excellent antioxidant activities, which also exhibited inhibitory effects onboth tyrosinase and α-glucosidase. Diterpenoids are responsible for the good antitumoractivity of R. serra ethanol extract. Effusanin E, lasiodin and effusanin F exhibited stronginhibition against Gram-positive bacteria. Effusanin G and lasiodin exhibited stronginhibitory effects on the HepG-2(human hepatocellular liver carcinoma cell line), MCF-7(human breast adenocarcinoma cell line) and HL-60(human promyelocytic leukemia cell line)cell, and their inhibitory effects were comparable to cisplatin with broad clinical use.
(3) The adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics of adsorption processes by HP-20andXAD-7HP resins for R. serra phenolics were studied. The pseudo-second-order kineticsmodel was the most favorable for illustrating the whole exothermic adsorption processes,which were affected by the mutual effects of boundary layer diffusion and intraparticlediffusion kinetics. The adsorption behaviors were of monomolecule layer adsorption. Thenegative enthalpy changes indicated that the adsorption processes were exothermic. From thedynamic adsorption/desorption experiments through column packed with HP-20orXAD-7HP resins, phenolics, antioxidants and rosmarinic acid were enriched in30%ethanolfractions. Total phenolics took up over63%in30%ethanol fractions. And rosmarinic acidaccounted for over93%of total phenolics in30%ethanol fractions.
(4) It is the first time that in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity of lasiodin wasinvestigated. Our results provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms oflasiodin-mediated NPC cell suppression. Treatment with lasiodin inhibited cell viability andmigration, mediated cell morphology change, and induced apoptosis in NPC cells. Lasiodinalso significantly suppressed tumor growth with a low toxicity in human NPC tumor-bearingmice. It is the first time that molecular mechanisms of lasiodin-mediated NPC cellsuppression were studied. Lasoidin inhibits NPC tumor growth by simultaneously activatingthe Apaf-1/caspase-dependent apoptotic pathway and suppressing the PI3K/AKT, MAPKsand COX-2/NF-κB signaling.
(5) Water-soluble polysaccharides of Rabdosia serra leaf and stem were fractionated byultrafiltration and DEAE-Sepharose fast flow chromatogram to obtain one neutralpolysaccharides and two acidic polysaccharides. The average molecular weights of the neutralpolysaccharides of leaf and stem were estimated to be766and736kDa, respectively. However, acidic polysaccharides possessed lower molecular weights. Glucose, galactose andarabinose constructed the backbone for neutral polysaccharides. Arabinose and galactose werethe major monosaccharides in acidic polysaccharides. The branched neutral polysaccharideswere composed mainly of→6)-Glcp-(1→,→6)-Galp-(1→, and→5)-Araf-(1→residues.Acidic polysaccharides of leaf were composed mainly of Araf-(1→→5)-Araf-(1→and→6)-Galp-(1→residues. Araf-(1→and→2,3,6)-Galp-(1→residues distributed widely inacidic polysaccharides of stem.
(6) Inactivation kinetics of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase in fresh Rabdosia serraleaf were determined by hot water and steam blanching. Activation energy (52.30kJ·mol-1) ofpolyphenol oxidase inactivation was higher than that (20.15kJ·mol-1) of peroxidaseinactivation. Water blanching at90°C or steam blanching at100°C for90s wasrecommended as the preliminary processing for retention of phenolics. The intact fresh leafafter freeze drying retained the initial quality only. Significant losses of phenolics in Rabdosiaserra leaf after sun-, air-drying were observed. The retention of integrity of fresh leaf wasessential to keep the original quality.
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