秸秆建材燃烧特性及生命周期研究
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摘要
随着市场经济的持续发展和城市的不断扩大，大片森林被砍伐用于个人家装和经济建设，林木资源正面临采伐殆尽的危险，该现状为我国秸秆建材工业的发展提供广阔的前景；此外，秸秆建材以异氰酸酯为胶粘剂，固化后不产生游离甲醛，是很好的绿色环保材料，符合当前政府和民众对绿色产品的需求，成为家具和建筑行业的良好原料，因此，秸秆建材工业将成为我国农作物秸秆综合利用的主要发展方向之一。
本文以秸秆瓦、秸秆板材作为研究对象，利用热重试验台、管式炉烟气试验台、生命周期评价方法（LCA），对秸秆建材燃烧时的失重特性、动力学参数、排放情况及其生产各阶段的环境影响进行了较为全面的研究，并将秸秆建材的燃烧特性和环境影响评价与秸秆、一般建材作对比，为秸秆建材的综合评价及秸秆建材工业的环保健康发展提供参考。
利用热重法对水稻秸秆、秸秆瓦和秸秆板在30℃/min加热速率，两种氧气浓度下的燃烧特性进行了研究。氧气浓度对水稻秸秆、秸秆瓦和秸秆板的着火温度的影响较不明显，但会对样品残余重量有较大的影响，氧气浓度的提高有助于燃烧更完全。样品最大燃烧速率对应的温度从高到低的排序为：秸秆板＞秸秆瓦＞水稻秸秆，样品最大燃烧速率从高到低的排序都为：水稻秸秆＞秸秆瓦＞秸秆板。两种秸秆建材都比水稻秸秆更难燃烧。秸秆板的着火温度比水稻秸秆、秸秆瓦和未经阻燃处理的木材的着火温度要高，更难着火。秸秆板的着火时间超过10min，且同在20vol%氧气浓度气氛下，秸秆板的着火时间比相同条件下秸秆原料的着火时间迟约3min左右，根据火灾发生最初的5到10分钟的最佳时间判断，秸秆板具有较好的防火性能。
利用热重法对秸秆瓦、三夹板、石棉吸声板、普通石膏板、矿棉天花板和PVC板在纯氮气和空气气氛中以10℃/min、20℃/min和30℃/min为加热速率进行热解、燃烧失重特性研究。在升温速率为20℃/min空气中燃烧时，秸秆瓦的失重曲线与PVC板最为相似。最大失重速率从大到小依次为：三夹板＞秸秆瓦＞PVC板＞普通石膏板＞矿棉天花板＞石棉吸声板；最大失重速率对应温度从大到小依次为：石棉吸声板＞三夹板＞秸秆瓦＞PVC板＞矿棉天花板＞普通石膏板；固体残留量从大到小依次为：石棉吸声板＞普通石膏板＞矿棉天花板＞PVC板＞秸秆瓦＞三夹板。综合燃烧特性指数值从大到小依次为：三夹板＞秸秆瓦＞PVC板＞普通石膏板＞矿棉天花板＞石棉吸声板。秸秆瓦的综合燃烧特性指数值与PVC板和普通石膏板处于同一数量级，而与三夹板、矿棉天花板和石棉吸声板相差较大。对三夹板、普通石膏板、PVC板和秸秆瓦来说，升温速率的增加会明显导致TG曲线有向右（高温方向）移动，最大失重速率也有所增加，并且升温速率对着火时间和综合燃烧特性指数的影响较大。当升温速率为10℃/min和20℃/min，秸秆瓦在10分钟前不会着火。
结合失重规律，利用一级分阶段反应模型对秸秆瓦和五种一般建材的动力学参数进行了计算。在20℃/min升温速率的空气气氛下燃烧时，活化能从大到小依次为：石棉吸声板＞普通石膏板＞矿棉天花板＞三夹板。而秸秆瓦和PVC板的三个反应过程的活化能相差较大，第二个反应过程的活化能最小。秸秆瓦的前两个反应过程的动力学参数比PVC板小，第三个反应过程的动力学参数比PVC板略大。氧气浓度的提高，使秸秆瓦的每一个反应活化能略微变小，说明氧气浓度的提高对反应的进行有一定促进作用。
在管式炉-烟气分析实验台上对水稻秸秆和秸秆瓦在三种氧气浓度、五种温度下的气体污染物排放进行了研究。温度对秸秆和秸秆瓦的CO_2的排放浓度峰值的影响较小，CO_2的排放浓度峰值会随着燃烧气氛中的氧气浓度下降而略有上升。CO、NO_x和SO_2排放物浓度的峰值随温度的变化规律与气氛中氧气浓度、物料、排放物种类有关。只有在高温段，水稻秸秆和秸秆瓦CO的排放浓度峰值才会随氧气浓度的降低而上升，燃烧恶化。同一温度下，秸秆和秸秆瓦NO_x的排放浓度峰值随氧气浓度的下降而下降。低温段秸秆和秸秆瓦SO_2的排放浓度峰值在空气气氛下最大，而高温段秸秆和秸秆瓦SO_2的排放浓度峰值在极度缺氧气氛下最大。在同一燃烧气氛下，秸秆瓦粉末的CO_2排放浓度比水稻秸秆粉末略小，NO_x排放浓度比水稻秸秆要小，但CO和SO_2排放浓度比秸秆瓦要高。
利用LCA手段对某年产5万m~3秸秆人造板的生产项目进行定性、定量的评价分析，得如下结论：秸秆人造板项目每生产1m~3的秸秆人造板需消耗212.58kg标煤和0.16kg油，总资源耗竭系数2.18mPR90，总能耗为6228.56MJ，总环境影响潜值为15.03PET2010，此项目整个生命周期中主要消费的能源是煤炭，对酸化的不利影响最大，对粉尘和富营养的不利影响次之，对光化学臭氧合成的影响几乎可忽略，而对全球变暖的影响是有益的。
With the development of market economy and the expansion of urban, a large number ofwood resources are used for furniture industry and economy construction, so the forest isseriously damaged. In such condition there is a good future for the development of strawbuilding material in China. Besides, straw building material is a green material and perfectlymatches the requirement of environmental protection from the government and the public.Therefore, straw building material can be the good resource for furniture and constructionindustries, and straw building material industry is one of the main forces of comprehensiveutilization of agricultural straw.
The thermogravimetric characteristics, kinetic parameters, gases emissions andenvironmental impacts of straw tile and straw board were studied using thermogravimetricinstrument, tube reactor flue gas analyzer and life cycle assessment method in this paper. Thecombustion characteristics and the environmental impact assessment of straw buildingmaterial were compared with straw and other ordinary building material. The study resultswill provide the reference and instruction for the healthy development of straw buildingmaterial industry.
The combustion of rice straw, straw tile and straw board in two atmospheres (80N_2/20O_2,90N_2/10O_2) at30℃/min was analyzed thermogravimetrically. The oxygen concentration hasno obvious effect on the ignition temperature, but influenced the residual mass obviously andmake more complete combustion. The subsequence of the corresponding of maximum weightloss rate is straw board＞straw tile＞rice straw, and the subsequence of maximum weightloss rate is rice straw＞straw tile＞straw board. It is more difficult to ignite two strawbuilding materials than rice straw. The ignition temperature of straw board is bigger than ricestraw, straw tile and wood, indicating the non-flammability of straw board. The ignition timeof straw board exceeds10min, and longer than that of straw by3min under the atmospherewith20vol%oxygen concentration. Therefore, the straw board has good fire-safe capability.
The pyrolysis and combustion of straw tile, asbestos sound-absorbing panel, gypsumboard, mineral fIber ceiling, three-ply wood board and PVC board in two atmospheres(100N_2/20O_2,0N_2/10O_2) at10℃/min,20℃/min and30℃/min were analyzedthermogravimetrically. In air at20℃/min, the weight loss curve of straw tile is similar to PVCboard. The subsequence of maximum weight loss rate is three-ply wood board＞straw tile＞PVC board＞gypsum board＞mineral fIber ceiling＞asbestos sound-absorbing panel. The subsequence of the corresponding of maximum weight loss rate is asbestos sound-absorbingpanel＞three-ply wood board＞straw tile＞PVC board＞mineral fIber ceiling＞gypsumboard. The subsequence of residual mass is asbestos sound-absorbing panel＞gypsum board＞mineral fIber ceiling＞PVC board＞straw tile＞three-ply wood board. The subsequence ofcomprehensive combustion characteristic index is asbestos three-ply wood board＞straw tile＞PVC board＞gypsum board＞mineral fIber ceiling＞asbestos sound-absorbing panel. Thecomprehensive combustion characteristic indexs of straw tile, PVC board and gypsum boardare an order of magnitude. For three-ply wood board, gypsum board, straw tile and PVCboard, the increment of heating rate make their curves shifting to a higher temperature rangeand increase the maximum weight loss rate, and the effects of heating rate on ignition timeand comprehensive combustion characteristic index are bigger. At10℃/min or20℃/min,straw tile cann’t be ignited in10min, and it helps people escape.
Based on weight loss curves, the kinetic parameters of straw tile and five buildingmaterials were calculated using first order reactions model. In air at20℃/min, thesubsequence of apparent activation energy is Asbestos sound-absorbing panel＞Gypsumboard＞Mineral fIber ceiling＞Three-ply wood board. For straw tile and PVC board, thevalues of the apparent activation energies of three reactions vary very much, and the value oftheir second reaction is the smallest. The value of the first two reactions of straw tile issmaller than that of PVC board, but the value of the third reaction of straw tile is litter bigger.The values of the apparent activation energies of straw tile are slightly lower under theatmosphere with higher oxygen concentration, indicating the increment of oxygenconcentration can promote the reaction to a certain extent.
The gases emissions from rice straw and straw tile combustion at five temperatures in atube reactor were analyzed by a flue gas analyzer. The effect of temperature on CO_2peakconcentration of rice straw and straw tile is small, but their CO_2peak concentration increaseswith decreasing oxygen concentration in the atmosphere. The variation of CO, SO_2and NO_xpeak concentrations with temperature is related to the atmosphere, materiel type, and gasemission type. It is only when the temperature is high that the decrease of oxygenconcentration increases CO emission and the combustion is deteriorated. At the sametemperature, the NO_xpeak concentration decreases with decreasing oxygen concentration. Atlower temperature, SO_2peak concentration is highest at air, while at higher temperatures SO_2peak concentration is highest under terrible oxygen deprivation atmosphere. Under the same atmosphere, straw tile has lower CO_2and NO_xconcentrations but higher CO and SO_2concentrations than rice straw.
A straw manboard project with the capacity of50000m~3per year was analyzed using lifecycle assessment （LCA） method. The results show212.58kg standard coal and0.16kg oilare consumed to produce1m~3straw manboard. The resource consumption coefficient and theweighted environmental potentials for1m~3straw manboard are2.18mPR90and15.03PET2010. The sum energy consumption for1m~3straw manboard is6228.56MJ and coal is themain consumption energy. The life cycle of straw manboard project exerts the worst influenceover acid and has a nonnegligible bad effect on dusk and eutrophication, while strawmanboard project has a good effect on global warming.
本文以秸秆瓦、秸秆板材作为研究对象，利用热重试验台、管式炉烟气试验台、生命周期评价方法（LCA），对秸秆建材燃烧时的失重特性、动力学参数、排放情况及其生产各阶段的环境影响进行了较为全面的研究，并将秸秆建材的燃烧特性和环境影响评价与秸秆、一般建材作对比，为秸秆建材的综合评价及秸秆建材工业的环保健康发展提供参考。
利用热重法对水稻秸秆、秸秆瓦和秸秆板在30℃/min加热速率，两种氧气浓度下的燃烧特性进行了研究。氧气浓度对水稻秸秆、秸秆瓦和秸秆板的着火温度的影响较不明显，但会对样品残余重量有较大的影响，氧气浓度的提高有助于燃烧更完全。样品最大燃烧速率对应的温度从高到低的排序为：秸秆板＞秸秆瓦＞水稻秸秆，样品最大燃烧速率从高到低的排序都为：水稻秸秆＞秸秆瓦＞秸秆板。两种秸秆建材都比水稻秸秆更难燃烧。秸秆板的着火温度比水稻秸秆、秸秆瓦和未经阻燃处理的木材的着火温度要高，更难着火。秸秆板的着火时间超过10min，且同在20vol%氧气浓度气氛下，秸秆板的着火时间比相同条件下秸秆原料的着火时间迟约3min左右，根据火灾发生最初的5到10分钟的最佳时间判断，秸秆板具有较好的防火性能。
利用热重法对秸秆瓦、三夹板、石棉吸声板、普通石膏板、矿棉天花板和PVC板在纯氮气和空气气氛中以10℃/min、20℃/min和30℃/min为加热速率进行热解、燃烧失重特性研究。在升温速率为20℃/min空气中燃烧时，秸秆瓦的失重曲线与PVC板最为相似。最大失重速率从大到小依次为：三夹板＞秸秆瓦＞PVC板＞普通石膏板＞矿棉天花板＞石棉吸声板；最大失重速率对应温度从大到小依次为：石棉吸声板＞三夹板＞秸秆瓦＞PVC板＞矿棉天花板＞普通石膏板；固体残留量从大到小依次为：石棉吸声板＞普通石膏板＞矿棉天花板＞PVC板＞秸秆瓦＞三夹板。综合燃烧特性指数值从大到小依次为：三夹板＞秸秆瓦＞PVC板＞普通石膏板＞矿棉天花板＞石棉吸声板。秸秆瓦的综合燃烧特性指数值与PVC板和普通石膏板处于同一数量级，而与三夹板、矿棉天花板和石棉吸声板相差较大。对三夹板、普通石膏板、PVC板和秸秆瓦来说，升温速率的增加会明显导致TG曲线有向右（高温方向）移动，最大失重速率也有所增加，并且升温速率对着火时间和综合燃烧特性指数的影响较大。当升温速率为10℃/min和20℃/min，秸秆瓦在10分钟前不会着火。
结合失重规律，利用一级分阶段反应模型对秸秆瓦和五种一般建材的动力学参数进行了计算。在20℃/min升温速率的空气气氛下燃烧时，活化能从大到小依次为：石棉吸声板＞普通石膏板＞矿棉天花板＞三夹板。而秸秆瓦和PVC板的三个反应过程的活化能相差较大，第二个反应过程的活化能最小。秸秆瓦的前两个反应过程的动力学参数比PVC板小，第三个反应过程的动力学参数比PVC板略大。氧气浓度的提高，使秸秆瓦的每一个反应活化能略微变小，说明氧气浓度的提高对反应的进行有一定促进作用。
在管式炉-烟气分析实验台上对水稻秸秆和秸秆瓦在三种氧气浓度、五种温度下的气体污染物排放进行了研究。温度对秸秆和秸秆瓦的CO_2的排放浓度峰值的影响较小，CO_2的排放浓度峰值会随着燃烧气氛中的氧气浓度下降而略有上升。CO、NO_x和SO_2排放物浓度的峰值随温度的变化规律与气氛中氧气浓度、物料、排放物种类有关。只有在高温段，水稻秸秆和秸秆瓦CO的排放浓度峰值才会随氧气浓度的降低而上升，燃烧恶化。同一温度下，秸秆和秸秆瓦NO_x的排放浓度峰值随氧气浓度的下降而下降。低温段秸秆和秸秆瓦SO_2的排放浓度峰值在空气气氛下最大，而高温段秸秆和秸秆瓦SO_2的排放浓度峰值在极度缺氧气氛下最大。在同一燃烧气氛下，秸秆瓦粉末的CO_2排放浓度比水稻秸秆粉末略小，NO_x排放浓度比水稻秸秆要小，但CO和SO_2排放浓度比秸秆瓦要高。
利用LCA手段对某年产5万m~3秸秆人造板的生产项目进行定性、定量的评价分析，得如下结论：秸秆人造板项目每生产1m~3的秸秆人造板需消耗212.58kg标煤和0.16kg油，总资源耗竭系数2.18mPR90，总能耗为6228.56MJ，总环境影响潜值为15.03PET2010，此项目整个生命周期中主要消费的能源是煤炭，对酸化的不利影响最大，对粉尘和富营养的不利影响次之，对光化学臭氧合成的影响几乎可忽略，而对全球变暖的影响是有益的。
With the development of market economy and the expansion of urban, a large number ofwood resources are used for furniture industry and economy construction, so the forest isseriously damaged. In such condition there is a good future for the development of strawbuilding material in China. Besides, straw building material is a green material and perfectlymatches the requirement of environmental protection from the government and the public.Therefore, straw building material can be the good resource for furniture and constructionindustries, and straw building material industry is one of the main forces of comprehensiveutilization of agricultural straw.
The thermogravimetric characteristics, kinetic parameters, gases emissions andenvironmental impacts of straw tile and straw board were studied using thermogravimetricinstrument, tube reactor flue gas analyzer and life cycle assessment method in this paper. Thecombustion characteristics and the environmental impact assessment of straw buildingmaterial were compared with straw and other ordinary building material. The study resultswill provide the reference and instruction for the healthy development of straw buildingmaterial industry.
The combustion of rice straw, straw tile and straw board in two atmospheres (80N_2/20O_2,90N_2/10O_2) at30℃/min was analyzed thermogravimetrically. The oxygen concentration hasno obvious effect on the ignition temperature, but influenced the residual mass obviously andmake more complete combustion. The subsequence of the corresponding of maximum weightloss rate is straw board＞straw tile＞rice straw, and the subsequence of maximum weightloss rate is rice straw＞straw tile＞straw board. It is more difficult to ignite two strawbuilding materials than rice straw. The ignition temperature of straw board is bigger than ricestraw, straw tile and wood, indicating the non-flammability of straw board. The ignition timeof straw board exceeds10min, and longer than that of straw by3min under the atmospherewith20vol%oxygen concentration. Therefore, the straw board has good fire-safe capability.
The pyrolysis and combustion of straw tile, asbestos sound-absorbing panel, gypsumboard, mineral fIber ceiling, three-ply wood board and PVC board in two atmospheres(100N_2/20O_2,0N_2/10O_2) at10℃/min,20℃/min and30℃/min were analyzedthermogravimetrically. In air at20℃/min, the weight loss curve of straw tile is similar to PVCboard. The subsequence of maximum weight loss rate is three-ply wood board＞straw tile＞PVC board＞gypsum board＞mineral fIber ceiling＞asbestos sound-absorbing panel. The subsequence of the corresponding of maximum weight loss rate is asbestos sound-absorbingpanel＞three-ply wood board＞straw tile＞PVC board＞mineral fIber ceiling＞gypsumboard. The subsequence of residual mass is asbestos sound-absorbing panel＞gypsum board＞mineral fIber ceiling＞PVC board＞straw tile＞three-ply wood board. The subsequence ofcomprehensive combustion characteristic index is asbestos three-ply wood board＞straw tile＞PVC board＞gypsum board＞mineral fIber ceiling＞asbestos sound-absorbing panel. Thecomprehensive combustion characteristic indexs of straw tile, PVC board and gypsum boardare an order of magnitude. For three-ply wood board, gypsum board, straw tile and PVCboard, the increment of heating rate make their curves shifting to a higher temperature rangeand increase the maximum weight loss rate, and the effects of heating rate on ignition timeand comprehensive combustion characteristic index are bigger. At10℃/min or20℃/min,straw tile cann’t be ignited in10min, and it helps people escape.
Based on weight loss curves, the kinetic parameters of straw tile and five buildingmaterials were calculated using first order reactions model. In air at20℃/min, thesubsequence of apparent activation energy is Asbestos sound-absorbing panel＞Gypsumboard＞Mineral fIber ceiling＞Three-ply wood board. For straw tile and PVC board, thevalues of the apparent activation energies of three reactions vary very much, and the value oftheir second reaction is the smallest. The value of the first two reactions of straw tile issmaller than that of PVC board, but the value of the third reaction of straw tile is litter bigger.The values of the apparent activation energies of straw tile are slightly lower under theatmosphere with higher oxygen concentration, indicating the increment of oxygenconcentration can promote the reaction to a certain extent.
The gases emissions from rice straw and straw tile combustion at five temperatures in atube reactor were analyzed by a flue gas analyzer. The effect of temperature on CO_2peakconcentration of rice straw and straw tile is small, but their CO_2peak concentration increaseswith decreasing oxygen concentration in the atmosphere. The variation of CO, SO_2and NO_xpeak concentrations with temperature is related to the atmosphere, materiel type, and gasemission type. It is only when the temperature is high that the decrease of oxygenconcentration increases CO emission and the combustion is deteriorated. At the sametemperature, the NO_xpeak concentration decreases with decreasing oxygen concentration. Atlower temperature, SO_2peak concentration is highest at air, while at higher temperatures SO_2peak concentration is highest under terrible oxygen deprivation atmosphere. Under the same atmosphere, straw tile has lower CO_2and NO_xconcentrations but higher CO and SO_2concentrations than rice straw.
A straw manboard project with the capacity of50000m~3per year was analyzed using lifecycle assessment （LCA） method. The results show212.58kg standard coal and0.16kg oilare consumed to produce1m~3straw manboard. The resource consumption coefficient and theweighted environmental potentials for1m~3straw manboard are2.18mPR90and15.03PET2010. The sum energy consumption for1m~3straw manboard is6228.56MJ and coal is themain consumption energy. The life cycle of straw manboard project exerts the worst influenceover acid and has a nonnegligible bad effect on dusk and eutrophication, while strawmanboard project has a good effect on global warming.
引文
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