南水北调工程受水区多水源水价研究
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摘要
为解决我国水资源时空分布不均问题,国家建设南水北调东线、中线工程将长江水调入沿线多个缺水城市。由于大型调水工程的成本费用高于当地水源供水系统,若作为独立的水源为用户供水,过高的水价必然导致无人问津。由此,通过外调入水促进当地社会经济发展的目的将失去意义。对于依赖相应的配套工程将外调水汇入当地水源或供水管网与当地水混合,为终端用户供水,该模式下的合理水价必须合理制定。合理的水价既要保证调水工程成本费用的回收,对工程按照两部制水价计费,发挥水价在水资源配置中的杠杆作用,还要体现出水商品的公共服务性,满足基本的生活生产用水。针对多水源供水制定合理水价这一问题,本文基于水资源价值理论,对受水区多水源的综合水价制定原则与方法进行了研究,为各用水户的水价制定提供了重要依据,并以北京市为例,测算了2015年南水北调中线工程“长江水”入京后的各用水户的合理水价。
论文主要从五个方面进行了研究,并取得以下成果：
(1)采用全成本水价核算方法核算了当地水供水价格。结合水资源价值内涵和资源水价的制定方法,按照国家发展改革委等部门对分行业制定水资源费收取标准的要求,采用支付意愿法对居民生活的资源水价进行了核算,结果为2.59元/m3,采用简化的影子价格法对农业灌溉、第二产业和第三产业等用户的资源水价进行了核算,分别为0.75元/m3、3.57元/m3和6.47元/m3。对于工程水价和环境水价,采用现行的水价标准(农业用水仅计入资源水价),得出各用水户的全成本水价分别为：5.33元/m3、0.75元/m3、6.31元/m3和9.21元/m3。
(2)根据两部制水价制定原则和方法,对南水北调中线主体工程北京市分摊费用和当地配套工程的费用分别进行了核算。南水北调中线主体工程北京市分摊的年基本费用和计量费用分别为7.19亿元和34.04亿元,对应的基本水价和计量水价分别为0.68元/m3和3.22元/m3,对应的单一制水价为3.90元/m3。根据北京市南水北调配套工程的投资情况,核算了配套工程的基本水价与计量水价,分别为0.36元/m3和2.14元/m3。整体工程的基本水价为1.04元/m3,计量水价为5.36元/m3,对应的单一制水价为6.40元/m3。
(3)以水资源价值为基础,提出了受水区各用水户的多水源综合水价制定原则与方法。考虑到农业灌溉用水对水价的承受能力较低,且多采用地下水用做灌溉,所以农业用水不参与外调入水的费用分摊,其水价以当地水源供水价格核算结果为制定依据。研究中,仅对居民生活、第二和第三产业的多水源供水综合水价分析计算。各用水户的分摊费用采用分摊系数法确定。其中,分摊的成本费用包括当地水源供水的总资源费用和外调入水工程的基本费用与计量费用,分摊系数根据对用水户测算的资源价格与预测的需水量之积占三类用水户之和的比例确定。各用水户的分摊费用与需水量之比则为其单方水的资源价格。再计入当地供水系统的工程水价和环境水价,作为综合供水的全成本水价。
(4)分析了多水源混合供水的综合水价影响因素,认为综合供水的资源水价计算由预测方案、过程计算和结果分析三部分构成。从综合水价制定方法中可以看出,影响最终水价的因素主要为影响需水量的社会经济发展指标、影响可利用水量的降水频率、影响外调水费用的水资源费、职工薪金和贷款利率以及影响计量水费分摊的计量水量等。在预测方案中,制定不同影响因素下的方案对综合水价进行测算。通过综合水价计算方法,对不同方案条件下的各用水户多水源综合供水的资源价格进行核算。最后,分析不同预测方案组合下所得到的水价测算结果对各用水户生产发展的影响、供水系统成本回收情况,尤其是对调水工程的成本费用的回收情况分析。在以北京市为算例的计算中,对经济社会发展设定正常发展与高速发展两种情景,设定一般用水定额与节水定额两种情景,组合为四种需水预测方案。结合当地可利用水资源量,预测2015年南水北调中线工程通水时的缺水量。再分别以设计调水量10.58亿m3和四种方案下缺水量频率较高的7.25亿m3作为计量水量,测算出的居民生活用水、第二产业和第三产业综合供水的全成本水价(以四种方案的平均价格计),分别为6.03元/m3、7.28元/m3、10.96元/m3和5.67元/m3、6.78元/m3、10.06元/m3。当采用7.25亿m3测算水价时,在经济高速发展和一般用水定额情景下,水费收入不能完全偿还调水工程的计量费用,需要政府投入额外资金来弥补。
(5)以用水户对水价的承受能力作为水价制定的约束条件。根据社会经济发展预测结果,对各用水户的水价承受能力进行了测算。其中,考虑到供水的公平性和公共事业性,以享有最低保障金的用水群体作为居民生活用水水价承受能力的研究对象,确定用户的承受水价为8.59元/m3,高于所测算的综合全成本水价结果。第二产业和第三产业的水价承受能力以水费支出占总产值的2.5%来确定,其结果远高于综合水价的测算结果。而农业灌溉水价以各种作物用水的可承受水价中最低的粮食种植为可承受水价能力,确定最终的灌溉水价0.33元/m3。
To solve the problem of uneven distribution in space-time of water resources, the South-to-North Water Transfer Project has been building to transfer more water resources to the cities along the line. The cost of the great project is higher than that of the local water supply. If supplying the water resources to the users as a separate source, the water price may be so high that nobody likes to use the water. And if transferring the water resources by matching engineering to the local water source or water supply network system, the unified water price should be made. The rational price should have the advantages in cost recovery, as a lever in water resources allocation, and satisfying the basic water use in living and producting. Based on the theory of water resources value, the principles and methods of making unified water price was studied, by which the important basis was provided. Water prices in Beijing in2015were measured for different users when the South-to-North Water Transfer Project would be finished.
Five main aspects have been studied, and the results as follows:
(1) Water prices for local water resources have been measured by the total cost price method, combined with the meaning of water resources value and the methods for making water price of resource. Water price of resource for residents living was messured by the method of willingness to pay, which was2.59yuan/m3. Water prices of resource for irrigation, secondary industry and service sector were measured by the method of simple shadow price, which were0.75yuan/m3、3.57yuan/m3and6.47yuan/m3, respectively. Making different standards for resource prices was according to the requests by the departments like the national development and Reform Commission. Active engineering price and environment price were taken to gain the total cost prices as5.33yuan/m3、0.75yuan/m3、6.31yuan/m3and9.21yuan/m3, respectively.
(2) The cost of main part of project that proportioned by Beijing was measured, which contained basic cost and quantitative cost according to the principle and methods for two-part water price making. The basic water price and the quantitative water price were0.68and3.22yuan/m3, respectively, the flat price was3.90yuan/m3. And according to the investment of the matching engineering in Beijing, the basic water price and the quantitative water price for the matching engineering were0.36and2.14yuan/m3, respectively. The basic water price and the quantitative water price for the whole project containing the main project and the matching project were1.04and4.98yuan/m3, respectively, and the flat price was6.40yuan/m3.
(3) Principles and methods for the water Price of multi-water resources in the reception basin were given based on water resources value theory. Considering the low bearing capability to water price, and almost using local groundwater, agricultural users didn't take part in the apportionment of expenses. The studies on unified water price making only contained the users as resident living, secondary industry and service sector. The apportioned expenses by each user were defined by apportioning coefficient method. The apportioned expenses contained total resource expenses and the basic and the quantitative expenses of the water diversion project. The apportioning coefficient for the user was defined by its proportion that the product of the water consumption and resource price to the sum of all the suers. The resource price was the ratio of apportioned expenses to the water sonsumption. Adding up the engineering price and environment price, the unified total cost price was gained.
(4) The influence factors for the unified price were analyzed. The calculation for unified resource price were made up by three parts that were forecasting project, process calculation and results analysis. Different influence factors were given in the forecasting project, and the unified price for each user in the project were calculated in the process calculation part. Finally, the impacts of living and processing and the cost recovery were analyzed in the result analysis part. In the calculation for Beijing, four projects for water demand prediction were made. The water deficits in2015were predicted conbined with the amount of local available water resources. Then, taking1058million and725million cubic meters as quantitative amounts, the total cose prices for resident living, secondary industry and service sector were messuered respectively, which were6.03yuan/m3、7.28yuan/m3、10.96yuan/m3and5.67yuan/m3、6.78yuan/m3、10.06yuan/m3. When taking725million cubic meters as quantitative amount, the water charge would not meet the cost of the water transfer project in the situation of economic development with high speed and common water use quota.
(5) The bearing capability of users to water price were taken as the constrained condition. According to the results of socioeconomic development prediction, the bearing capability of users to water price were measured. Among them, the people who taking the minimum insurance were taken as study subject because of the fairness and public service in water supply. The bearing capability of secondary industry and service sector were analyzed by the ratio of the water charge to the total value of product.2.5%was taken as the index, and the bearing capabilities were much higher than the water prices. The bearing capability of irrigation was defined by the crop with the lowest bearing capability, which was the grain crops. And the final water price for irrigation was0.33yuan/m3.
论文主要从五个方面进行了研究,并取得以下成果：
(1)采用全成本水价核算方法核算了当地水供水价格。结合水资源价值内涵和资源水价的制定方法,按照国家发展改革委等部门对分行业制定水资源费收取标准的要求,采用支付意愿法对居民生活的资源水价进行了核算,结果为2.59元/m3,采用简化的影子价格法对农业灌溉、第二产业和第三产业等用户的资源水价进行了核算,分别为0.75元/m3、3.57元/m3和6.47元/m3。对于工程水价和环境水价,采用现行的水价标准(农业用水仅计入资源水价),得出各用水户的全成本水价分别为：5.33元/m3、0.75元/m3、6.31元/m3和9.21元/m3。
(2)根据两部制水价制定原则和方法,对南水北调中线主体工程北京市分摊费用和当地配套工程的费用分别进行了核算。南水北调中线主体工程北京市分摊的年基本费用和计量费用分别为7.19亿元和34.04亿元,对应的基本水价和计量水价分别为0.68元/m3和3.22元/m3,对应的单一制水价为3.90元/m3。根据北京市南水北调配套工程的投资情况,核算了配套工程的基本水价与计量水价,分别为0.36元/m3和2.14元/m3。整体工程的基本水价为1.04元/m3,计量水价为5.36元/m3,对应的单一制水价为6.40元/m3。
(3)以水资源价值为基础,提出了受水区各用水户的多水源综合水价制定原则与方法。考虑到农业灌溉用水对水价的承受能力较低,且多采用地下水用做灌溉,所以农业用水不参与外调入水的费用分摊,其水价以当地水源供水价格核算结果为制定依据。研究中,仅对居民生活、第二和第三产业的多水源供水综合水价分析计算。各用水户的分摊费用采用分摊系数法确定。其中,分摊的成本费用包括当地水源供水的总资源费用和外调入水工程的基本费用与计量费用,分摊系数根据对用水户测算的资源价格与预测的需水量之积占三类用水户之和的比例确定。各用水户的分摊费用与需水量之比则为其单方水的资源价格。再计入当地供水系统的工程水价和环境水价,作为综合供水的全成本水价。
(4)分析了多水源混合供水的综合水价影响因素,认为综合供水的资源水价计算由预测方案、过程计算和结果分析三部分构成。从综合水价制定方法中可以看出,影响最终水价的因素主要为影响需水量的社会经济发展指标、影响可利用水量的降水频率、影响外调水费用的水资源费、职工薪金和贷款利率以及影响计量水费分摊的计量水量等。在预测方案中,制定不同影响因素下的方案对综合水价进行测算。通过综合水价计算方法,对不同方案条件下的各用水户多水源综合供水的资源价格进行核算。最后,分析不同预测方案组合下所得到的水价测算结果对各用水户生产发展的影响、供水系统成本回收情况,尤其是对调水工程的成本费用的回收情况分析。在以北京市为算例的计算中,对经济社会发展设定正常发展与高速发展两种情景,设定一般用水定额与节水定额两种情景,组合为四种需水预测方案。结合当地可利用水资源量,预测2015年南水北调中线工程通水时的缺水量。再分别以设计调水量10.58亿m3和四种方案下缺水量频率较高的7.25亿m3作为计量水量,测算出的居民生活用水、第二产业和第三产业综合供水的全成本水价(以四种方案的平均价格计),分别为6.03元/m3、7.28元/m3、10.96元/m3和5.67元/m3、6.78元/m3、10.06元/m3。当采用7.25亿m3测算水价时,在经济高速发展和一般用水定额情景下,水费收入不能完全偿还调水工程的计量费用,需要政府投入额外资金来弥补。
(5)以用水户对水价的承受能力作为水价制定的约束条件。根据社会经济发展预测结果,对各用水户的水价承受能力进行了测算。其中,考虑到供水的公平性和公共事业性,以享有最低保障金的用水群体作为居民生活用水水价承受能力的研究对象,确定用户的承受水价为8.59元/m3,高于所测算的综合全成本水价结果。第二产业和第三产业的水价承受能力以水费支出占总产值的2.5%来确定,其结果远高于综合水价的测算结果。而农业灌溉水价以各种作物用水的可承受水价中最低的粮食种植为可承受水价能力,确定最终的灌溉水价0.33元/m3。
To solve the problem of uneven distribution in space-time of water resources, the South-to-North Water Transfer Project has been building to transfer more water resources to the cities along the line. The cost of the great project is higher than that of the local water supply. If supplying the water resources to the users as a separate source, the water price may be so high that nobody likes to use the water. And if transferring the water resources by matching engineering to the local water source or water supply network system, the unified water price should be made. The rational price should have the advantages in cost recovery, as a lever in water resources allocation, and satisfying the basic water use in living and producting. Based on the theory of water resources value, the principles and methods of making unified water price was studied, by which the important basis was provided. Water prices in Beijing in2015were measured for different users when the South-to-North Water Transfer Project would be finished.
Five main aspects have been studied, and the results as follows:
(1) Water prices for local water resources have been measured by the total cost price method, combined with the meaning of water resources value and the methods for making water price of resource. Water price of resource for residents living was messured by the method of willingness to pay, which was2.59yuan/m3. Water prices of resource for irrigation, secondary industry and service sector were measured by the method of simple shadow price, which were0.75yuan/m3、3.57yuan/m3and6.47yuan/m3, respectively. Making different standards for resource prices was according to the requests by the departments like the national development and Reform Commission. Active engineering price and environment price were taken to gain the total cost prices as5.33yuan/m3、0.75yuan/m3、6.31yuan/m3and9.21yuan/m3, respectively.
(2) The cost of main part of project that proportioned by Beijing was measured, which contained basic cost and quantitative cost according to the principle and methods for two-part water price making. The basic water price and the quantitative water price were0.68and3.22yuan/m3, respectively, the flat price was3.90yuan/m3. And according to the investment of the matching engineering in Beijing, the basic water price and the quantitative water price for the matching engineering were0.36and2.14yuan/m3, respectively. The basic water price and the quantitative water price for the whole project containing the main project and the matching project were1.04and4.98yuan/m3, respectively, and the flat price was6.40yuan/m3.
(3) Principles and methods for the water Price of multi-water resources in the reception basin were given based on water resources value theory. Considering the low bearing capability to water price, and almost using local groundwater, agricultural users didn't take part in the apportionment of expenses. The studies on unified water price making only contained the users as resident living, secondary industry and service sector. The apportioned expenses by each user were defined by apportioning coefficient method. The apportioned expenses contained total resource expenses and the basic and the quantitative expenses of the water diversion project. The apportioning coefficient for the user was defined by its proportion that the product of the water consumption and resource price to the sum of all the suers. The resource price was the ratio of apportioned expenses to the water sonsumption. Adding up the engineering price and environment price, the unified total cost price was gained.
(4) The influence factors for the unified price were analyzed. The calculation for unified resource price were made up by three parts that were forecasting project, process calculation and results analysis. Different influence factors were given in the forecasting project, and the unified price for each user in the project were calculated in the process calculation part. Finally, the impacts of living and processing and the cost recovery were analyzed in the result analysis part. In the calculation for Beijing, four projects for water demand prediction were made. The water deficits in2015were predicted conbined with the amount of local available water resources. Then, taking1058million and725million cubic meters as quantitative amounts, the total cose prices for resident living, secondary industry and service sector were messuered respectively, which were6.03yuan/m3、7.28yuan/m3、10.96yuan/m3and5.67yuan/m3、6.78yuan/m3、10.06yuan/m3. When taking725million cubic meters as quantitative amount, the water charge would not meet the cost of the water transfer project in the situation of economic development with high speed and common water use quota.
(5) The bearing capability of users to water price were taken as the constrained condition. According to the results of socioeconomic development prediction, the bearing capability of users to water price were measured. Among them, the people who taking the minimum insurance were taken as study subject because of the fairness and public service in water supply. The bearing capability of secondary industry and service sector were analyzed by the ratio of the water charge to the total value of product.2.5%was taken as the index, and the bearing capabilities were much higher than the water prices. The bearing capability of irrigation was defined by the crop with the lowest bearing capability, which was the grain crops. And the final water price for irrigation was0.33yuan/m3.
引文
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