SAR-GMTI雷达干扰技术研究
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摘要
本论文针对SAR-GMTI雷达开展了箔条、转动的角反射器等无源干扰方法对SAR静止、运动成像的效果研究，同时开展了一维和二维有源运动假目标干扰技术以及在此基础上进行的噪声频率调制、正弦频率调制和锯齿波频率调制干扰方法的研究。主要工作包括：
1、研究两种SAR-GMTI典型雷达体制的一维、二维成像特性，以及动目标检测和参数估计方法。针对调频步进雷达，利用驻定相位定理分析静止目标、匀速运动目标和匀加速运动目标的一维距离像和高分辨率图像，提出一种对运动目标进行速度估计的方法，是通过比较图像峰值间的移动距离来实现的；针对两通道SAR-GMTI雷达，提出先采用DPCA方法，对场景中的运动目标进行检测，然后结合ATI方法，根据检测到的成像点相位估计出目标在斜距平面内的速度值，通过仿真实验表明，目标速度如果在盲速范围内，快速运动目标较容易被检测到，并且可以得到较准确的参数估计值，慢速运动目标不容易被检测到，即使能够被发现，其速度和方位向坐标估计值也会存在较大误差。
2、利用无源干扰无需预知雷达类型、位置及其运动信息，并且具有简便易行的特点，讨论箔条和角反射器的近似散射模型。首先根据箔条云和角反射器真实散射特性，分别提出它们的近似回波模型，产生调频步进雷达及两通道SAR动目标检测雷达的箔条云回波；其次经过雷达成像处理，分析其一维、二维图像特性，其中重点研究转动的角反射器，通过理论推导及其仿真均得到，其一维高分辨率图像中会形成多个脉压峰值，其二维图像中的方位向会产生微多普勒效应，形成一系列的干扰条带；最后通过动目标恒虚警检测处理，运动目标难以被检测到，如果被发现，其参数估计值与真实值也差别较大。因而合理设置箔条干扰和角反射器关键参数可以保护干扰覆盖区域内的运动目标。
3、根据运动目标的步进雷达回波特性，提出假目标干扰和移频假目标干扰。首先利用匀速假目标模板、匀速转动假目标模板和雷达发射信号相卷积，得到一维运动假目标干扰，经调频步进雷达信号处理后可以得到类似真实运动目标的假目标一维距离像；其次利用线性调频信号的多普勒频移与时间的线性关系，将接收到的雷达发射信号经过多次移频，并对不同脉冲信号进行相位补偿，再与假的运动目标模板相卷积，得到多假目标的移频干扰方法，经雷达检测可以发现一系列同状态的运动假目标；最后分析了侦察误差对干扰效果的影响，对假目标的一维脉压像影响较小，会引起高分辨率图像的峰值移动，脉宽展宽，相应的假目标速度估计值也会与模板设置值存在较大的误差，但是不影响假目标的检测。
4、针对SAR的二维静止场景成像方法，研究二维假目标干扰。首先提出采用干扰地形图与雷达发射信号相卷积的方法来产生干扰信号，分析了侦察误差对干扰图像的变化，但是不影响其遮盖性干扰的效果；其次给出二维运动假目标的产生方法，将相对于不同天线位置的二维运动假目标模板与雷达发射信号相卷积，可以产生欺骗干扰，并且得到较准确的假目标参数估计值；最后，同样根据SAR的二维时频耦合性，对接收到的雷达信号进行二维移频处理，与运动假目标模板相卷积，得到覆盖一定区域的多假目标干扰。仿真实验表明二维假目标干扰既可以进行假目标欺骗干扰，密度较大时，也具有较好的遮盖性效果。
5、针对多次移频产生多假目标干扰的方法需要时间较长的缺点，提出在假目标模板上附加不同的频率调制，分别得到噪声调频干扰、正弦波调频干扰和锯齿波调频干扰。首先分别产生针对调频步进雷达和两通道SAR动目标检测雷达的频率调制干扰方法，将接收到的雷达回波分别进行一维和两维的频率调制，与运动假目标模板相卷积；其次推导出各调频干扰方法的频域表达式，这三种频率调制方式都可以近似的看成是对运动假目标的频谱进行周期性搬移，根据线性调频信号的时频耦合性，等效于在一维和二维分别产生多个运动假目标；最后确定干扰关键参数，当假目标搬移间距较小，或者相互重叠时，多假目标干扰演变成压制性干扰，反之，得到多假目标干扰。
This doctoral dissertation addresses the jamming techniques against SAR-GMTI,such as passive jamming techniques including chaff jamming and rotating angularreflectors to affect stationary and moving target imaging,1-D and2-D false targetsjamming technique, noise frequency modulation, sinusoidal frequency modulation andsawtooth frequency modulation based on false targets jamming. The main topics of thisdissertation are listed as follows:
1. One-dimensional and two-dimensional imaging characteristics for the twotypical imaging radar systems, moving targets detection and parameter estimationtechniques are discussed. It forms the theoretical basis of the study on jammingtechniques against SAR-GMTI. For chirp-subpulses stepped frequency radarone-dimensional ranging images of stationary targets, motion targets with uniformmotion, uniformly accelerated motion are analyzed. Using the stationary phase principle,their characteristics in high resolution imaging are analyzed. Using the moving distancebetween the peak in ranging image and the peak in high resolution image movingtargets velocity can be estimated. For dual channels SAR-GMTI DPCA is adopted todetect moving targets in the imaging scene. Combined with ATI technique movingtargets radial velocity is estimated by its imaging phase. By experimental data it isconfirmed that fast moving targets which speed is below blind speed can be detectedeasily, and the parameters are estimated more accurately. Slowly moving targets aredifficult to detect. Though they can be detected their parameters estimation error isbigger.
2. For the passive jamming has many characteristics which are radar type, positionand motion state can’t be known in advance and are realized easily, based on thescattering characteristics of chaffs and rotating angular reflectors their echoes aresimulated and their imaging characteristics are discussed in one-dimension andtwo-dimension. Made an emphasis on discussing rotating angular reflectors many peaksappear in the1-D high resolution images. In the2-D images micro-doppler effectappears along azimuth to form interference trips. By simulated they can cover themotive targets in the protected area to jam the detection of SAR-GMTI.
3. Based on echoes characteristics for chirp-subpulses stepped frequency radar a1-D false moving target jamming method is proposed by using false targets template ofuniform moving targets and uniformly accelerated moving targets and transmitting signals convoluted. The frequency of radar transmitted signals is shifted many times byusing the linear relation between the Doppler frequency and the time. Then phase inevery pulse is compensated. Lastly it is convoluted with false moving target templates.Many false targets peaks can be got. By detection many moving targets with the samevelocity are found. If the distance between the radar and the jammer must be consideredthe phase change caused by the distance must be compensated. Errors in radarparameters estimation have less influence on the1-D compressed image. But they canmake peaks in the high-resolution image moved and make pulses wider. There arebigger errors in the parameters estimation.
4. Aimed at2-D scene imaging the approach based on man-made map is proposedwhich is convoluted by transmitting signals to protect some areas on the ground. Makean analysis of jamming image defocusing and the imaging area changing if theestimated radar imaging parameters in the man-made map are inaccurate. But it has agood cover jamming effect. The generation method of2-D false targets was analyzed.The2-D false targets templates corresponding with different antenna positions areconvoluted with received radar signals. It forms deception jamming and more accurateparameter estimation can be got. Based on the relation of frequency and time in2-D thefrequency of received radar signals is shifted and convoluted with false target templatesto get the many-false-target jamming covering a certain area. Analysis of the simulationresult shows that the jamming can not create false targets to deceive but has a goodcover jamming effect.
5. For the purpose of the fault which took a long time to create many false targetsusing shift-frequency several frequency modulation jamming methods are proposedbased on false targets jammings that are noise weighted frequency modulation jamming,sinusoidal weighted frequency modulation jamming and sawtooth weighted frequencymodulation jamming. Made an analysis of frequency characteristics shifted-frequencyof false targets seems to create many false moving targets in the ranging and thecross-ranging. Jamming effect is discussed and targets parameters estimation can be got.It is similar that many false targets jamming is becoming a cover jamming when thetargets distances are closer or targets mutually overlapping. Simulation and conclusionsare given to verify that these methods have a better jamming effect.
1、研究两种SAR-GMTI典型雷达体制的一维、二维成像特性，以及动目标检测和参数估计方法。针对调频步进雷达，利用驻定相位定理分析静止目标、匀速运动目标和匀加速运动目标的一维距离像和高分辨率图像，提出一种对运动目标进行速度估计的方法，是通过比较图像峰值间的移动距离来实现的；针对两通道SAR-GMTI雷达，提出先采用DPCA方法，对场景中的运动目标进行检测，然后结合ATI方法，根据检测到的成像点相位估计出目标在斜距平面内的速度值，通过仿真实验表明，目标速度如果在盲速范围内，快速运动目标较容易被检测到，并且可以得到较准确的参数估计值，慢速运动目标不容易被检测到，即使能够被发现，其速度和方位向坐标估计值也会存在较大误差。
2、利用无源干扰无需预知雷达类型、位置及其运动信息，并且具有简便易行的特点，讨论箔条和角反射器的近似散射模型。首先根据箔条云和角反射器真实散射特性，分别提出它们的近似回波模型，产生调频步进雷达及两通道SAR动目标检测雷达的箔条云回波；其次经过雷达成像处理，分析其一维、二维图像特性，其中重点研究转动的角反射器，通过理论推导及其仿真均得到，其一维高分辨率图像中会形成多个脉压峰值，其二维图像中的方位向会产生微多普勒效应，形成一系列的干扰条带；最后通过动目标恒虚警检测处理，运动目标难以被检测到，如果被发现，其参数估计值与真实值也差别较大。因而合理设置箔条干扰和角反射器关键参数可以保护干扰覆盖区域内的运动目标。
3、根据运动目标的步进雷达回波特性，提出假目标干扰和移频假目标干扰。首先利用匀速假目标模板、匀速转动假目标模板和雷达发射信号相卷积，得到一维运动假目标干扰，经调频步进雷达信号处理后可以得到类似真实运动目标的假目标一维距离像；其次利用线性调频信号的多普勒频移与时间的线性关系，将接收到的雷达发射信号经过多次移频，并对不同脉冲信号进行相位补偿，再与假的运动目标模板相卷积，得到多假目标的移频干扰方法，经雷达检测可以发现一系列同状态的运动假目标；最后分析了侦察误差对干扰效果的影响，对假目标的一维脉压像影响较小，会引起高分辨率图像的峰值移动，脉宽展宽，相应的假目标速度估计值也会与模板设置值存在较大的误差，但是不影响假目标的检测。
4、针对SAR的二维静止场景成像方法，研究二维假目标干扰。首先提出采用干扰地形图与雷达发射信号相卷积的方法来产生干扰信号，分析了侦察误差对干扰图像的变化，但是不影响其遮盖性干扰的效果；其次给出二维运动假目标的产生方法，将相对于不同天线位置的二维运动假目标模板与雷达发射信号相卷积，可以产生欺骗干扰，并且得到较准确的假目标参数估计值；最后，同样根据SAR的二维时频耦合性，对接收到的雷达信号进行二维移频处理，与运动假目标模板相卷积，得到覆盖一定区域的多假目标干扰。仿真实验表明二维假目标干扰既可以进行假目标欺骗干扰，密度较大时，也具有较好的遮盖性效果。
5、针对多次移频产生多假目标干扰的方法需要时间较长的缺点，提出在假目标模板上附加不同的频率调制，分别得到噪声调频干扰、正弦波调频干扰和锯齿波调频干扰。首先分别产生针对调频步进雷达和两通道SAR动目标检测雷达的频率调制干扰方法，将接收到的雷达回波分别进行一维和两维的频率调制，与运动假目标模板相卷积；其次推导出各调频干扰方法的频域表达式，这三种频率调制方式都可以近似的看成是对运动假目标的频谱进行周期性搬移，根据线性调频信号的时频耦合性，等效于在一维和二维分别产生多个运动假目标；最后确定干扰关键参数，当假目标搬移间距较小，或者相互重叠时，多假目标干扰演变成压制性干扰，反之，得到多假目标干扰。
This doctoral dissertation addresses the jamming techniques against SAR-GMTI,such as passive jamming techniques including chaff jamming and rotating angularreflectors to affect stationary and moving target imaging,1-D and2-D false targetsjamming technique, noise frequency modulation, sinusoidal frequency modulation andsawtooth frequency modulation based on false targets jamming. The main topics of thisdissertation are listed as follows:
1. One-dimensional and two-dimensional imaging characteristics for the twotypical imaging radar systems, moving targets detection and parameter estimationtechniques are discussed. It forms the theoretical basis of the study on jammingtechniques against SAR-GMTI. For chirp-subpulses stepped frequency radarone-dimensional ranging images of stationary targets, motion targets with uniformmotion, uniformly accelerated motion are analyzed. Using the stationary phase principle,their characteristics in high resolution imaging are analyzed. Using the moving distancebetween the peak in ranging image and the peak in high resolution image movingtargets velocity can be estimated. For dual channels SAR-GMTI DPCA is adopted todetect moving targets in the imaging scene. Combined with ATI technique movingtargets radial velocity is estimated by its imaging phase. By experimental data it isconfirmed that fast moving targets which speed is below blind speed can be detectedeasily, and the parameters are estimated more accurately. Slowly moving targets aredifficult to detect. Though they can be detected their parameters estimation error isbigger.
2. For the passive jamming has many characteristics which are radar type, positionand motion state can’t be known in advance and are realized easily, based on thescattering characteristics of chaffs and rotating angular reflectors their echoes aresimulated and their imaging characteristics are discussed in one-dimension andtwo-dimension. Made an emphasis on discussing rotating angular reflectors many peaksappear in the1-D high resolution images. In the2-D images micro-doppler effectappears along azimuth to form interference trips. By simulated they can cover themotive targets in the protected area to jam the detection of SAR-GMTI.
3. Based on echoes characteristics for chirp-subpulses stepped frequency radar a1-D false moving target jamming method is proposed by using false targets template ofuniform moving targets and uniformly accelerated moving targets and transmitting signals convoluted. The frequency of radar transmitted signals is shifted many times byusing the linear relation between the Doppler frequency and the time. Then phase inevery pulse is compensated. Lastly it is convoluted with false moving target templates.Many false targets peaks can be got. By detection many moving targets with the samevelocity are found. If the distance between the radar and the jammer must be consideredthe phase change caused by the distance must be compensated. Errors in radarparameters estimation have less influence on the1-D compressed image. But they canmake peaks in the high-resolution image moved and make pulses wider. There arebigger errors in the parameters estimation.
4. Aimed at2-D scene imaging the approach based on man-made map is proposedwhich is convoluted by transmitting signals to protect some areas on the ground. Makean analysis of jamming image defocusing and the imaging area changing if theestimated radar imaging parameters in the man-made map are inaccurate. But it has agood cover jamming effect. The generation method of2-D false targets was analyzed.The2-D false targets templates corresponding with different antenna positions areconvoluted with received radar signals. It forms deception jamming and more accurateparameter estimation can be got. Based on the relation of frequency and time in2-D thefrequency of received radar signals is shifted and convoluted with false target templatesto get the many-false-target jamming covering a certain area. Analysis of the simulationresult shows that the jamming can not create false targets to deceive but has a goodcover jamming effect.
5. For the purpose of the fault which took a long time to create many false targetsusing shift-frequency several frequency modulation jamming methods are proposedbased on false targets jammings that are noise weighted frequency modulation jamming,sinusoidal weighted frequency modulation jamming and sawtooth weighted frequencymodulation jamming. Made an analysis of frequency characteristics shifted-frequencyof false targets seems to create many false moving targets in the ranging and thecross-ranging. Jamming effect is discussed and targets parameters estimation can be got.It is similar that many false targets jamming is becoming a cover jamming when thetargets distances are closer or targets mutually overlapping. Simulation and conclusionsare given to verify that these methods have a better jamming effect.
引文
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