含化学热沉的气膜冷却流动与换热研究
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摘要
为了提升燃气轮机性能,需要进一步提高涡轮入口温度,但在现有技术条件下,涡轮入口温度受到涡轮叶片材料的限制。采用高效冷却技术可以使涡轮叶片承受更高的入口温度,增加涡轮叶片的安全性和持久性,对提升燃气轮机性能,延长整机使用寿命有至关重要的作用。然而,现有以气膜冷却为主的空气冷却技术的提升空间逐渐变小,冷气流量也不可能无限增长,所以涡轮叶片冷却温降很难继续增加。研究冷却新概念和新的高效冷却方式,已成为发展高性能燃气轮机的支撑技术之一。
为了推进气膜冷却技术阶跃式发展,以满足当代及未来大推力高性能航空发动机涡轮叶片冷却的需求,在国家自然科学基金项目《含化学热沉的气膜冷却流动与换热特性研究》(No.50976118)的资助下,本研究突破传统气膜冷却技术单一工质的局限,在传热强化概念的理论框架下,提出了一种含化学热沉的气膜冷却新方法。该方法的基本模型为：在冷却气中含有某种可遇热发生吸热化学反应的气态物质,在冷却气形成气膜后与主流换热,该物质在达到吸热化学反应发生所需的温度条件后可发生分解反应,分解产物为气态,这一过程可通过产生内热汇、体积变化和吸收辐射等多方面因素对气膜冷却效率产生影响。论文中,采用简化的理想化学热沉模型,建立对流换热模型；将反应前后体积变化归纳为修正项,对对流换热模型进行修正；采用修正后的标准k-ε湍流模型,对含化学热沉的气膜冷却新方法进行数值模拟。结果表明,化学反应吸热量越多,反应速率越快,气膜冷却效率提高得越多。新方法与传统方法有显著区别,不仅在主流流动方向上提高了气膜冷却效率,而且扩大了气膜侧向覆盖面积。同时,冷却工质反应前后体积变化对冷却效率的提高有积极作用。
进一步,提出NH3是实现含化学热沉气膜冷却新方法最理想的冷却工质。NH3热分解反应产生的化学热沉用于气膜冷却有几大优势：(1)产物为N2和H2,不会像碳氢化合物那样产生严重积碳问题；(2)分解温度与涡轮叶片材料蠕变温度接近,在没有催化剂存在的条件下,NH3快速分解反应的温度区间为1100～1300℃；(3)分解时吸热量较大,标准状态下的焓变为+46.4kJ/mol。本文对NH3高温热解用于涡轮叶片气膜冷却进行详细数值模拟研究。结果表明,NH3热分解时吸收主流热量产生化学热沉,使冷却效率维持较高水平,在吹风比为0.5时,气膜孔下游的冷却效率一直高于0.78；在吹风比为1.5时,相对传统气膜冷却方法,新方法使壁面平均冷却效率在X/D=30处提高73.78%；NH3发生化学反应后体积膨胀,对主流的排斥作用较强烈,对提高气膜冷却效率,保护叶片表面有很大帮助；研究考虑了NH3的辐射吸收特性对冷却效率的贡献。
NH3分解反应时所需的活化能较高,导致在非催化和低温的情况下转化率很低,所以含NH3分解热沉的气膜冷却很难通过实验进行研究。为此,选择草酸作为模拟工质来比拟。草酸在低温下能够发生吸热反应,反应产物为CO、H20(g)和CO2,适合作为冷却工质用于含化学热沉的气膜冷却实验,而且所得的实验数据完全能够模化NH3分解反应。实验以传统空气气膜冷却为参考,探讨吹风比、雷诺数、密度比以及草酸冷却工质分解吸热产生的化学热沉等因素对气膜冷却效率的影响。结果表明,吹风比为1.0时,在0 另外,在上述研究的基础上,对叶片前缘含化学热沉的“冲击+气膜”复合冷却进行数值研究。相对传统复合冷却方法,含化学热沉的复合冷却使冷却效率得到较大提高,且在叶片前缘下游区域提高得更多；化学热沉的存在使冷却效率随温度比的增大而提高。
Increased turbine inlet temperature further is much need in order to improve the performance of gas turbines. However, so high operating temperature is far above the permissible metal temperature of turbine blades under current technical conditions. Therefore, cooling methods are employed for turbine blades to bear high turbine inlet temperature, and increase the components' safety and durability. It has significant implications for improving the performance of gas turbines and prolonging their service lives. Nevertheless, the benefits by using the conventional methods are likely to approach their limits, and cooling stream is not likely to be supplied infinitely, so temperature drop for turbine blade cooling is hard to continue to be improved. At present, the developments of advanced cooling methods with high efficiency have become one of the main supporting technologies in high-performance gas turbines.
In order to promote a jump-over development of the film cooling technology, and satisfy the need of turbine blade cooling for aero-engines, an efficient cooling scheme is proposed based on the concept of heat transfer enhancement breaking through the limitation of a single cooling medium in the traditional film cooling method. This project is under the support of the item of National Natural Science Foundation of China "Investigation on Flow and Heat Transfer Characteristics of Film Cooling with Chemical Heat Sink"(No.50976118). The basic model of this method is that cooling stream contains some kind of gaseous substance that can absorb heat and decompose. When cooling stream ejects through discrete holes on the blades' exterior surfaces forming a protective layer, once the conditions, such as temperature et al., are satisfied, the endothermic chemical reaction will take place inside the protective film boundary layer, and the reaction products are gaseous substances. It has great effect on film cooling effectiveness through internal heat sink, volume changes and radiation absorption in this process.
In this paper, a simple ideal model with heat sink was adopted, and the convective heat transfer model was set up. The volume changes were summed up to the corrected term before and after the chemical reaction, and the convective heat transfer model was corrected. The novel film cooling with chemical heat sink was simulated by using the corrected standard k-ε turbulent model. The results showed that the more reaction heat is, the more film cooling effectiveness is improved. The faster reaction rate is, the more film cooling effectiveness is improved. The proposed method not only has the higher cooling effectiveness in the stream wise direction, but also has the wider film coverage in the spanwise direction, which is significantly different from the conventional one.
Further, it was proposed that NH3is the best cooling stream for realizing film cooling with chemical heat sink. There are some advantages for film cooling with chemical heat sink produced by the decomposition of NH3:(1) Reaction products N2and H2don't have carbon deposition problem, but hydrocarbons have.(2) The decomposition temperature is close to blade materials creep one, and fast decomposition temperature range of NH3with no catalyst is between1100～1300℃.(3) It can absorb more heat during the chemical reaction process, and enthalpy change is+46.4kJ/mol in the standard condition. The process of the high temperature decomposition of NH3used for cooling enhancement was simulated in detail. The results showed that the film cooling effectiveness is maintained at a high level due to the existence of chemical heat sink produced by the decomposition of NH3. When the blowing ratio is0.5, the film cooling effectiveness is higher than0.78downstream of the film hole. Compared with the conventional film cooling, the average cooling effectiveness at X/D=30is improved by73.78%for this novel method when the blowing ratio is1.5. Volume expansion occurs after the chemical reaction of NH3, and the repulsive forces from cooling stream to mainstream are much stronger, which is helpful for improving the cooling effectiveness and protecting the blade surface. The property of radiation absorption of NH3contributing to cooling effectiveness was also considered.
The activation energy of the decomposition reaction of NH3is so high that the conversion rate is very low under the condition of no catalyst and low temperature. Therefore, it is hard to experimentally research film cooling using the endothermic reaction of NH3as heat sink. For this reason, oxalic acid is chosen as a model to match. The endothermic reaction of oxalic acid can take place under low temperature, and the products are CO, H2O, and CO2. This substance is suitable for film cooling with chemical heat sink, and the experimental data obtained are fully capable of modeling the decomposition of NH3. The conventional film cooling using air as cooling stream was adopted in the experiment as reference, and the effect of chemical heat sink produced by the decomposition of oxalic acid on film cooling effectiveness was investigated under different blowing ratios, different Reynolds numbers, and different density ratios. The results showed that in the area of0 In addition, the impingement/effusion compound cooling with chemical heat sink on the leading edge of turbine blade was simulated based on the above-mentioned research. Compared to the conventional one, the cooling effectiveness is highly improved, and is improved more downstream of the leading edge than in the other regions. It also demonstrated that compound cooling effectiveness is improved with the increase of temperature ratio due to the existence of chemical heat sink.
为了推进气膜冷却技术阶跃式发展,以满足当代及未来大推力高性能航空发动机涡轮叶片冷却的需求,在国家自然科学基金项目《含化学热沉的气膜冷却流动与换热特性研究》(No.50976118)的资助下,本研究突破传统气膜冷却技术单一工质的局限,在传热强化概念的理论框架下,提出了一种含化学热沉的气膜冷却新方法。该方法的基本模型为：在冷却气中含有某种可遇热发生吸热化学反应的气态物质,在冷却气形成气膜后与主流换热,该物质在达到吸热化学反应发生所需的温度条件后可发生分解反应,分解产物为气态,这一过程可通过产生内热汇、体积变化和吸收辐射等多方面因素对气膜冷却效率产生影响。论文中,采用简化的理想化学热沉模型,建立对流换热模型；将反应前后体积变化归纳为修正项,对对流换热模型进行修正；采用修正后的标准k-ε湍流模型,对含化学热沉的气膜冷却新方法进行数值模拟。结果表明,化学反应吸热量越多,反应速率越快,气膜冷却效率提高得越多。新方法与传统方法有显著区别,不仅在主流流动方向上提高了气膜冷却效率,而且扩大了气膜侧向覆盖面积。同时,冷却工质反应前后体积变化对冷却效率的提高有积极作用。
进一步,提出NH3是实现含化学热沉气膜冷却新方法最理想的冷却工质。NH3热分解反应产生的化学热沉用于气膜冷却有几大优势：(1)产物为N2和H2,不会像碳氢化合物那样产生严重积碳问题；(2)分解温度与涡轮叶片材料蠕变温度接近,在没有催化剂存在的条件下,NH3快速分解反应的温度区间为1100～1300℃；(3)分解时吸热量较大,标准状态下的焓变为+46.4kJ/mol。本文对NH3高温热解用于涡轮叶片气膜冷却进行详细数值模拟研究。结果表明,NH3热分解时吸收主流热量产生化学热沉,使冷却效率维持较高水平,在吹风比为0.5时,气膜孔下游的冷却效率一直高于0.78；在吹风比为1.5时,相对传统气膜冷却方法,新方法使壁面平均冷却效率在X/D=30处提高73.78%；NH3发生化学反应后体积膨胀,对主流的排斥作用较强烈,对提高气膜冷却效率,保护叶片表面有很大帮助；研究考虑了NH3的辐射吸收特性对冷却效率的贡献。
NH3分解反应时所需的活化能较高,导致在非催化和低温的情况下转化率很低,所以含NH3分解热沉的气膜冷却很难通过实验进行研究。为此,选择草酸作为模拟工质来比拟。草酸在低温下能够发生吸热反应,反应产物为CO、H20(g)和CO2,适合作为冷却工质用于含化学热沉的气膜冷却实验,而且所得的实验数据完全能够模化NH3分解反应。实验以传统空气气膜冷却为参考,探讨吹风比、雷诺数、密度比以及草酸冷却工质分解吸热产生的化学热沉等因素对气膜冷却效率的影响。结果表明,吹风比为1.0时,在0
Increased turbine inlet temperature further is much need in order to improve the performance of gas turbines. However, so high operating temperature is far above the permissible metal temperature of turbine blades under current technical conditions. Therefore, cooling methods are employed for turbine blades to bear high turbine inlet temperature, and increase the components' safety and durability. It has significant implications for improving the performance of gas turbines and prolonging their service lives. Nevertheless, the benefits by using the conventional methods are likely to approach their limits, and cooling stream is not likely to be supplied infinitely, so temperature drop for turbine blade cooling is hard to continue to be improved. At present, the developments of advanced cooling methods with high efficiency have become one of the main supporting technologies in high-performance gas turbines.
In order to promote a jump-over development of the film cooling technology, and satisfy the need of turbine blade cooling for aero-engines, an efficient cooling scheme is proposed based on the concept of heat transfer enhancement breaking through the limitation of a single cooling medium in the traditional film cooling method. This project is under the support of the item of National Natural Science Foundation of China "Investigation on Flow and Heat Transfer Characteristics of Film Cooling with Chemical Heat Sink"(No.50976118). The basic model of this method is that cooling stream contains some kind of gaseous substance that can absorb heat and decompose. When cooling stream ejects through discrete holes on the blades' exterior surfaces forming a protective layer, once the conditions, such as temperature et al., are satisfied, the endothermic chemical reaction will take place inside the protective film boundary layer, and the reaction products are gaseous substances. It has great effect on film cooling effectiveness through internal heat sink, volume changes and radiation absorption in this process.
In this paper, a simple ideal model with heat sink was adopted, and the convective heat transfer model was set up. The volume changes were summed up to the corrected term before and after the chemical reaction, and the convective heat transfer model was corrected. The novel film cooling with chemical heat sink was simulated by using the corrected standard k-ε turbulent model. The results showed that the more reaction heat is, the more film cooling effectiveness is improved. The faster reaction rate is, the more film cooling effectiveness is improved. The proposed method not only has the higher cooling effectiveness in the stream wise direction, but also has the wider film coverage in the spanwise direction, which is significantly different from the conventional one.
Further, it was proposed that NH3is the best cooling stream for realizing film cooling with chemical heat sink. There are some advantages for film cooling with chemical heat sink produced by the decomposition of NH3:(1) Reaction products N2and H2don't have carbon deposition problem, but hydrocarbons have.(2) The decomposition temperature is close to blade materials creep one, and fast decomposition temperature range of NH3with no catalyst is between1100～1300℃.(3) It can absorb more heat during the chemical reaction process, and enthalpy change is+46.4kJ/mol in the standard condition. The process of the high temperature decomposition of NH3used for cooling enhancement was simulated in detail. The results showed that the film cooling effectiveness is maintained at a high level due to the existence of chemical heat sink produced by the decomposition of NH3. When the blowing ratio is0.5, the film cooling effectiveness is higher than0.78downstream of the film hole. Compared with the conventional film cooling, the average cooling effectiveness at X/D=30is improved by73.78%for this novel method when the blowing ratio is1.5. Volume expansion occurs after the chemical reaction of NH3, and the repulsive forces from cooling stream to mainstream are much stronger, which is helpful for improving the cooling effectiveness and protecting the blade surface. The property of radiation absorption of NH3contributing to cooling effectiveness was also considered.
The activation energy of the decomposition reaction of NH3is so high that the conversion rate is very low under the condition of no catalyst and low temperature. Therefore, it is hard to experimentally research film cooling using the endothermic reaction of NH3as heat sink. For this reason, oxalic acid is chosen as a model to match. The endothermic reaction of oxalic acid can take place under low temperature, and the products are CO, H2O, and CO2. This substance is suitable for film cooling with chemical heat sink, and the experimental data obtained are fully capable of modeling the decomposition of NH3. The conventional film cooling using air as cooling stream was adopted in the experiment as reference, and the effect of chemical heat sink produced by the decomposition of oxalic acid on film cooling effectiveness was investigated under different blowing ratios, different Reynolds numbers, and different density ratios. The results showed that in the area of0
引文
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