高空无人机载光学遥感器热控技术研究
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摘要
随着科学技术的高速发展和近年来世界多次局部战争的推动，高空无人机载光学遥感器作为一种新型、有效的光电载荷，在航空遥感、测绘和军事侦察等领域得到了广泛应用。获得高分辨率、高质量图像是高空无人机载光学遥感器的最终目的。而高空航摄时，温度是影响遥感器成像质量的重要因素。温度变化会使光学系统离焦，并产生附加像差，导致成像质量变差；同时温度变化还会影响CCD器件的性能，影响成像质量。因此，如何利用热控技术稳定高空无人机载光学遥感器的温度水平，消除温度梯度对成像质量的影响是高空无人机载光学遥感器研制中的关键技术之一。
本文以装载在某型无人侦察机上，采用折射式光学系统的某高分辨率、长焦距航空光学遥感器为研究对象，对遥感器中光学系统、CCD组件及光学窗口的热控技术进行了深入研究。
论文简要概述了无人侦察机和航空光学遥感器的发展现状及趋势，分析了高空光学遥感器采用热控技术的必要性，结合国内外航空光学遥感器热控技术，总结了高空光学遥感器热控技术的特点。分析了该高空无人机载光学遥感器航摄工作时所处的外部环境及内部环境，建立了遥感器内部热交换模型及遥感器与外部环境热交换模型，对包括热传导、热对流及热辐射等因素进行了研究，确定了热边界条件。对该光学遥感器从由温度变化造成折射率变化对光学系统的离焦量和焦距变化量的影响进行分析，以确定热控指标；对遥感器光学窗口进行热光学分析，以确定最佳玻璃厚度。针对该光学遥感器的结构特点，根据以被动热控为主，主动热控为辅的热设计原则，研究分析了适用于高空低温、低压环境下的隔热材料、相变材料及加热装置等热控措施，完成了高空光学遥感器的热控方案设计。详细计算了遥感器与外界对流换热系数和气动热流密度等外边界条件，建立了高空光学遥感器的有限元热模型，对热控系统进行了热分析；分析结果表明热控方案满足系统要求。依据热平衡方程，对热控系统进行了灵敏度分析；分析结果表明：对流换热、内部热源及构件之间的热阻是影响高空光学遥感器透镜组件温差的主要因素。
最后进行了模拟高空低温低压环境的热控试验和实际飞行试验，试验结果表明，热控方案正确、有效，满足了热控指标，并获得了稳定、清晰的高质量图像。
With the rapid development of science and technology and the promotion of manylocal wars in the world, altitude optical sensor mounted on unmanned aerial vehicle ismore widely applied in the airborne remote sensing, measurement and detection. It is anew and effective optoelectronic payload. The object of altitude optical sensor is toobtain the high resolution and quality images. Temperature is an important factor whichaffects the imaging quality of optical sensor in altitude complex environment. Thechanges of temperature will make the defocus and generate additional aberration, andhave an influence on the performance of CCD assembly. Therefore, it is one of the keytechnologies during the development of the altitude optical sensor mounted onunmanned aerial vehicle that how to utilize the thermal control technology to stabilizeits temperatures level and eliminate the temperature gradient.
This research is in the context of the high resolution, long focus and refractivealtitude optical sensor which mounted on the unmanned aerial vehicle. It was mainlyabout the thermal design for the optical system, CCD assembly and optical window.
This paper shows an overview of the status and development of unmannedreconnaissance aircraft and aerial optical sensor, the necessity of thermal control foraltitude optical sensor, the introduce of thermal control technology for aerial cameras at home and abroad, and the characteristic of thermal control technology for altitudeoptical sensor. Based on the working condition of altitude optical sensor, the inside andoutside thermal environments are analyzed, and the heat-transfer models areestablished. The thermal boundary condition for the altitude optical sensor isdetermined, which includes thermal conduction, convection and radiation. Theinfluence of the refractive index change on defocusing amount and focal lengthvariation of optical system caused by temperature change is analyzed, and the thermalcontrol index of altitude optical sensor is gained. Based on the result of thermal-opticalanalysis for optical window, the optimum thickness of window glass is determined. Inaccordance of the usual thermal design principles, the thermal control measures areresearched, which include thermal insulation material, phase change material andheating system. And the thermal design for altitude optical sensor is done. After that,the convective heat transfer coefficient between the camera and the outside atmosphereand the aerodynamic heat flux are calculated in detail, and the finite element thermalmodel is established for thermal analysis, the analysis result shows that the thermaldesign is correct. Based on the heat balance equations, the sensitivity of thermal designparameters is analyzed, the results show that heat transfer, internal heat source andthermal resistance are main factors which would influence the temperature differenceof optical lens component.
Finally, the thermal control test in simulated low temperature and low pressureenvironment and the actual flight test are carried out to validate the thermal design. Theresults show that the thermal control design is feasible and correct, and the stable anddistinct image is obtained.
本文以装载在某型无人侦察机上，采用折射式光学系统的某高分辨率、长焦距航空光学遥感器为研究对象，对遥感器中光学系统、CCD组件及光学窗口的热控技术进行了深入研究。
论文简要概述了无人侦察机和航空光学遥感器的发展现状及趋势，分析了高空光学遥感器采用热控技术的必要性，结合国内外航空光学遥感器热控技术，总结了高空光学遥感器热控技术的特点。分析了该高空无人机载光学遥感器航摄工作时所处的外部环境及内部环境，建立了遥感器内部热交换模型及遥感器与外部环境热交换模型，对包括热传导、热对流及热辐射等因素进行了研究，确定了热边界条件。对该光学遥感器从由温度变化造成折射率变化对光学系统的离焦量和焦距变化量的影响进行分析，以确定热控指标；对遥感器光学窗口进行热光学分析，以确定最佳玻璃厚度。针对该光学遥感器的结构特点，根据以被动热控为主，主动热控为辅的热设计原则，研究分析了适用于高空低温、低压环境下的隔热材料、相变材料及加热装置等热控措施，完成了高空光学遥感器的热控方案设计。详细计算了遥感器与外界对流换热系数和气动热流密度等外边界条件，建立了高空光学遥感器的有限元热模型，对热控系统进行了热分析；分析结果表明热控方案满足系统要求。依据热平衡方程，对热控系统进行了灵敏度分析；分析结果表明：对流换热、内部热源及构件之间的热阻是影响高空光学遥感器透镜组件温差的主要因素。
最后进行了模拟高空低温低压环境的热控试验和实际飞行试验，试验结果表明，热控方案正确、有效，满足了热控指标，并获得了稳定、清晰的高质量图像。
With the rapid development of science and technology and the promotion of manylocal wars in the world, altitude optical sensor mounted on unmanned aerial vehicle ismore widely applied in the airborne remote sensing, measurement and detection. It is anew and effective optoelectronic payload. The object of altitude optical sensor is toobtain the high resolution and quality images. Temperature is an important factor whichaffects the imaging quality of optical sensor in altitude complex environment. Thechanges of temperature will make the defocus and generate additional aberration, andhave an influence on the performance of CCD assembly. Therefore, it is one of the keytechnologies during the development of the altitude optical sensor mounted onunmanned aerial vehicle that how to utilize the thermal control technology to stabilizeits temperatures level and eliminate the temperature gradient.
This research is in the context of the high resolution, long focus and refractivealtitude optical sensor which mounted on the unmanned aerial vehicle. It was mainlyabout the thermal design for the optical system, CCD assembly and optical window.
This paper shows an overview of the status and development of unmannedreconnaissance aircraft and aerial optical sensor, the necessity of thermal control foraltitude optical sensor, the introduce of thermal control technology for aerial cameras at home and abroad, and the characteristic of thermal control technology for altitudeoptical sensor. Based on the working condition of altitude optical sensor, the inside andoutside thermal environments are analyzed, and the heat-transfer models areestablished. The thermal boundary condition for the altitude optical sensor isdetermined, which includes thermal conduction, convection and radiation. Theinfluence of the refractive index change on defocusing amount and focal lengthvariation of optical system caused by temperature change is analyzed, and the thermalcontrol index of altitude optical sensor is gained. Based on the result of thermal-opticalanalysis for optical window, the optimum thickness of window glass is determined. Inaccordance of the usual thermal design principles, the thermal control measures areresearched, which include thermal insulation material, phase change material andheating system. And the thermal design for altitude optical sensor is done. After that,the convective heat transfer coefficient between the camera and the outside atmosphereand the aerodynamic heat flux are calculated in detail, and the finite element thermalmodel is established for thermal analysis, the analysis result shows that the thermaldesign is correct. Based on the heat balance equations, the sensitivity of thermal designparameters is analyzed, the results show that heat transfer, internal heat source andthermal resistance are main factors which would influence the temperature differenceof optical lens component.
Finally, the thermal control test in simulated low temperature and low pressureenvironment and the actual flight test are carried out to validate the thermal design. Theresults show that the thermal control design is feasible and correct, and the stable anddistinct image is obtained.
引文
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