CaSO_4载氧体应用于CaO再生过程的热力学分析与实验研究
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摘要
将煤气化与CaO吸收体集成,可实现气化反应器内在碳分离。本文研究CaSO4载氧体再生CaCO3的过程,揭示其化学反应平衡、反应速率、含硫气体排放以及钙基物质共熔等。
本文的主要工作及结果如下：
1. CaSO4载氧体应用于CaO再生过程的热力学分析
基于化学反应平衡,研究了采用CaSO4载氧体的CaO再生过程的反应条件,获得了使CaCO3完全分解的最小水蒸气入口量和碳入口量；与应用纯O2燃烧供热的再生反应器相比,其最小水蒸气和碳需求更多；提高反应温度降低反应压力会减少含硫气体排放量；降低CaO再生反应器与CaS氧化反应器的温差、降低反应压力者会使反应器间传递的热量和循环固体质量减小,但Gs增大。
2. CaSO4载氧体与煤焦反应的加压热重实验
利用加压热重对再生反应器中煤焦与CaSO4及水蒸气的反应进行了对比实验研究,结果表明：氮气气氛下煤焦和CaSO4载氧体的固固反应失重在反应初期较快,但反应进行到一定程度后,其反应失重曲线变得平缓,最终碳转化率低于煤焦与水蒸气的气化反应；通入水蒸气后煤焦与CaSO4的反应失重在初期比上述两个反应都要快,但反应继续进行其失重速度快速下降,最终载氧体转化率和碳转化率比CaSO4与煤焦的固固反应更低,且提高水蒸气分压,最终载氧体转化率和碳转化率还会进一步降低。
3.应用CaSO4载氧体的CaO再生过程加压固定床实验
通过加压固定床实验,研究了反应条件对含硫气体排放的影响,结果表明：从降低H2S排放的角度看,升高反应温度、减小水蒸气分压是有利的；反应温度从900℃增大到950℃,H2S产率的峰值由2635ppmv降低到2174ppmv;水蒸气分压从2.4MPa降低至1.67MPa,H2S产率峰值从2635ppmv降低至165ppmv。
4.钙基物质共熔实验
利用常压综合热分析仪的DTA和TG分析技术,对CaS-CaSO4、 CaO-CaS-CaSO4样品进行共熔实验研究,结果表明：在700～1300℃的温度范围内,不存在CaS与CaSO4的共熔现象；各种摩尔配比的CaO-CaS-CaSO4三元钙基混合物在700～1500℃的温度范围内的不发生共熔。
5. CaSO4载氧体应用于煤直接制氢过程的热力学分析
进行了应用CaSO4载氧体进行CaO再生的煤直接制氢过程热力学分析,3.0MPa的压力条件下模拟结果表明：提高再生反应器温度会增加气化产H2量,且再生反应器含硫气体排放量减少；随着气化反应器钙碳比的增大,气化产H2量减少,再生反应器出口含硫气体排放量下降；再生反应器出口固体物流中CaO和CaS不作分离时的模拟结果与假设二者可以完全分离相比,气化产H2量下降,再生反应器含硫气体排放量增加。
In-situ CO2separation can be achieved by the integration of coal gasification and CO2absorption by CaO. In this dissertation, the CaCO3regeneration process with CaSO4as oxygen carrier was studied, to reveal chemical equilibrium, reaction rate, emission of sulfur-containing gases, and eutectic possibility of calcium-based materials in the process. The main work and results are shown as follows:
1. Thermodynamic analysis of CaO regeneration system with CaSO4oxygen carrier
Based on the chemical equilibrium of the process, the reaction condition of CaO regeneration system with CaSO4oxygen carrier was studied and several findings were obtained. In order to ensure the calcium carbonate decomposes completely, there existed minimum flow rates of H2O and carbon in the CaO regeneration reactor at every given pressure. Compared with the CaO regeneration process using oxy combustion of carbon, the minimum flow rates of H2O and carbon were higher in the CaO regeneration process using CaSO4oxygen carrier. The yields of H2S and SO2in product gas declined with the increasing temperature and decreasing pressure. With the decreasing temperature difference between CaO regeneration reactor and CaS oxidation reactor and the decreasing pressure, the exchange of heat and solid mass between the reactors declined, while Gs increased.
2. Pressurized TGA expriments of CaSO4oxygen carrier and coke
Pressurized TGA experiments were performed with coke and CaSO4mixed samples in H2O and N2atmospheres. The weight loss rate of coke with CaSO4in pure N2atmosphere declined rapidly, and the final carbon conversion was lower than that of coke in steam atmosphere. Compared with the reaction between coke and CaSO4in pure N2atmosphere, the introduction of H2O into the atmosphere can improve the reaction rate in the early period, but the rate declined as the reaction proceeded, and the final conversion of CaSO4and carbon decreased with the increase of partial pressure of steam in the atmosphere.
3. Pressurized fixed-bed expriments of CaO regeneration system with CaSO4 oxygen carrier
CaO regeneration experiments with CaSO4oxygen carrier were performed in a pressurized fixed-bed reactor, and the effects of reaction conditions on the yields of sulfur-containing gases were studied. It was found that the H2S yield declined with the increasing temperature and decreasing pressure of H2O. With the temperature increasing from900to950℃, the volume fraction of H2S declined from2635to2174ppmv, while the total amount of H2S yield declined from936mg to918mg. With the pressure of H2O decreasing from2.4to1.67MPa, the volume fraction of H2S in product gas decreased from2635to165ppmv.
4. DTA&TG measurement and analysis of CaO-CaS-CaSO4system
TG and DTA measurements of CaO-CaS-CaSO4mixtures with different molar fractions were performed using an atmospheric thermal analyzer under a nitrogen atmosphere. It was found that eutectic phenomenon of CaS and CaSO4mixture samples did not exist within700-1300℃. The conclusion was also correct for the samples of CaO, CaS and CaSO4mixture within700-1500℃.
5. Thermodynamic analysis of direct hydrogen production from coal with CaSO4oxygen carrier
Thermodynamic analysis of direct hydrogen production from coal with CaO regeneration by CaSO4oxygen carrier was performed and several findings at the pressure of3.0MPa were obtained. The H2yield in gasification reactor increased with the increasing temperature of CaO regeneration reactor, while the yields of sulfur-containing gases in CaO regeneration reactor declined. The yields of sulfur-containing gases produced from regeneration reactor decreased with the increase of Ca/C ratio in the gasification reactor, while the yield of H2from gasification reactor had a similar trend. Compared with the simulation results by assuming that the solid products out of regeneration reactor could be separated perfectly, less H2was produced when the solid products would not be separated, while the yields of sulfur-containing gases increased.
本文的主要工作及结果如下：
1. CaSO4载氧体应用于CaO再生过程的热力学分析
基于化学反应平衡,研究了采用CaSO4载氧体的CaO再生过程的反应条件,获得了使CaCO3完全分解的最小水蒸气入口量和碳入口量；与应用纯O2燃烧供热的再生反应器相比,其最小水蒸气和碳需求更多；提高反应温度降低反应压力会减少含硫气体排放量；降低CaO再生反应器与CaS氧化反应器的温差、降低反应压力者会使反应器间传递的热量和循环固体质量减小,但Gs增大。
2. CaSO4载氧体与煤焦反应的加压热重实验
利用加压热重对再生反应器中煤焦与CaSO4及水蒸气的反应进行了对比实验研究,结果表明：氮气气氛下煤焦和CaSO4载氧体的固固反应失重在反应初期较快,但反应进行到一定程度后,其反应失重曲线变得平缓,最终碳转化率低于煤焦与水蒸气的气化反应；通入水蒸气后煤焦与CaSO4的反应失重在初期比上述两个反应都要快,但反应继续进行其失重速度快速下降,最终载氧体转化率和碳转化率比CaSO4与煤焦的固固反应更低,且提高水蒸气分压,最终载氧体转化率和碳转化率还会进一步降低。
3.应用CaSO4载氧体的CaO再生过程加压固定床实验
通过加压固定床实验,研究了反应条件对含硫气体排放的影响,结果表明：从降低H2S排放的角度看,升高反应温度、减小水蒸气分压是有利的；反应温度从900℃增大到950℃,H2S产率的峰值由2635ppmv降低到2174ppmv;水蒸气分压从2.4MPa降低至1.67MPa,H2S产率峰值从2635ppmv降低至165ppmv。
4.钙基物质共熔实验
利用常压综合热分析仪的DTA和TG分析技术,对CaS-CaSO4、 CaO-CaS-CaSO4样品进行共熔实验研究,结果表明：在700～1300℃的温度范围内,不存在CaS与CaSO4的共熔现象；各种摩尔配比的CaO-CaS-CaSO4三元钙基混合物在700～1500℃的温度范围内的不发生共熔。
5. CaSO4载氧体应用于煤直接制氢过程的热力学分析
进行了应用CaSO4载氧体进行CaO再生的煤直接制氢过程热力学分析,3.0MPa的压力条件下模拟结果表明：提高再生反应器温度会增加气化产H2量,且再生反应器含硫气体排放量减少；随着气化反应器钙碳比的增大,气化产H2量减少,再生反应器出口含硫气体排放量下降；再生反应器出口固体物流中CaO和CaS不作分离时的模拟结果与假设二者可以完全分离相比,气化产H2量下降,再生反应器含硫气体排放量增加。
In-situ CO2separation can be achieved by the integration of coal gasification and CO2absorption by CaO. In this dissertation, the CaCO3regeneration process with CaSO4as oxygen carrier was studied, to reveal chemical equilibrium, reaction rate, emission of sulfur-containing gases, and eutectic possibility of calcium-based materials in the process. The main work and results are shown as follows:
1. Thermodynamic analysis of CaO regeneration system with CaSO4oxygen carrier
Based on the chemical equilibrium of the process, the reaction condition of CaO regeneration system with CaSO4oxygen carrier was studied and several findings were obtained. In order to ensure the calcium carbonate decomposes completely, there existed minimum flow rates of H2O and carbon in the CaO regeneration reactor at every given pressure. Compared with the CaO regeneration process using oxy combustion of carbon, the minimum flow rates of H2O and carbon were higher in the CaO regeneration process using CaSO4oxygen carrier. The yields of H2S and SO2in product gas declined with the increasing temperature and decreasing pressure. With the decreasing temperature difference between CaO regeneration reactor and CaS oxidation reactor and the decreasing pressure, the exchange of heat and solid mass between the reactors declined, while Gs increased.
2. Pressurized TGA expriments of CaSO4oxygen carrier and coke
Pressurized TGA experiments were performed with coke and CaSO4mixed samples in H2O and N2atmospheres. The weight loss rate of coke with CaSO4in pure N2atmosphere declined rapidly, and the final carbon conversion was lower than that of coke in steam atmosphere. Compared with the reaction between coke and CaSO4in pure N2atmosphere, the introduction of H2O into the atmosphere can improve the reaction rate in the early period, but the rate declined as the reaction proceeded, and the final conversion of CaSO4and carbon decreased with the increase of partial pressure of steam in the atmosphere.
3. Pressurized fixed-bed expriments of CaO regeneration system with CaSO4 oxygen carrier
CaO regeneration experiments with CaSO4oxygen carrier were performed in a pressurized fixed-bed reactor, and the effects of reaction conditions on the yields of sulfur-containing gases were studied. It was found that the H2S yield declined with the increasing temperature and decreasing pressure of H2O. With the temperature increasing from900to950℃, the volume fraction of H2S declined from2635to2174ppmv, while the total amount of H2S yield declined from936mg to918mg. With the pressure of H2O decreasing from2.4to1.67MPa, the volume fraction of H2S in product gas decreased from2635to165ppmv.
4. DTA&TG measurement and analysis of CaO-CaS-CaSO4system
TG and DTA measurements of CaO-CaS-CaSO4mixtures with different molar fractions were performed using an atmospheric thermal analyzer under a nitrogen atmosphere. It was found that eutectic phenomenon of CaS and CaSO4mixture samples did not exist within700-1300℃. The conclusion was also correct for the samples of CaO, CaS and CaSO4mixture within700-1500℃.
5. Thermodynamic analysis of direct hydrogen production from coal with CaSO4oxygen carrier
Thermodynamic analysis of direct hydrogen production from coal with CaO regeneration by CaSO4oxygen carrier was performed and several findings at the pressure of3.0MPa were obtained. The H2yield in gasification reactor increased with the increasing temperature of CaO regeneration reactor, while the yields of sulfur-containing gases in CaO regeneration reactor declined. The yields of sulfur-containing gases produced from regeneration reactor decreased with the increase of Ca/C ratio in the gasification reactor, while the yield of H2from gasification reactor had a similar trend. Compared with the simulation results by assuming that the solid products out of regeneration reactor could be separated perfectly, less H2was produced when the solid products would not be separated, while the yields of sulfur-containing gases increased.
引文
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