新型铁基材料的合成、表征及其性能研究
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摘要
近年来,经济的快速发展给人们的生活带来便利的同时,也严重污染了我们赖以生存的自然环境。人口的持续增长、工业和生活污水的排放、机动车尾气排放以及建筑装修等,都给自然界的大气、水体、土壤带来了严重污染,如何有效地治理环境污染成为全球所关注的研究热点。在众多的环境治理方法中,铁作为地壳中含量最丰富的金属元素之一,在环境催化领域发挥了不可替代的作用。铁基材料具有合成简单,无污染,高活性,低成本的优点,因此具有非常好的实际应用前景。在环境污染问题日益严峻的今天,研究和开发新型铁基材料的应用领域成为材料研究及环境治理的热点方向之一。
铁基材料,包括多铁性复合材料,铁(氢)氧化物,铁合金,零价铁等均能对环境污染物起到很好的修复作用。其中,纳米铁基材料由于具备了纳米材料粒径小,比表面积大等一系列的优点,在污染物的治理过程中表现出很好的催化活性,受到越来越多科研工作者的青睐。同时,铁基材料在污染物降解过程中,易与体系中的水(H20),氧气(O2),氢氧根(OH-)等发生氧化或还原反应,生成一系列包括双氧水(H202),超氧负离子(·O2-),羟基自由基(-OH)在内的活性氧物种,继而降解污染物。因此,研究铁基材料在污染物降解过程中的反应机理,进而提高反应过程中活性物种的生产量,能够在一定程度上拓宽铁基材料的应用领域,并使其在环境治理领域发挥更大的作用。
本论文主要侧重于高活性铁基材料的合成,通过简单的制备方法,得到具有实际应用前景、低能耗、无污染的高活性铁基催化剂,并研究探讨其在大气、水体污染治理中的应用及其反应机理。论文中首先概括介绍了我国环境污染的现状,并重点介绍了大气、水体的污染状况,常用的大气、水体污染治理技术,铁基材料的研究进展等。继而详细阐述了分等级结构纤维状纳米LaFeO3、负载FeCl3的活性炭催化剂、以及具有核壳结构的Fe@Fe2O3纳米线的合成,通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X-射线衍射(XRD)、X-射线光电子能谱测试(XPS)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、比表面积以及孔结构测定等测试手段对所得铁基材料进行了表征,并对其催化活性及催化机理进行了深入细致的探讨研究,为新型铁基材料的研究奠定了一定的基础。
本论文的具体研究内容主要包括以下几方面：
1.以硝酸铁和硝酸镧为主要原料,首次在室温下,采用溶胶-凝胶法,通过加入棉布作为模板,合成了具有分等级结构的纤维状LaFeO3纳米催化剂,并通过XRD、SEM、TEM、XPS和CO催化氧化等测试对所得LaFeO3纳米催化剂进行了成分、结构、形貌和催化活性的研究。研究结果表明,加入棉布模板后,所制得的纳米LaFeO3材料可以很好地保持原模板的形貌,高分辨扫描电镜结果显示,所得LaFeO3为30～40nm的均匀颗粒,而传统溶胶-凝胶法所合成的LaFeO3则为不规则团聚的大颗粒。文中我们也提出了分等级结构纤维状LaFeO3的形成过程。通过对加入模板及未加模板两种方法所得LaFeO3样品的比表面积的测试,我们发现模板法可以明显增大样品的比表面积。由于比表面积的增大,使得模板法所得样品在催化氧化CO的过程中,表现出优越的催化性能和稳定性。该合成方法操作简单,价格低廉且绿色无污染,所得材料催化活性高,稳定性好。该方法对于合成其他高活性的铁基材料具有很好的借鉴意义。
2.采用简单的浸渍方法,合成了负载Fe3+的活性炭催化剂,在微波条件下,研究了该反应体系对水华污染物蓝藻的处理效果。通过光学显微镜对蓝藻细胞的形貌进行了表征,同时通过对受试蓝藻的光密度(optical density, OD)、叶绿素α(Chlα)含量、谷胱甘肽(L-Glutathione,GSH)含量及超氧化物歧化酶(superoxidase dismutase, SOD)活性的测试结果表明,在微波作用(100℃,600W)下,该催化剂可在短短2.5min的时间内达到很好的杀藻效果。蓝藻细胞壁被破环,光密度值及叶绿素a含量均显著降低。同时我们对该体系的反应机理也进行了深入的研究探讨,发现在没有活性炭的情况下,FeCl3仅仅起絮凝作用,只能将蓝藻絮凝沉降,并未起到杀藻的作用。将氯化铁负载在活性炭上后,通过X射线光电子能谱分析,随着微波反应的进行,体系中单质铁的含量逐渐增加。因此,我们提出了空穴掺杂的反应机理,即当蓝藻细胞被吸附在FeCl3/AC催化剂的表面时,发生了电子转移的过程,即活性炭上的电子传递给Fe3+,活性炭上面便产生了空穴,而空穴具有很强的氧化性,可以将蓝藻细胞氧化,使其逐渐衰亡。同时,我们也发现该催化剂具有非常优良的循环稳定性。我们的这一工作首次报道了在微波体系中,加入负载FeCl3的活性炭催化剂可以达到快速高效的杀藻目的。
3.以FeCl3, NaBH4为主要原料,室温下合成了具有核壳结构的Fe@Fe2O3纳米线,将其负载在活性炭纤维(ACF)上,制备了Fe@Fe2O3/ACF电极材料,该材料在电-Fenton体系中用作电阴极。通过对模拟污染物罗丹明B的降解测试,我们发现中性电-Fenton体系中在阴极上负载Fe@Fe2O3纳米线后,可以显著增强罗丹明B的降解效果。通过对反应体系中超氧负离子(·02-)及双氧水(H202)含量的测试,我们发现该反应体系中Fe@Fe2O3纳米线可以诱导活化分子氧生成超氧负离子,这是增强RhB降解效果的主要原因。活化分子氧产生的超氧负离子进一步与电子和质子反应产生双氧水,由此得到的双氧水与电化学体系中电阴极还原氧气产生的双氧水共同与Fe@Fe2O3纳米线原位产生的亚铁离子反应从而生成更丰富的羟基自由基,可以明显增强罗丹明B的降解效果。
4.在前期工作的基础上,我们进一步拓展了Fe@Fe2O3纳米线的研究范围。在本实验中,我们制备了Fe@Fe2O3/碳毡电极材料。在微生物燃料电池体系中,利用异化铁还原菌的产电特性,我们研究了Fe@Fe2O3/碳毡电极对温室气体CO2的催化还原效果。通过对阳极铁还原菌种类、电子供体以及阴极电解液的浓度、pH的筛选,得出了MFC体系中还原CO2的最优条件。CO2还原产物通过离子色谱仪进行检测,经检测发现还原产物主要为甲酸。我们发现碳毡上负载Fe@Fe2O3纳米线材料后,可以明显增强阴极室甲酸的产量,且该催化剂在碳毡上具有很好的稳定性。我们认为Fe@Fe2O3纳米线增强C02还原效果的主要原因是由于在单质铁表面的Fe2O3氧化层参与了CO2的还原途径,它能够稳定C02还原过程的中间体·C02-,从而促进CO2的还原。我们首次研究了在微生物燃料电池中,通过异化铁还原菌提供电子,用Fe@Fe2O3碳毡做阴极,无需提供外加电压,即可直接实现CO2的还原。
In recent years, with the development of economic, our life becomes more and more convenient However, serious environment pollution also came into being. Pollutants came from increasing population, emissions of industrial and domestic sewage, emission of motor vehicle exhaust, bring serious pollution to atmosphere, water and soil. How to deal with environmental pollution has become a focus of global concern. Among the treatment of environmental pollution, as one of the most abundant metal element, iron plays a very important role in the field of environmental catalysis. Iron-based materials (IBMs) have advantages of non-pollution to the environment, high activity, low cost and so on. Thus they have a promising application prospects. Therefore, the exploration of novel iron-based materials has become more and more attractive.
Iron-based materials, including multiferroic composite material, ferrous iron (hydrogen) oxide, iron alloy, zero valent iron and so on, all exhibit excellent activity for the treatment of environmental pollution. During the decomposition of organic pollutants, IBMs can react with absorbed H2O, O2, and OH", resulting in large amount of active oxygen radicals including H2O2,·O2-,·OH, which can oxide pollutants in gas and water effectively. Therefore, investigation of the reaction mechanism during the degradation of pollutants, improving the amount of active species can extend the application field of IBMs.
Therefore, our work mainly focused on exploring novel IBMs with simple preparation, low energy consumption, and excellent catalytic activity. Then we investigated the role and mechanism of IBMs in the treatment of air and water pollution. This disssertation first introduced the current situation of environmental pollution, and highlighted the pollution of gas and water, current atmospheric and water control technology, and researches about IBMs. Then we elaborated the synthesis of patterned hierarchical LaFeO3fibers, FeCl3/AC catalyst, and core-shell Fe@Fe2O3nanowires. The crystal structure, composition, morphology, activity, and mechanism of these resulting materials were characterized by XRD, XPS, SEM, TEM and so on.
The detailed works were shown as the following:
1. Hierarchical LaFeO3fibers were prepared by a sol-gel nanocasting method using a cotton cloth as the template. The resulting products were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption and test of CO oxidation. It was discovered that the resulting LaFeO3fibers inherited the initial network morphology of the template very well. The high-magnification SEM images revealed that the hierarchical cellulosic structure of LaFeO3fibers comprises subunits of numerous nanoparticles with diameters of about30～40nm. While conventional sol-gel synthesized LaFeO3was composed of irregular aggregates of nanoparticles with about30-200nm in size. We also proposed apossible formation processes of LaFeO3particles and fibers. LaFeO3fibers produced by sol-gel nanocasting method showed enhanced catalytic CO oxidation activity and satisfactory stability compared to the counterpart particles prepared by the conventional sol-gel method.
2. We synthesized FeCl3-loaded active carbon (FeCl3AC) catalyst under room temperature by a simple impregnation method. Then we demonstrated a rapid catalytic microwave method to deal with Microcystis aeruginosa with FeCl3/AC cataylst. Microcystis aeruginosa damage process was monitored by measuring optical density, chlorophyll-a content, superoxide dismutase activity, L-glutathione content, and turbidity of the treated Microcystis aeruginosa suspension. It was discovered that Microcystis aeruginosa could be damaged in a very short time of2.5min under microwave irradiation with FeCl3/AC catalyst. We also investigated the damage mechanism. When Fe3+was added into M. aeruginosa alone, the ions hydrolyzed to form Fe(OH)3, then M. aeruginosa cells likely adhered on the surface of Fe(OH)3to result in precipitation, M. aeruginosa was not damaged. From XPS result of FeCl3/AC, we discovered that during the microwave catalytic reaction, the peak of Fe increased. So we ascribed the excellent activity of FeC13/AC induced M. aeruginosa damage under microwave irradiation to the charge transfer-induced doping effect. That is, when FeCl3/AC was added into M. aeruginosa suspension, the cells could quickly be adsorbed on the surface of AC. Meanwhile, the so-called charge transfer-induced doping effect could realize electrons transferring from AC to Fe ions, thus leaving holes on AC to attack and oxidize the cells. This work provides a fast and green treatment method for cyanobacterial blooms.
3. Core-shell Fe@Fe2O3nanowires were prepared in this work. Oxygen diffusion cathode Fe@Fe2O3/ACF was obtained by loading the nanowires on active carbon fibers. Then Fe@Fe2O3/ACF was used in E-Fenton oxidation system at neutral pH to degrade RhB. It was found that Fe@Fe2O3nanowires could enhance RhB degradation significantly. On the basis of the experiment, it was discovered that in the E-Fenton system, Fe@Fe2O3nanowires could induce the activation of molecular oxygen to produce superoxides which could enhance RhB degradation. The obtained superoxides could react with protons and electrons subsequently to generate H2O2. These extra H2O2and the cationically generated H2O2could react with in-situ released ferrous ions to produce more abundant hydroxide radicals, which could enhance the degradation of RhB.
4. On the basis of the previous work, we further investigated the activity of Fe@Fe2O3nanowires on CO2reducntion in a microbial fuel cell (MFC). Fe@Fe2O3/carbon felt electrode was perpared and used in MFC as cathode. We investigated the influence parameters in the reduction of CO2and got the optimal conditions for CO2reduction. Products of the reduction were monitored by Ion Chromatograph. And we found that the main product was HCOOH. Loading of Fe@Fe2O3nanowires on carbon felt could significantly enhance the production of HCOOH. Also the anode was very stable in MFC system. We suggested that Fe2O3participated in the pathway of CO2reduction on Fe and enabled CO2redution to occur by stabilizing·CO2-(intermediate product during CO2reducion). We investigated for the first time that in MFC system, CO2can be reduced with Fe@Fe2O3/carbon felt cathode without any extra voltage.
铁基材料,包括多铁性复合材料,铁(氢)氧化物,铁合金,零价铁等均能对环境污染物起到很好的修复作用。其中,纳米铁基材料由于具备了纳米材料粒径小,比表面积大等一系列的优点,在污染物的治理过程中表现出很好的催化活性,受到越来越多科研工作者的青睐。同时,铁基材料在污染物降解过程中,易与体系中的水(H20),氧气(O2),氢氧根(OH-)等发生氧化或还原反应,生成一系列包括双氧水(H202),超氧负离子(·O2-),羟基自由基(-OH)在内的活性氧物种,继而降解污染物。因此,研究铁基材料在污染物降解过程中的反应机理,进而提高反应过程中活性物种的生产量,能够在一定程度上拓宽铁基材料的应用领域,并使其在环境治理领域发挥更大的作用。
本论文主要侧重于高活性铁基材料的合成,通过简单的制备方法,得到具有实际应用前景、低能耗、无污染的高活性铁基催化剂,并研究探讨其在大气、水体污染治理中的应用及其反应机理。论文中首先概括介绍了我国环境污染的现状,并重点介绍了大气、水体的污染状况,常用的大气、水体污染治理技术,铁基材料的研究进展等。继而详细阐述了分等级结构纤维状纳米LaFeO3、负载FeCl3的活性炭催化剂、以及具有核壳结构的Fe@Fe2O3纳米线的合成,通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X-射线衍射(XRD)、X-射线光电子能谱测试(XPS)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、比表面积以及孔结构测定等测试手段对所得铁基材料进行了表征,并对其催化活性及催化机理进行了深入细致的探讨研究,为新型铁基材料的研究奠定了一定的基础。
本论文的具体研究内容主要包括以下几方面：
1.以硝酸铁和硝酸镧为主要原料,首次在室温下,采用溶胶-凝胶法,通过加入棉布作为模板,合成了具有分等级结构的纤维状LaFeO3纳米催化剂,并通过XRD、SEM、TEM、XPS和CO催化氧化等测试对所得LaFeO3纳米催化剂进行了成分、结构、形貌和催化活性的研究。研究结果表明,加入棉布模板后,所制得的纳米LaFeO3材料可以很好地保持原模板的形貌,高分辨扫描电镜结果显示,所得LaFeO3为30～40nm的均匀颗粒,而传统溶胶-凝胶法所合成的LaFeO3则为不规则团聚的大颗粒。文中我们也提出了分等级结构纤维状LaFeO3的形成过程。通过对加入模板及未加模板两种方法所得LaFeO3样品的比表面积的测试,我们发现模板法可以明显增大样品的比表面积。由于比表面积的增大,使得模板法所得样品在催化氧化CO的过程中,表现出优越的催化性能和稳定性。该合成方法操作简单,价格低廉且绿色无污染,所得材料催化活性高,稳定性好。该方法对于合成其他高活性的铁基材料具有很好的借鉴意义。
2.采用简单的浸渍方法,合成了负载Fe3+的活性炭催化剂,在微波条件下,研究了该反应体系对水华污染物蓝藻的处理效果。通过光学显微镜对蓝藻细胞的形貌进行了表征,同时通过对受试蓝藻的光密度(optical density, OD)、叶绿素α(Chlα)含量、谷胱甘肽(L-Glutathione,GSH)含量及超氧化物歧化酶(superoxidase dismutase, SOD)活性的测试结果表明,在微波作用(100℃,600W)下,该催化剂可在短短2.5min的时间内达到很好的杀藻效果。蓝藻细胞壁被破环,光密度值及叶绿素a含量均显著降低。同时我们对该体系的反应机理也进行了深入的研究探讨,发现在没有活性炭的情况下,FeCl3仅仅起絮凝作用,只能将蓝藻絮凝沉降,并未起到杀藻的作用。将氯化铁负载在活性炭上后,通过X射线光电子能谱分析,随着微波反应的进行,体系中单质铁的含量逐渐增加。因此,我们提出了空穴掺杂的反应机理,即当蓝藻细胞被吸附在FeCl3/AC催化剂的表面时,发生了电子转移的过程,即活性炭上的电子传递给Fe3+,活性炭上面便产生了空穴,而空穴具有很强的氧化性,可以将蓝藻细胞氧化,使其逐渐衰亡。同时,我们也发现该催化剂具有非常优良的循环稳定性。我们的这一工作首次报道了在微波体系中,加入负载FeCl3的活性炭催化剂可以达到快速高效的杀藻目的。
3.以FeCl3, NaBH4为主要原料,室温下合成了具有核壳结构的Fe@Fe2O3纳米线,将其负载在活性炭纤维(ACF)上,制备了Fe@Fe2O3/ACF电极材料,该材料在电-Fenton体系中用作电阴极。通过对模拟污染物罗丹明B的降解测试,我们发现中性电-Fenton体系中在阴极上负载Fe@Fe2O3纳米线后,可以显著增强罗丹明B的降解效果。通过对反应体系中超氧负离子(·02-)及双氧水(H202)含量的测试,我们发现该反应体系中Fe@Fe2O3纳米线可以诱导活化分子氧生成超氧负离子,这是增强RhB降解效果的主要原因。活化分子氧产生的超氧负离子进一步与电子和质子反应产生双氧水,由此得到的双氧水与电化学体系中电阴极还原氧气产生的双氧水共同与Fe@Fe2O3纳米线原位产生的亚铁离子反应从而生成更丰富的羟基自由基,可以明显增强罗丹明B的降解效果。
4.在前期工作的基础上,我们进一步拓展了Fe@Fe2O3纳米线的研究范围。在本实验中,我们制备了Fe@Fe2O3/碳毡电极材料。在微生物燃料电池体系中,利用异化铁还原菌的产电特性,我们研究了Fe@Fe2O3/碳毡电极对温室气体CO2的催化还原效果。通过对阳极铁还原菌种类、电子供体以及阴极电解液的浓度、pH的筛选,得出了MFC体系中还原CO2的最优条件。CO2还原产物通过离子色谱仪进行检测,经检测发现还原产物主要为甲酸。我们发现碳毡上负载Fe@Fe2O3纳米线材料后,可以明显增强阴极室甲酸的产量,且该催化剂在碳毡上具有很好的稳定性。我们认为Fe@Fe2O3纳米线增强C02还原效果的主要原因是由于在单质铁表面的Fe2O3氧化层参与了CO2的还原途径,它能够稳定C02还原过程的中间体·C02-,从而促进CO2的还原。我们首次研究了在微生物燃料电池中,通过异化铁还原菌提供电子,用Fe@Fe2O3碳毡做阴极,无需提供外加电压,即可直接实现CO2的还原。
In recent years, with the development of economic, our life becomes more and more convenient However, serious environment pollution also came into being. Pollutants came from increasing population, emissions of industrial and domestic sewage, emission of motor vehicle exhaust, bring serious pollution to atmosphere, water and soil. How to deal with environmental pollution has become a focus of global concern. Among the treatment of environmental pollution, as one of the most abundant metal element, iron plays a very important role in the field of environmental catalysis. Iron-based materials (IBMs) have advantages of non-pollution to the environment, high activity, low cost and so on. Thus they have a promising application prospects. Therefore, the exploration of novel iron-based materials has become more and more attractive.
Iron-based materials, including multiferroic composite material, ferrous iron (hydrogen) oxide, iron alloy, zero valent iron and so on, all exhibit excellent activity for the treatment of environmental pollution. During the decomposition of organic pollutants, IBMs can react with absorbed H2O, O2, and OH", resulting in large amount of active oxygen radicals including H2O2,·O2-,·OH, which can oxide pollutants in gas and water effectively. Therefore, investigation of the reaction mechanism during the degradation of pollutants, improving the amount of active species can extend the application field of IBMs.
Therefore, our work mainly focused on exploring novel IBMs with simple preparation, low energy consumption, and excellent catalytic activity. Then we investigated the role and mechanism of IBMs in the treatment of air and water pollution. This disssertation first introduced the current situation of environmental pollution, and highlighted the pollution of gas and water, current atmospheric and water control technology, and researches about IBMs. Then we elaborated the synthesis of patterned hierarchical LaFeO3fibers, FeCl3/AC catalyst, and core-shell Fe@Fe2O3nanowires. The crystal structure, composition, morphology, activity, and mechanism of these resulting materials were characterized by XRD, XPS, SEM, TEM and so on.
The detailed works were shown as the following:
1. Hierarchical LaFeO3fibers were prepared by a sol-gel nanocasting method using a cotton cloth as the template. The resulting products were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption and test of CO oxidation. It was discovered that the resulting LaFeO3fibers inherited the initial network morphology of the template very well. The high-magnification SEM images revealed that the hierarchical cellulosic structure of LaFeO3fibers comprises subunits of numerous nanoparticles with diameters of about30～40nm. While conventional sol-gel synthesized LaFeO3was composed of irregular aggregates of nanoparticles with about30-200nm in size. We also proposed apossible formation processes of LaFeO3particles and fibers. LaFeO3fibers produced by sol-gel nanocasting method showed enhanced catalytic CO oxidation activity and satisfactory stability compared to the counterpart particles prepared by the conventional sol-gel method.
2. We synthesized FeCl3-loaded active carbon (FeCl3AC) catalyst under room temperature by a simple impregnation method. Then we demonstrated a rapid catalytic microwave method to deal with Microcystis aeruginosa with FeCl3/AC cataylst. Microcystis aeruginosa damage process was monitored by measuring optical density, chlorophyll-a content, superoxide dismutase activity, L-glutathione content, and turbidity of the treated Microcystis aeruginosa suspension. It was discovered that Microcystis aeruginosa could be damaged in a very short time of2.5min under microwave irradiation with FeCl3/AC catalyst. We also investigated the damage mechanism. When Fe3+was added into M. aeruginosa alone, the ions hydrolyzed to form Fe(OH)3, then M. aeruginosa cells likely adhered on the surface of Fe(OH)3to result in precipitation, M. aeruginosa was not damaged. From XPS result of FeCl3/AC, we discovered that during the microwave catalytic reaction, the peak of Fe increased. So we ascribed the excellent activity of FeC13/AC induced M. aeruginosa damage under microwave irradiation to the charge transfer-induced doping effect. That is, when FeCl3/AC was added into M. aeruginosa suspension, the cells could quickly be adsorbed on the surface of AC. Meanwhile, the so-called charge transfer-induced doping effect could realize electrons transferring from AC to Fe ions, thus leaving holes on AC to attack and oxidize the cells. This work provides a fast and green treatment method for cyanobacterial blooms.
3. Core-shell Fe@Fe2O3nanowires were prepared in this work. Oxygen diffusion cathode Fe@Fe2O3/ACF was obtained by loading the nanowires on active carbon fibers. Then Fe@Fe2O3/ACF was used in E-Fenton oxidation system at neutral pH to degrade RhB. It was found that Fe@Fe2O3nanowires could enhance RhB degradation significantly. On the basis of the experiment, it was discovered that in the E-Fenton system, Fe@Fe2O3nanowires could induce the activation of molecular oxygen to produce superoxides which could enhance RhB degradation. The obtained superoxides could react with protons and electrons subsequently to generate H2O2. These extra H2O2and the cationically generated H2O2could react with in-situ released ferrous ions to produce more abundant hydroxide radicals, which could enhance the degradation of RhB.
4. On the basis of the previous work, we further investigated the activity of Fe@Fe2O3nanowires on CO2reducntion in a microbial fuel cell (MFC). Fe@Fe2O3/carbon felt electrode was perpared and used in MFC as cathode. We investigated the influence parameters in the reduction of CO2and got the optimal conditions for CO2reduction. Products of the reduction were monitored by Ion Chromatograph. And we found that the main product was HCOOH. Loading of Fe@Fe2O3nanowires on carbon felt could significantly enhance the production of HCOOH. Also the anode was very stable in MFC system. We suggested that Fe2O3participated in the pathway of CO2reduction on Fe and enabled CO2redution to occur by stabilizing·CO2-(intermediate product during CO2reducion). We investigated for the first time that in MFC system, CO2can be reduced with Fe@Fe2O3/carbon felt cathode without any extra voltage.
引文
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