柴西地区第三系沉降与抬升差异与断裂、裂缝的关系及油气成藏特点
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摘要
本文对柴达木盆地西部地区(简称柴西地区)第三系E1+2、E31、E32、N1、N21、N22的地层沉积与沉降特征进行了分析,对N23沉积末期以来的地层剥蚀厚度进行了恢复,在此基础上分析了第三系主力烃源岩E31在E32、N1、N21、N22、N23沉积期及第四纪(Q)的沉降及抬升剥蚀的差异。通过对柴西地区第三系地震反射层构造格局研究、岩心及薄片裂缝发育特征观察及相关的岩石力学实验,分析了主力烃源岩在关键地质时期的沉降与抬升的差异与断裂、裂缝的关系。在以上研究基础上分析了柴西地区第三系油气运移驱动力和输导体系的关系及油气成藏特点。取得的主要认识如下：
(1)柴西地区第三系沉积、沉降、剥蚀与主力烃源岩系沉降与抬升的差异
①柴西地区第三系E1+2、E31、E32、N1、N21、N22沉积期主要以不均衡的沉积沉降为主, N23晚期至第四纪(Q)以来以不均衡的沉积沉降及剥蚀为主。
E1+2至N22沉积期,各组地层的沉积中心是有差别的,但沉降中心基本一致。E1+2沉积中心位于狮子沟附近,E31沉积中心位于花土沟-茫崖一带,E32沉积中心位于花土沟-南翼山-茫崖一带,N11沉积中心位于花土沟-尖顶山-茫崖一带,N12沉积中心位于咸水泉-尖顶山-茫崖一带,N21沉积中心位于南翼山-鄂博山一带,N22沉积中心位于南翼山-茫崖-一里坪一带。柴西地区第三系E1+2、E31、E32、N1、N21、N22沉降中心基本稳定在一里坪附近。
N23沉积期以来是柴西地区最主要的剥蚀时期,柴西地区的强剥蚀区(剥蚀厚度大于500m)主要位于甘森、茫崖、英雄岭至干柴沟一带,另外在东柴山、南翼山、尖顶山、黑尾梁、红沟子一带也有分布。中剥蚀区(剥蚀厚度200-500m)主要分布于落雁山、大风山、南翼山以及七个泉西北的地区。其它地区为沉降为主区(剥蚀厚度小于200m)。
②柴西地区第三系主力烃源岩E31在E32、N1、N21、N22、N23、第四系(Q)沉积期,沉降幅度(上覆岩层厚度)最大区域主要位于茫崖-一里坪之间,在E32沉积期沉降幅度(上覆岩层厚度)已超过2000m,在N23沉积期沉降幅度(上覆岩层厚度)超过10000m。在第四系(Q)达到12000m。沉降幅度(上覆岩层厚度)向盆地西北方向逐渐减少,在七个泉-花土沟一带为2000m。
(2)柴西地区第三系沉降、抬升差异与断裂、裂缝的关系。
①柴西地区第三系主力烃源岩系现今构造最大埋深区与关键地质时期的沉降幅度较大区域基本一致,按照构造最大埋深区与断裂的组合可把现今构造分成两个区：东北部鼻状斜坡构造区及西南部凹、隆、坡构造区。
柴西地区第三系主力烃源岩系现今构造最大埋深区与E1+2沉积期以来的最大沉降区基本一致。柴西地区主力烃源岩现今构造最大埋深区域位于一里沟-一里坪一带,此构造格局在E1+2沉积期已具雏形,在E31、E32、N1、N21、N22、N23、第四纪(Q)沉积期连续发育,自E1+2沉积期以来构造最深区域位置相对稳定。
根据构造最大埋深区与断裂组合的关系,研究区平面构造带划分为两个区域：东北部鼻状斜坡构造区及西南部凹、隆、坡构造区。在东北部鼻状斜坡构造区,北西向断裂总体指向一里沟、一里坪一带的最大构造埋深区,并向东南方向的最大构造埋深区收敛,构成鼻状斜坡与顺鼻断裂的组合。在西南部凹、隆、坡构造区,该凹、隆、坡相间的构造同时被北西向、近南北向与北东向的断裂切割,构成凹、隆、坡与网状断裂的组合。
②柴西地区第三系沉降与抬升的差异对其裂缝的形成和演化有重要影响。地层沉降埋藏过程的演化可分成三个阶段：压实阶段、弹塑性压缩阶段和破裂阶段。柴西地区砂泥岩裂缝有平行层面裂缝、低角度斜向缝及垂直层面裂缝,其中平行层面裂缝有缝面滑移的现象。平行层面裂缝多沿岩石层面及不同岩性界面发育。垂直层面裂缝多发育在均质岩石中。垂直层面裂缝一般不穿平行层面裂缝,二者整体构成“工”型裂缝组合。在地层近于水平时,裂缝开始大量发育的深度界限大致为2000m。当地层存在横向收缩时,这一深度界限会变浅。地表剥蚀也可使这一界限变浅。
(3)柴西地区第三系沉降与抬升的差异及断裂、裂缝的组合对油气运移驱动力与输导体系的耦合有重要影响,进而影响了油气藏的形成与分布。
①柴西地区第三系主力烃源岩系沉降幅度最大的区域一般对应于油气运移驱动力最大的区域。自E32沉积期以来,该区域基本位于一里坪-一里沟一带。由此向四周驱动力逐渐变小。不同构造中驱动力略有差异。单斜构造下倾方向驱动力大于上倾方向、背斜构造两翼中的驱动力大于背斜核部(静岩压力不全部作用在流体上,但静岩压力的高低趋势影响了作用在流体上的运移驱动力的相对大小)。
②砂、泥岩的孔隙、裂缝及断层具有不同的输导性能。没有裂缝发育时,平行层面方向渗透率大于垂直层面方向渗透率(泥质岩平行层面渗透率与垂直层面渗透率的比值一般在1.18-60.3之间,砂岩平行层面渗透率与垂直层面渗透率的比值一般在1.81-11.01之间)；有裂缝发育时,发育裂缝的岩石的渗透率大于不发育裂缝的岩石(发育裂缝的泥质岩的渗透率与无裂缝泥质岩渗透率的比值超过3.9×105,发育裂缝的砂岩渗透率是孔隙型砂岩渗透率的4.15倍)。
③单斜构造带中砂泥岩裂缝及孔隙是主要的输导介质,整体上表现为平行层面方向渗透率高于垂直层面方向渗透率。背斜构造带翼部中砂泥岩裂缝及孔隙是主要的输导介质,整体上表现为平行层面方向渗透率高于垂直层面方向渗透率；背斜核部有穿层的垂直裂缝发育,整体表现为垂直层面方向渗透率相对较高。断层由位移和宽度较大的裂缝组成,其输导性能取决于裂缝的发育程度和裂缝的可维持程度。在刚性较强的岩石破裂阶段和岩石弹塑性压缩阶段,断裂活动所形成的裂缝不容易闭合,其输导性能取决于砂、泥岩裂缝的输导性。在岩石塑性较强的压实阶段,断裂活动形成时的裂缝容易闭合,其输导性能取决于砂、泥岩孔隙的输导性。断层两侧地层的输导性取决于地层中的裂缝和孔隙的输导性。
④在不同构造带中,油气运移驱动力和输导介质耦合关系不同,其成藏特点也不同。在单斜构造中,从最大力源区开始,烃源岩中的烃类在充满烃源岩层系的孔隙裂缝后主要沿平行层面方向向上倾方向岩性圈闭中运聚成藏。在背斜构造中,从最大力源区开始,烃类沿烃源岩的层面或层面裂缝及砂泥岩的层面、层面缝首先由背斜两翼向背斜核部运移,并在背斜核部的裂缝及孔隙中聚集。随着烃类富集程度的增加,油气可通过背斜核部的垂向裂缝或断裂向浅部地层运移聚集成藏。断层中烃类在浮力驱动下很容易上浮至断层的顶部,并沿断面顶端向上倾部位运移,在相邻的圈闭和储集层中聚集。
⑤在柴西地区的勘探中,应重视断层走向顶端高部位的圈闭。对单斜构造中油气勘探应首先对构造上倾方向中的砂体和岩性圈闭进行勘探,然后逐步勘探构造下倾部位。在背斜构造中油气勘探以主力烃源岩层系为底限,由深部向浅部进行勘探,砂岩、泥岩的界面以及泥质岩、泥灰岩、泥晶碳酸盐岩的界面等非常规储层是有利的含油气部位。
Through the analysis of deposition and subsidence features in the Tertiary western Qaidam, E1+2, E31, E32, N1, N21, N22and map compilation, erosion thickness restoration of N23,the difference of deposition and subsidence features of major hydrocarbon source rocks, such as E31, subside and uplift in E32, N1, N21, N22sedimentary period and map compilation, erosion thickness restoration of N23and the Quaternary. Through the analysis of seismic reflector in Tertiary, core and slice observation of fracture, the experiments of rock mechanics, and porosity and permeability of rock, the relationship between the major hydrocarbon source rocks and the faults&cracks, Based on the above research, the characteristics of reservoir forming in the Tertiary western Qaidam is discussed. The main conclusion as follows:
(1)The deposition,subsidence and erosion in Tertiary western Qaidam and the difference of deposition and subsidence features of major hydrocarbon source rocks
①At western of Qaidam Basin, the subsidence and uplift of Tertiary, in E31, E32, N1, N21, N22sedimentary period are unbalanced. In N23and the Quaternary, sedimentary period occur unbalanced subsidence,uplift and erosion.
From E1+2to N22sedimentary period the depocenter is different but subsidence center is steady. The depocenter of E1+2sedimentary period is near Shizigou. The depocenter of E31sedimentary period is near Huatugou and Mangya. The depocenter of E32sedimentary period is near Huatugou-Nanyishan-Mangya. The depocenter of N1sedimentary period is near Huatugou-Jiandingshan-Mangya. The depocenter of N21sedimentary period is near Nanyishan-Eboshan. The depocenter of N22sedimentary period is near Nanyishan-Mangya-Yiliping. The subsidence center of Tertiary western Qaidam is steadily located near Yilipng area.
N23and the Quaternary. sedimentary period is the main erosion period. The consuming eroded area(erosion thickness more than500m) is Gansen, Mangya, Yingxiongling-Ganchaigou, Dongchaishan, Nanyishan, Jiandingshan, Heiweiliang, Honggouzi. The medium eroded area (erosion thickness between200m and500m) is Luoyanshan, Dafengshan, Nanyishan and northwest of Qigequan area. The other area is subsidence area(erosion thickness less than200m).
②In Tertiary western Qaidam,the largest degree of subsidence of the major hydrocarbon source rocks, the depocenter of E31, in E32, N1, N21, N22, N23and the Quaternary sedimentary period is near Manya-Yiliping area. In E32sedimentary period the thickness of stratum is more than2000m, in N22sedimentary period the thickness of stratum is more than10000m, in Quaternary sedimentary period the thickness of stratum is more than12000m. The thickness decreases from Yiligou and Yiliping to Qigequan-Huatugou area, with thickness of2000m.
(2)The differences of subsidence, uplift and the relationship with faults and cracks in Tertiary western Qaidam.
①Differences of subsidence and uplift is closely related to tectonic framework and faults in Tertiary western Qaidam. At western of Qaidam Basin, the deepest area of regional structure is Yiligou-Yiliping.This formation is formed since E1+2sedimentary period and developed in Tertiary. Based on the relationship between the regional structure and faults, Study area is divided into two areas. One area is at nose construction in the northeast, with faults spreading in northwest, pointing the maximum thickness area of overlying strata. The other area is at southwest slope area, with network faults.
②Differences of subsidence and uplift have a major impact on formation and evolution of cracks in Tertiary western Qaidam.
The burial process of stratum could divided into three phase:compaction phase, elastic-plastic compression phase, fracturing phase. At western of Qaidam Basin, there is parallel crack, vertical crack and oblique crack in rocks, there are slip plane in the parallel crack. Parallel crack usually develop along level and lithology boundaries. Vertical crack usually develop in homogeneous rock. Vertical crack don't cross the parallel crack. The main kind of fracture is "gong" assemblage type. When the strata is horizontal, the boundary of a large number of development of cracks is2000m. When there is transverse shrinkage in the strata, the boundary is less than2000m. Denudation could also lead the same result.
(3)Differences of subsidence,uplift and the combination of faults and cracks have a major impact on coupling relationship of driving force and passage system, and the formation and distribution of oil and gas reservoirs, in Tertiary western Qaidam.
①The greatest source region of Tertiary at western Qaidam is areas of deepest burial. The area is near Yiligou-Yiliping since E32sedimentary period.. The greatest driving force distribute in down-dip direction of the monoclinic structure and flank of anticline structures.
②Pores of the sandstone and mudstone, cracks and faults have different properties of transporting When there is no fracture, parallel permeability is greater than the vertical (Parallel permeability is1.18-60.3times of vertical permeability in mudstone, parallel permeability of sandstone is1.81-11.01times of vertical permeability). When there is fracture, Fractured permeability is greater than the others(Fractured mudstone permeability is393942times of no crack mudstone. Fractured sandstone permeability is4.15times of no crack sandstone.).
③Pores of the sandstone and mudstone, cracks are main transporting medium in the monoclinic structure. The main transporting direction of monoclinic structure along the direction of bedding plane to up dip direction. The main transporting direction of anticline along the direction of bedding plane in the anticline wing and along the crack to the shallow formation in the axes. Faults formed by the cracks, the transporting properties depends on the development and stability of cracks. In elastic-plastic compression phase and fracturing phase, cracks formed by fault movement is not easy to close. The transporting properties depends on the cracks of the sandstone and mudstone, in the compaction phase, cracks formed by fault movement is easy to close. The transporting properties depends on the pores of the sandstone and mudstone. In the strata on both sides of fault, the main transporting properties depends on the pores of the sandstone and mudstone.
④In different structural belt,different coupling relationship of driving force and passage system, related to the different formation and distribution of oil and gas reservoirs. In the monoclinic structure, the hydrocarbon mainly move along the parallel direction to the traps and accumulated after filled the pores and cracking of source rock. In the anticline structure, the hydrocarbon mainly move along the parallel direction in the wing and the crack in the axes. Hydrocarbon first filled the deep strata, then the shallow formation in the axes. In fault structure, the buoyancy-driven hydrocarbon easily float up to the top of the fault, and move along the top of the fault, gathered in the adjacent traps and reservoir.
⑤In the exploration in the western Qaidam, attention should be paid to the top of the high parts of the fault traps. The sand body and lithologic traps in updip direction of monoclinal structure should be exploration at first, then the downdip direction. In the anticline, oil and gas exploration should start from the main source rocks for the bottom line, from deep to shallow. Boundary of sandstone and mudstone, boundary of argillaceous rock,marl, carbonate rock is unconventional reservoir, which beneficial to oil and gas accumulation.
(1)柴西地区第三系沉积、沉降、剥蚀与主力烃源岩系沉降与抬升的差异
①柴西地区第三系E1+2、E31、E32、N1、N21、N22沉积期主要以不均衡的沉积沉降为主, N23晚期至第四纪(Q)以来以不均衡的沉积沉降及剥蚀为主。
E1+2至N22沉积期,各组地层的沉积中心是有差别的,但沉降中心基本一致。E1+2沉积中心位于狮子沟附近,E31沉积中心位于花土沟-茫崖一带,E32沉积中心位于花土沟-南翼山-茫崖一带,N11沉积中心位于花土沟-尖顶山-茫崖一带,N12沉积中心位于咸水泉-尖顶山-茫崖一带,N21沉积中心位于南翼山-鄂博山一带,N22沉积中心位于南翼山-茫崖-一里坪一带。柴西地区第三系E1+2、E31、E32、N1、N21、N22沉降中心基本稳定在一里坪附近。
N23沉积期以来是柴西地区最主要的剥蚀时期,柴西地区的强剥蚀区(剥蚀厚度大于500m)主要位于甘森、茫崖、英雄岭至干柴沟一带,另外在东柴山、南翼山、尖顶山、黑尾梁、红沟子一带也有分布。中剥蚀区(剥蚀厚度200-500m)主要分布于落雁山、大风山、南翼山以及七个泉西北的地区。其它地区为沉降为主区(剥蚀厚度小于200m)。
②柴西地区第三系主力烃源岩E31在E32、N1、N21、N22、N23、第四系(Q)沉积期,沉降幅度(上覆岩层厚度)最大区域主要位于茫崖-一里坪之间,在E32沉积期沉降幅度(上覆岩层厚度)已超过2000m,在N23沉积期沉降幅度(上覆岩层厚度)超过10000m。在第四系(Q)达到12000m。沉降幅度(上覆岩层厚度)向盆地西北方向逐渐减少,在七个泉-花土沟一带为2000m。
(2)柴西地区第三系沉降、抬升差异与断裂、裂缝的关系。
①柴西地区第三系主力烃源岩系现今构造最大埋深区与关键地质时期的沉降幅度较大区域基本一致,按照构造最大埋深区与断裂的组合可把现今构造分成两个区：东北部鼻状斜坡构造区及西南部凹、隆、坡构造区。
柴西地区第三系主力烃源岩系现今构造最大埋深区与E1+2沉积期以来的最大沉降区基本一致。柴西地区主力烃源岩现今构造最大埋深区域位于一里沟-一里坪一带,此构造格局在E1+2沉积期已具雏形,在E31、E32、N1、N21、N22、N23、第四纪(Q)沉积期连续发育,自E1+2沉积期以来构造最深区域位置相对稳定。
根据构造最大埋深区与断裂组合的关系,研究区平面构造带划分为两个区域：东北部鼻状斜坡构造区及西南部凹、隆、坡构造区。在东北部鼻状斜坡构造区,北西向断裂总体指向一里沟、一里坪一带的最大构造埋深区,并向东南方向的最大构造埋深区收敛,构成鼻状斜坡与顺鼻断裂的组合。在西南部凹、隆、坡构造区,该凹、隆、坡相间的构造同时被北西向、近南北向与北东向的断裂切割,构成凹、隆、坡与网状断裂的组合。
②柴西地区第三系沉降与抬升的差异对其裂缝的形成和演化有重要影响。地层沉降埋藏过程的演化可分成三个阶段：压实阶段、弹塑性压缩阶段和破裂阶段。柴西地区砂泥岩裂缝有平行层面裂缝、低角度斜向缝及垂直层面裂缝,其中平行层面裂缝有缝面滑移的现象。平行层面裂缝多沿岩石层面及不同岩性界面发育。垂直层面裂缝多发育在均质岩石中。垂直层面裂缝一般不穿平行层面裂缝,二者整体构成“工”型裂缝组合。在地层近于水平时,裂缝开始大量发育的深度界限大致为2000m。当地层存在横向收缩时,这一深度界限会变浅。地表剥蚀也可使这一界限变浅。
(3)柴西地区第三系沉降与抬升的差异及断裂、裂缝的组合对油气运移驱动力与输导体系的耦合有重要影响,进而影响了油气藏的形成与分布。
①柴西地区第三系主力烃源岩系沉降幅度最大的区域一般对应于油气运移驱动力最大的区域。自E32沉积期以来,该区域基本位于一里坪-一里沟一带。由此向四周驱动力逐渐变小。不同构造中驱动力略有差异。单斜构造下倾方向驱动力大于上倾方向、背斜构造两翼中的驱动力大于背斜核部(静岩压力不全部作用在流体上,但静岩压力的高低趋势影响了作用在流体上的运移驱动力的相对大小)。
②砂、泥岩的孔隙、裂缝及断层具有不同的输导性能。没有裂缝发育时,平行层面方向渗透率大于垂直层面方向渗透率(泥质岩平行层面渗透率与垂直层面渗透率的比值一般在1.18-60.3之间,砂岩平行层面渗透率与垂直层面渗透率的比值一般在1.81-11.01之间)；有裂缝发育时,发育裂缝的岩石的渗透率大于不发育裂缝的岩石(发育裂缝的泥质岩的渗透率与无裂缝泥质岩渗透率的比值超过3.9×105,发育裂缝的砂岩渗透率是孔隙型砂岩渗透率的4.15倍)。
③单斜构造带中砂泥岩裂缝及孔隙是主要的输导介质,整体上表现为平行层面方向渗透率高于垂直层面方向渗透率。背斜构造带翼部中砂泥岩裂缝及孔隙是主要的输导介质,整体上表现为平行层面方向渗透率高于垂直层面方向渗透率；背斜核部有穿层的垂直裂缝发育,整体表现为垂直层面方向渗透率相对较高。断层由位移和宽度较大的裂缝组成,其输导性能取决于裂缝的发育程度和裂缝的可维持程度。在刚性较强的岩石破裂阶段和岩石弹塑性压缩阶段,断裂活动所形成的裂缝不容易闭合,其输导性能取决于砂、泥岩裂缝的输导性。在岩石塑性较强的压实阶段,断裂活动形成时的裂缝容易闭合,其输导性能取决于砂、泥岩孔隙的输导性。断层两侧地层的输导性取决于地层中的裂缝和孔隙的输导性。
④在不同构造带中,油气运移驱动力和输导介质耦合关系不同,其成藏特点也不同。在单斜构造中,从最大力源区开始,烃源岩中的烃类在充满烃源岩层系的孔隙裂缝后主要沿平行层面方向向上倾方向岩性圈闭中运聚成藏。在背斜构造中,从最大力源区开始,烃类沿烃源岩的层面或层面裂缝及砂泥岩的层面、层面缝首先由背斜两翼向背斜核部运移,并在背斜核部的裂缝及孔隙中聚集。随着烃类富集程度的增加,油气可通过背斜核部的垂向裂缝或断裂向浅部地层运移聚集成藏。断层中烃类在浮力驱动下很容易上浮至断层的顶部,并沿断面顶端向上倾部位运移,在相邻的圈闭和储集层中聚集。
⑤在柴西地区的勘探中,应重视断层走向顶端高部位的圈闭。对单斜构造中油气勘探应首先对构造上倾方向中的砂体和岩性圈闭进行勘探,然后逐步勘探构造下倾部位。在背斜构造中油气勘探以主力烃源岩层系为底限,由深部向浅部进行勘探,砂岩、泥岩的界面以及泥质岩、泥灰岩、泥晶碳酸盐岩的界面等非常规储层是有利的含油气部位。
Through the analysis of deposition and subsidence features in the Tertiary western Qaidam, E1+2, E31, E32, N1, N21, N22and map compilation, erosion thickness restoration of N23,the difference of deposition and subsidence features of major hydrocarbon source rocks, such as E31, subside and uplift in E32, N1, N21, N22sedimentary period and map compilation, erosion thickness restoration of N23and the Quaternary. Through the analysis of seismic reflector in Tertiary, core and slice observation of fracture, the experiments of rock mechanics, and porosity and permeability of rock, the relationship between the major hydrocarbon source rocks and the faults&cracks, Based on the above research, the characteristics of reservoir forming in the Tertiary western Qaidam is discussed. The main conclusion as follows:
(1)The deposition,subsidence and erosion in Tertiary western Qaidam and the difference of deposition and subsidence features of major hydrocarbon source rocks
①At western of Qaidam Basin, the subsidence and uplift of Tertiary, in E31, E32, N1, N21, N22sedimentary period are unbalanced. In N23and the Quaternary, sedimentary period occur unbalanced subsidence,uplift and erosion.
From E1+2to N22sedimentary period the depocenter is different but subsidence center is steady. The depocenter of E1+2sedimentary period is near Shizigou. The depocenter of E31sedimentary period is near Huatugou and Mangya. The depocenter of E32sedimentary period is near Huatugou-Nanyishan-Mangya. The depocenter of N1sedimentary period is near Huatugou-Jiandingshan-Mangya. The depocenter of N21sedimentary period is near Nanyishan-Eboshan. The depocenter of N22sedimentary period is near Nanyishan-Mangya-Yiliping. The subsidence center of Tertiary western Qaidam is steadily located near Yilipng area.
N23and the Quaternary. sedimentary period is the main erosion period. The consuming eroded area(erosion thickness more than500m) is Gansen, Mangya, Yingxiongling-Ganchaigou, Dongchaishan, Nanyishan, Jiandingshan, Heiweiliang, Honggouzi. The medium eroded area (erosion thickness between200m and500m) is Luoyanshan, Dafengshan, Nanyishan and northwest of Qigequan area. The other area is subsidence area(erosion thickness less than200m).
②In Tertiary western Qaidam,the largest degree of subsidence of the major hydrocarbon source rocks, the depocenter of E31, in E32, N1, N21, N22, N23and the Quaternary sedimentary period is near Manya-Yiliping area. In E32sedimentary period the thickness of stratum is more than2000m, in N22sedimentary period the thickness of stratum is more than10000m, in Quaternary sedimentary period the thickness of stratum is more than12000m. The thickness decreases from Yiligou and Yiliping to Qigequan-Huatugou area, with thickness of2000m.
(2)The differences of subsidence, uplift and the relationship with faults and cracks in Tertiary western Qaidam.
①Differences of subsidence and uplift is closely related to tectonic framework and faults in Tertiary western Qaidam. At western of Qaidam Basin, the deepest area of regional structure is Yiligou-Yiliping.This formation is formed since E1+2sedimentary period and developed in Tertiary. Based on the relationship between the regional structure and faults, Study area is divided into two areas. One area is at nose construction in the northeast, with faults spreading in northwest, pointing the maximum thickness area of overlying strata. The other area is at southwest slope area, with network faults.
②Differences of subsidence and uplift have a major impact on formation and evolution of cracks in Tertiary western Qaidam.
The burial process of stratum could divided into three phase:compaction phase, elastic-plastic compression phase, fracturing phase. At western of Qaidam Basin, there is parallel crack, vertical crack and oblique crack in rocks, there are slip plane in the parallel crack. Parallel crack usually develop along level and lithology boundaries. Vertical crack usually develop in homogeneous rock. Vertical crack don't cross the parallel crack. The main kind of fracture is "gong" assemblage type. When the strata is horizontal, the boundary of a large number of development of cracks is2000m. When there is transverse shrinkage in the strata, the boundary is less than2000m. Denudation could also lead the same result.
(3)Differences of subsidence,uplift and the combination of faults and cracks have a major impact on coupling relationship of driving force and passage system, and the formation and distribution of oil and gas reservoirs, in Tertiary western Qaidam.
①The greatest source region of Tertiary at western Qaidam is areas of deepest burial. The area is near Yiligou-Yiliping since E32sedimentary period.. The greatest driving force distribute in down-dip direction of the monoclinic structure and flank of anticline structures.
②Pores of the sandstone and mudstone, cracks and faults have different properties of transporting When there is no fracture, parallel permeability is greater than the vertical (Parallel permeability is1.18-60.3times of vertical permeability in mudstone, parallel permeability of sandstone is1.81-11.01times of vertical permeability). When there is fracture, Fractured permeability is greater than the others(Fractured mudstone permeability is393942times of no crack mudstone. Fractured sandstone permeability is4.15times of no crack sandstone.).
③Pores of the sandstone and mudstone, cracks are main transporting medium in the monoclinic structure. The main transporting direction of monoclinic structure along the direction of bedding plane to up dip direction. The main transporting direction of anticline along the direction of bedding plane in the anticline wing and along the crack to the shallow formation in the axes. Faults formed by the cracks, the transporting properties depends on the development and stability of cracks. In elastic-plastic compression phase and fracturing phase, cracks formed by fault movement is not easy to close. The transporting properties depends on the cracks of the sandstone and mudstone, in the compaction phase, cracks formed by fault movement is easy to close. The transporting properties depends on the pores of the sandstone and mudstone. In the strata on both sides of fault, the main transporting properties depends on the pores of the sandstone and mudstone.
④In different structural belt,different coupling relationship of driving force and passage system, related to the different formation and distribution of oil and gas reservoirs. In the monoclinic structure, the hydrocarbon mainly move along the parallel direction to the traps and accumulated after filled the pores and cracking of source rock. In the anticline structure, the hydrocarbon mainly move along the parallel direction in the wing and the crack in the axes. Hydrocarbon first filled the deep strata, then the shallow formation in the axes. In fault structure, the buoyancy-driven hydrocarbon easily float up to the top of the fault, and move along the top of the fault, gathered in the adjacent traps and reservoir.
⑤In the exploration in the western Qaidam, attention should be paid to the top of the high parts of the fault traps. The sand body and lithologic traps in updip direction of monoclinal structure should be exploration at first, then the downdip direction. In the anticline, oil and gas exploration should start from the main source rocks for the bottom line, from deep to shallow. Boundary of sandstone and mudstone, boundary of argillaceous rock,marl, carbonate rock is unconventional reservoir, which beneficial to oil and gas accumulation.
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