海面舰船尾迹电磁散射研究
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摘要
海面舰船尾迹电磁散射特性研究在海洋遥感、舰船目标识别和特征参数反演等领域起着十分重要的作用。尤其当舰船在复杂海环境中运动时，该研究课题成为一项十分复杂且极具挑战性的工作，主要表现在以下几个方面：其一，与舰船尾迹相互作用的海浪因其运动方式复杂多变，仅针对时变海面电磁散射特性的研究就已经包含诸多难点，如海浪运动的非线性、二维海浪实时仿真所带来的巨大计算负担等等。尤其在微波波段下，目前仍然没有一种十分有效的时变特性分析模型；其二，海面上舰船尾迹往往具有电大尺寸和复杂精细的结构，使得舰船尾迹电磁散射的快速计算同样也是计算电磁学领域的难点；其三，舰船尾迹同海面之间的水动力相互作用十分复杂，从而使相应的散射问题变得更加复杂。因此，论文系统地研究了海面舰船尾迹的电磁散射特性，重点针对三种典型的海面舰船尾迹，开展快速几何建模和电磁散射建模方法研究，并且分析了运动舰船尾迹的多普勒谱特征。论文主要工作如下：
1.研究了海面上舰船尾迹的产生机理，仿真得到了线性海面和非线性海面的Kelvin尾迹、湍流尾迹以及内波尾迹几何特征。同时,详细分析与验证了背景海面的电磁散射模型，即双尺度模型(TSM)和小斜率近似模型(SSA)。
2.结合锥形波入射下的小斜率近似方法，重点研究了海面上舰船开尔文尾迹的电磁散射特性，对比分析了开尔文尾迹在理想导体(PEC)海面和一般介质海面上的散射特性差异。同时，讨论了风速、风向、舰船类型、舰船几何尺寸、船速以及非线性对开尔文尾迹电磁散射的影响。
3.研究了主要由泡沫组成的湍流尾迹的体散射模型，利用辐射输运理论(VRT)和Mento-Carlo方法建立了湍流尾迹的体散射模型。
4.基于内波尾迹粗糙度较小的特点，同时，结合而写小斜率近似方法(SSA-II),重点研究了低海况下内波尾迹的电磁散射特性。同时，考虑到内波尾迹覆盖范围大的因素，论文采用了分区域研究内波尾迹的电磁散射特性的方法。
5.研究了运动舰船开尔文尾迹在动态线性和非线性海面上的多普勒谱特性，对比分析了海况参数和舰船参数对开尔文尾迹多普勒谱的影响。计算结果表明：归一化的多普勒谱对于SSA-I来说，两种同极化的结果是重合的，而对于SSA-II来说两种同极化结果是有明显差异的，这主要是由于SSA-I是直接和波高成比例的，而SSA-II是通过斜率对SSA-I的修正，因此SSA-II的结果与实际物理背景是相一致的。然而，从直接求和的方法计算SSA-II的结果，其计算量是非常大的，为了克服这一困难，我们采用了快速傅里叶变换(FFT)方法对SSA-II进行加速，这样就满足了在实际电磁仿真计算中的实时性要求。
The study of the electromagnetic (EM) scattering characteristics about the shipwakes on the sea surfaces plays an important role in the oceanic remote sensing, shipand submarine detection and identification, and the corresponding parameter inversions.The research subject will be much more complicated and challenging especially when aship is moving in the complex sea environments. It mainly displays in three aspects.First, for the sea waves interacting on the ship wakes, their motion always has a certainamount of polytropy, which makes the research on the scattering from time-varying seaa very difficult task. The major difficulties are the computational cost arises from thenonlinearity and real-time simulation of two-dimensional sea waves. At microwavefrequencies, the problem is still beyond a sufficient solution. Second, the ship wakes onthe sea surface are always with large electrical size and have refined structures, whichbring great challenge on the fast calculation on the ship-wake scattering. Third, thehydrodynamic interaction between the ship wake and sea surface is also very complex.In this case, the problem becomes much more cumbersome. Therefore, the paper carriesout a systematic study on the EM scattering features of ship wakes on the sea surfaces.Stress being laid on three kinds of typical ship wakes, fast geometrical modeling of shipwakes, the corresponding EM scattering methods and Doppler spectral characteristicsare developed and analyzed. The main work is as follows:
1. The generating mechanisms of sea surfaces and ship wakes are studied in thethesis. The geometrical features are obtained through the simulations of linear andnonlinear sea surfaces, Kelvin wake, turbulent wake and internal wake. Meanwhile, theEM scattering models of the sea backgrounds, two-scale method (TSM) and small slopeapproximation (SSA), are analyzed and veryified in detail.
2. The tapered incident EM wave is combined with the SSA method. The keyresearch on the EM scattering characteristics of ship Kelvin wakes is made. Thecomparative analysis on the scattering differences of Kelvin wakes between the perfectconductor (PEC) and general dielectric sea surfaces. Meanwhile, the effects of windvelocity, ship type, ship size, ship speed and nonlinearity on scattering features fromship Kelvin wakes are also discussed.
3. The volume scattering models of the turbulent wakes mainly formed by the foamor bubbles are studied, which is performed through vector radiation transfer (VRT)theory and Mento-Carlo (MC) method.
4. Based on the features of the internal wakes with the smaller roughness, together with the second-order small slope approximation (SSA-II) method, the EM scatteringcharacteristics from the ship internal wakes with low sea states are mainly studied. Inaddition, due to the fact that the ship internal wakes have the larger coverage, thecorresponding EM scattering researches are carried out through the regional separation.
5. The paper carried out the Doppler spectral studies of ship Kelvin wakes ontime-varying linear and nonlinear sea surfaces and comparatively analyzed the effects ofthe oceanic and ship parameters on the Doppler spectra of ship Kelvin wakes. Theobtained results show that, for the SSA-I method, the normalized Doppler spectra arethe same for both the two copolarization, however, for the SSA-II method, the obviousdiscrepancy occurs between HH and VV polarizations. The main reasons are that theSSA-I method is directly proportional to the wave elevation while the SSA-II methodfurther modifies the SSA-I through the slope of the simulated surfaces. Therefore, theSSA-II method can better describe practical physical backgrounds than the SSA-Imethod. However, from the view of direct summation, the SSA-II method reveals thelarge amount of calculation. Therefore, in order to overcome this difficulty, the fastFourier transform (FFT) technique is utilized to accelerate the SSA-II calculation, whichsatisfies the needs of the real-time calculation in actual EM simulated environments.
1.研究了海面上舰船尾迹的产生机理，仿真得到了线性海面和非线性海面的Kelvin尾迹、湍流尾迹以及内波尾迹几何特征。同时,详细分析与验证了背景海面的电磁散射模型，即双尺度模型(TSM)和小斜率近似模型(SSA)。
2.结合锥形波入射下的小斜率近似方法，重点研究了海面上舰船开尔文尾迹的电磁散射特性，对比分析了开尔文尾迹在理想导体(PEC)海面和一般介质海面上的散射特性差异。同时，讨论了风速、风向、舰船类型、舰船几何尺寸、船速以及非线性对开尔文尾迹电磁散射的影响。
3.研究了主要由泡沫组成的湍流尾迹的体散射模型，利用辐射输运理论(VRT)和Mento-Carlo方法建立了湍流尾迹的体散射模型。
4.基于内波尾迹粗糙度较小的特点，同时，结合而写小斜率近似方法(SSA-II),重点研究了低海况下内波尾迹的电磁散射特性。同时，考虑到内波尾迹覆盖范围大的因素，论文采用了分区域研究内波尾迹的电磁散射特性的方法。
5.研究了运动舰船开尔文尾迹在动态线性和非线性海面上的多普勒谱特性，对比分析了海况参数和舰船参数对开尔文尾迹多普勒谱的影响。计算结果表明：归一化的多普勒谱对于SSA-I来说，两种同极化的结果是重合的，而对于SSA-II来说两种同极化结果是有明显差异的，这主要是由于SSA-I是直接和波高成比例的，而SSA-II是通过斜率对SSA-I的修正，因此SSA-II的结果与实际物理背景是相一致的。然而，从直接求和的方法计算SSA-II的结果，其计算量是非常大的，为了克服这一困难，我们采用了快速傅里叶变换(FFT)方法对SSA-II进行加速，这样就满足了在实际电磁仿真计算中的实时性要求。
The study of the electromagnetic (EM) scattering characteristics about the shipwakes on the sea surfaces plays an important role in the oceanic remote sensing, shipand submarine detection and identification, and the corresponding parameter inversions.The research subject will be much more complicated and challenging especially when aship is moving in the complex sea environments. It mainly displays in three aspects.First, for the sea waves interacting on the ship wakes, their motion always has a certainamount of polytropy, which makes the research on the scattering from time-varying seaa very difficult task. The major difficulties are the computational cost arises from thenonlinearity and real-time simulation of two-dimensional sea waves. At microwavefrequencies, the problem is still beyond a sufficient solution. Second, the ship wakes onthe sea surface are always with large electrical size and have refined structures, whichbring great challenge on the fast calculation on the ship-wake scattering. Third, thehydrodynamic interaction between the ship wake and sea surface is also very complex.In this case, the problem becomes much more cumbersome. Therefore, the paper carriesout a systematic study on the EM scattering features of ship wakes on the sea surfaces.Stress being laid on three kinds of typical ship wakes, fast geometrical modeling of shipwakes, the corresponding EM scattering methods and Doppler spectral characteristicsare developed and analyzed. The main work is as follows:
1. The generating mechanisms of sea surfaces and ship wakes are studied in thethesis. The geometrical features are obtained through the simulations of linear andnonlinear sea surfaces, Kelvin wake, turbulent wake and internal wake. Meanwhile, theEM scattering models of the sea backgrounds, two-scale method (TSM) and small slopeapproximation (SSA), are analyzed and veryified in detail.
2. The tapered incident EM wave is combined with the SSA method. The keyresearch on the EM scattering characteristics of ship Kelvin wakes is made. Thecomparative analysis on the scattering differences of Kelvin wakes between the perfectconductor (PEC) and general dielectric sea surfaces. Meanwhile, the effects of windvelocity, ship type, ship size, ship speed and nonlinearity on scattering features fromship Kelvin wakes are also discussed.
3. The volume scattering models of the turbulent wakes mainly formed by the foamor bubbles are studied, which is performed through vector radiation transfer (VRT)theory and Mento-Carlo (MC) method.
4. Based on the features of the internal wakes with the smaller roughness, together with the second-order small slope approximation (SSA-II) method, the EM scatteringcharacteristics from the ship internal wakes with low sea states are mainly studied. Inaddition, due to the fact that the ship internal wakes have the larger coverage, thecorresponding EM scattering researches are carried out through the regional separation.
5. The paper carried out the Doppler spectral studies of ship Kelvin wakes ontime-varying linear and nonlinear sea surfaces and comparatively analyzed the effects ofthe oceanic and ship parameters on the Doppler spectra of ship Kelvin wakes. Theobtained results show that, for the SSA-I method, the normalized Doppler spectra arethe same for both the two copolarization, however, for the SSA-II method, the obviousdiscrepancy occurs between HH and VV polarizations. The main reasons are that theSSA-I method is directly proportional to the wave elevation while the SSA-II methodfurther modifies the SSA-I through the slope of the simulated surfaces. Therefore, theSSA-II method can better describe practical physical backgrounds than the SSA-Imethod. However, from the view of direct summation, the SSA-II method reveals thelarge amount of calculation. Therefore, in order to overcome this difficulty, the fastFourier transform (FFT) technique is utilized to accelerate the SSA-II calculation, whichsatisfies the needs of the real-time calculation in actual EM simulated environments.
引文
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