新型光子晶体光纤压力传感器
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摘要
光子晶体光纤是上个世纪末诞生的一类新型光纤,由于其全新的导光机制和可灵活设计的结构特性,与传统光纤相比具有许多优异的特性,例如无截止波长单模传导、高双折射、高非线性、可设计的色散曲线、大模场面积等,在光纤发展史上具有里程碑的意义。另一方面,光纤压力传感器在很多领域有着重要的应用,例如石油、天然气的勘测与开采、涡轮机内压力测试、大型土木工程健康监测等。本文针对光纤压力传感这一应用,充分结合光子晶体光纤的结构优点和光学特性,利用柚子型微结构光纤、保偏光子晶体光纤制作出布拉格光纤光栅型、萨格纳克干涉型、法布里—珀罗干涉型压力传感器,并且在实验和理论上对它们的压力和温度传感特性进行了全面地研究。下面是本文主要研究内容和成果的简要概述：
1.利用193-nm准分子紫外激光器和相位掩模板,在大孔和小孔柚子型微结构光纤上成功写入布拉格光纤光栅,并首次系统地研究了它们的压力传感特性,实验得到大孔和小孔柚子型微结构光纤的压力灵敏度分别为-12.8pm/MPa和--6.3pm/MPa,而普通单模光纤布拉格光纤光栅的压力灵敏度仅为-4.2pm/MPa,证明大孔和小孔柚子型微结构光纤的压力灵敏度比普通单模光纤布拉格光纤光栅分别提高了3倍和1.5倍。利用有限单元分析方法,对实验结果进行了有效的解释,发现轴向压力这一因素对光纤光栅压力灵敏度起主导作用,从理论上解释了柚子型微结构光纤压力增敏的机制。
2.将大孔柚子型微结构光纤布拉格光纤光栅与普通单模光纤布拉格光栅进行复用,成功实现温度和压力双参量同时测量。由于两种光纤的纤芯材料组成类似,并且温度灵敏度对光纤结构的依赖性很低,因而这两种布拉格光纤光栅具有类似的温度灵敏度;但是,由于大孔柚子型微结构光纤包层中大空气孔的存在,它的压力灵敏度约为普通单模光纤的三倍。因此,利用双波长编码方式,可以实现温度和压力双参量同时测量。
3.利用一种典型的保偏光子晶体光纤(PM-1550-01, NKT公司,可通过商业渠道获得)制作出光纤萨格纳克干涉仪,并将它用于压力传感,实验测得它在1310nm波段和1550nm波段的压力灵敏度分别为4.2nm/MPa和3.24nm/MPa。由于这种保偏光子晶体光纤的弯曲损耗非常小,干涉环中的光纤圈直径仅为1.8cm,能满足狭小空间中体积小的要求；这种PM-PCF由纯石英材料组成,因而对温度不灵敏,避免了温度补偿单元,使其结构紧凑。
4.在PM-1550-01光纤上镀一层聚酰亚胺(PI)的膜,并制成萨格纳克干涉仪。聚酰亚胺膜在食盐溶液中发生溶胀效应,当食盐浓度变化时,PI会收缩从而对光纤产生径向的压力,而PM-PCF萨格纳克干涉仪具有非常高的压力灵敏度,盐度变化引起的微小压力也能使萨格纳克干涉谱发生漂移,从而实现盐度的传感。虽然保偏光子晶体光纤本身对温度不敏感,但其表面的聚酰亚胺膜在温度变化时收缩或膨胀从而影响盐度传感。为了实现温度补偿,我们在干涉环中加入一个布拉格光纤光栅,它只对温度敏感,从而实现了盐度和温度的同时测量。
5.利用有限单元分析方法,针对偏振式压力传感设计出一种新型边孔保偏光子晶体光纤,这种光纤同时具有边孔光纤和保偏光子晶体光纤的优点。它的模式双折射高达2.34×10-3,比商用的PM-1550-01保偏光子晶体光纤和传统保偏光纤高一个数量级；它的双折射压力灵敏度高达-2.3×10-5MPa-1,为目前文献报道中最高；它由纯石英材料组成,其双折射对温度灵敏度非常低,计算得其温度灵敏度为-1.2×10-8K-1,几乎可以忽略。而且,这种光纤结构简单,易于实现,纤芯仅由两排较大的空气孔和-排较小的空气孔包围。
6.仅仅利用一台光纤商用的熔接机,通过对光纤端面进行预处理,我们制造出本征型光子晶体光纤法布里—珀罗干涉仪,并研究它的高温高压传感特性,测得其压力灵敏度和温度灵敏度分别为-5.6pm/MPa和13pm/℃。理论和实验结果都证明,当采用波长追踪的解调方法时,传感器的灵敏度不依赖于腔长,因此不需要严格控制光子晶体光纤的长度就能保证它们具体相同的灵敏度,这非常有利于这种传感器的批量生产。
Photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) are novel type of optical fibers that attract tremendous research interests in recent years. The structural flexibility as well as the new light guiding mechanism of PCFs distinguishes them from conventional fibers in many aspects, and various PCFs have been developed targeting for different applications particularly in fiber optic sensing. On the other hand, fiber-optic pressure sensors have many important applications such as oil and gas industry, tube engine pressure measurement, civil engineering health monitoring, etc., due to their distinct advantages over the electrical counterparts, such as EMI, compact size, corrosion resistance, remote sensing capability, and multiplexing capability. In this thesis, we exploit the potential of PCFs for pressure sensing and achieved a variety of novel PCF-based pressure sensors. The main achievements of our study are summarized as follow:
1. We experimentally studied the pressure response of FBGs in grapefruit microstructured fibers (GMFs) and theoretically analyzed the sensing principle with a full-vector finite element method (FEM). We first observed the pressure sensitivity of FBG in GMF is three times improved than that for standard single-mode fiber (SMF) in the expriment. Three factors that contribute to pressure sensitivity are considered in our simulation, and we identify the axial pressure is the dominating term among the three. Our theory shows that the large air holes in the cladding of GMF reasons for the sensitivity enhancement. Our calculation results also shows that the pressure sensitivity of large-hole GMF is three times higher than that of SMF, which agree well with the experimental results.
2. We proposed and experimentally demonstrated a novel fiber optic sensor configuration employing FBGs in GMF and standard SMF for simultaneous measurement of temperature and hydrostatic pressure. The temperature responses of these two gratings are almost the same whereas the pressure sensitivity of Bragg grating in GMF is much larger (about three times obtained by experiments) than that for SMF, which allows discrimination of these two parameters. In addition, the temperature dependence of pressure response of the sensor was theoretically investigated, and we found that it has little influence on simultaneous measurement of the two parameters.
3. We experimentally demonstrate a polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber (PM-PCF) based Sagnac interferometer for downhole high pressure sensing application. The PM-PCF serves as a direct pressure sensing probe. The pressure sensitivities of the proposed sensor are4.21nm/MPa and3.24nm/MPa at the wavelength of～1320nm and～1550nm ranges, respectively. High pressure measurement up to20MPa has been done in our experiment. It shows both good linearity in response to applied pressure and good repeatability within the whole measurement range. The proposed pressure sensor is with low temperature cross sensitivity. High temperature sustainability test up to293℃has been performed. These above-mentioned characteristics make it a potential ideal candidate for pressure sensing in harsh environments, such as downhole application.
4. We proposed and experimentally demonstrated a highly sensitive salinity sensor using a polyimide-coated Hi-Bi photonic crystal fiber Sagnac interferometer based on the coating swelling induced radial pressure. This is the first time to exploit fiber coating induced pressure effect for salinity sensing. The achieved salinity sensitivity is0.742nm/(mol/L), which is45times more sensitive than that of a polyimide-coated fiber Bragg grating. A bare fiber Bragg grating is incorporated into the fiber loop for temperature compensation.
5. We proposed a side-hole PM-PCF with ultrahigh polarimetric sensitivity to hydrostatic pressure. Modal birefringence B as large as2.34×10-3and polarimetric pressure sensitivity dBldp as high as-2.30×10-5MPa-1were achieved at1.55μm for the proposed fiber. The pressure sensitivity is more than nine times higher than the typical PM-1550-01fiber by NKT Photonics. Thanks to its pure-silica material, the temperature sensitivity of the proposed fiber is calculated to be as low as-1.2×10-8K-1. These outstanding merits make it an excellent candidate for future applications of hydrostatic pressure measurement.
6. A novel fiber-optic Fabry-Perot interferometer was constructed by splicing a short length of PCF to a standard SMF. The PCF functions as a Fabry-Perot cavity and serves as a direct sensing probe without any additional grating components. Its capability for measuring high pressure and high temperature was demonstrated. Its pressure and temperature responses in the range of0～40MPa and25～700℃were experimentally studied, which are in good agreement with theoretical analysis.
1.利用193-nm准分子紫外激光器和相位掩模板,在大孔和小孔柚子型微结构光纤上成功写入布拉格光纤光栅,并首次系统地研究了它们的压力传感特性,实验得到大孔和小孔柚子型微结构光纤的压力灵敏度分别为-12.8pm/MPa和--6.3pm/MPa,而普通单模光纤布拉格光纤光栅的压力灵敏度仅为-4.2pm/MPa,证明大孔和小孔柚子型微结构光纤的压力灵敏度比普通单模光纤布拉格光纤光栅分别提高了3倍和1.5倍。利用有限单元分析方法,对实验结果进行了有效的解释,发现轴向压力这一因素对光纤光栅压力灵敏度起主导作用,从理论上解释了柚子型微结构光纤压力增敏的机制。
2.将大孔柚子型微结构光纤布拉格光纤光栅与普通单模光纤布拉格光栅进行复用,成功实现温度和压力双参量同时测量。由于两种光纤的纤芯材料组成类似,并且温度灵敏度对光纤结构的依赖性很低,因而这两种布拉格光纤光栅具有类似的温度灵敏度;但是,由于大孔柚子型微结构光纤包层中大空气孔的存在,它的压力灵敏度约为普通单模光纤的三倍。因此,利用双波长编码方式,可以实现温度和压力双参量同时测量。
3.利用一种典型的保偏光子晶体光纤(PM-1550-01, NKT公司,可通过商业渠道获得)制作出光纤萨格纳克干涉仪,并将它用于压力传感,实验测得它在1310nm波段和1550nm波段的压力灵敏度分别为4.2nm/MPa和3.24nm/MPa。由于这种保偏光子晶体光纤的弯曲损耗非常小,干涉环中的光纤圈直径仅为1.8cm,能满足狭小空间中体积小的要求；这种PM-PCF由纯石英材料组成,因而对温度不灵敏,避免了温度补偿单元,使其结构紧凑。
4.在PM-1550-01光纤上镀一层聚酰亚胺(PI)的膜,并制成萨格纳克干涉仪。聚酰亚胺膜在食盐溶液中发生溶胀效应,当食盐浓度变化时,PI会收缩从而对光纤产生径向的压力,而PM-PCF萨格纳克干涉仪具有非常高的压力灵敏度,盐度变化引起的微小压力也能使萨格纳克干涉谱发生漂移,从而实现盐度的传感。虽然保偏光子晶体光纤本身对温度不敏感,但其表面的聚酰亚胺膜在温度变化时收缩或膨胀从而影响盐度传感。为了实现温度补偿,我们在干涉环中加入一个布拉格光纤光栅,它只对温度敏感,从而实现了盐度和温度的同时测量。
5.利用有限单元分析方法,针对偏振式压力传感设计出一种新型边孔保偏光子晶体光纤,这种光纤同时具有边孔光纤和保偏光子晶体光纤的优点。它的模式双折射高达2.34×10-3,比商用的PM-1550-01保偏光子晶体光纤和传统保偏光纤高一个数量级；它的双折射压力灵敏度高达-2.3×10-5MPa-1,为目前文献报道中最高；它由纯石英材料组成,其双折射对温度灵敏度非常低,计算得其温度灵敏度为-1.2×10-8K-1,几乎可以忽略。而且,这种光纤结构简单,易于实现,纤芯仅由两排较大的空气孔和-排较小的空气孔包围。
6.仅仅利用一台光纤商用的熔接机,通过对光纤端面进行预处理,我们制造出本征型光子晶体光纤法布里—珀罗干涉仪,并研究它的高温高压传感特性,测得其压力灵敏度和温度灵敏度分别为-5.6pm/MPa和13pm/℃。理论和实验结果都证明,当采用波长追踪的解调方法时,传感器的灵敏度不依赖于腔长,因此不需要严格控制光子晶体光纤的长度就能保证它们具体相同的灵敏度,这非常有利于这种传感器的批量生产。
Photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) are novel type of optical fibers that attract tremendous research interests in recent years. The structural flexibility as well as the new light guiding mechanism of PCFs distinguishes them from conventional fibers in many aspects, and various PCFs have been developed targeting for different applications particularly in fiber optic sensing. On the other hand, fiber-optic pressure sensors have many important applications such as oil and gas industry, tube engine pressure measurement, civil engineering health monitoring, etc., due to their distinct advantages over the electrical counterparts, such as EMI, compact size, corrosion resistance, remote sensing capability, and multiplexing capability. In this thesis, we exploit the potential of PCFs for pressure sensing and achieved a variety of novel PCF-based pressure sensors. The main achievements of our study are summarized as follow:
1. We experimentally studied the pressure response of FBGs in grapefruit microstructured fibers (GMFs) and theoretically analyzed the sensing principle with a full-vector finite element method (FEM). We first observed the pressure sensitivity of FBG in GMF is three times improved than that for standard single-mode fiber (SMF) in the expriment. Three factors that contribute to pressure sensitivity are considered in our simulation, and we identify the axial pressure is the dominating term among the three. Our theory shows that the large air holes in the cladding of GMF reasons for the sensitivity enhancement. Our calculation results also shows that the pressure sensitivity of large-hole GMF is three times higher than that of SMF, which agree well with the experimental results.
2. We proposed and experimentally demonstrated a novel fiber optic sensor configuration employing FBGs in GMF and standard SMF for simultaneous measurement of temperature and hydrostatic pressure. The temperature responses of these two gratings are almost the same whereas the pressure sensitivity of Bragg grating in GMF is much larger (about three times obtained by experiments) than that for SMF, which allows discrimination of these two parameters. In addition, the temperature dependence of pressure response of the sensor was theoretically investigated, and we found that it has little influence on simultaneous measurement of the two parameters.
3. We experimentally demonstrate a polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber (PM-PCF) based Sagnac interferometer for downhole high pressure sensing application. The PM-PCF serves as a direct pressure sensing probe. The pressure sensitivities of the proposed sensor are4.21nm/MPa and3.24nm/MPa at the wavelength of～1320nm and～1550nm ranges, respectively. High pressure measurement up to20MPa has been done in our experiment. It shows both good linearity in response to applied pressure and good repeatability within the whole measurement range. The proposed pressure sensor is with low temperature cross sensitivity. High temperature sustainability test up to293℃has been performed. These above-mentioned characteristics make it a potential ideal candidate for pressure sensing in harsh environments, such as downhole application.
4. We proposed and experimentally demonstrated a highly sensitive salinity sensor using a polyimide-coated Hi-Bi photonic crystal fiber Sagnac interferometer based on the coating swelling induced radial pressure. This is the first time to exploit fiber coating induced pressure effect for salinity sensing. The achieved salinity sensitivity is0.742nm/(mol/L), which is45times more sensitive than that of a polyimide-coated fiber Bragg grating. A bare fiber Bragg grating is incorporated into the fiber loop for temperature compensation.
5. We proposed a side-hole PM-PCF with ultrahigh polarimetric sensitivity to hydrostatic pressure. Modal birefringence B as large as2.34×10-3and polarimetric pressure sensitivity dBldp as high as-2.30×10-5MPa-1were achieved at1.55μm for the proposed fiber. The pressure sensitivity is more than nine times higher than the typical PM-1550-01fiber by NKT Photonics. Thanks to its pure-silica material, the temperature sensitivity of the proposed fiber is calculated to be as low as-1.2×10-8K-1. These outstanding merits make it an excellent candidate for future applications of hydrostatic pressure measurement.
6. A novel fiber-optic Fabry-Perot interferometer was constructed by splicing a short length of PCF to a standard SMF. The PCF functions as a Fabry-Perot cavity and serves as a direct sensing probe without any additional grating components. Its capability for measuring high pressure and high temperature was demonstrated. Its pressure and temperature responses in the range of0～40MPa and25～700℃were experimentally studied, which are in good agreement with theoretical analysis.
引文
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