新农村建设背景下高校毕业生农村就业行为研究
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摘要
在大力发展社会主义新农村,全面建成小康社会的历史任务下,引导高校毕业生到农村就业是解决新农村建设人才匮乏、缓解城市就业压力、促进城乡人才合理流动的可行途径。近年来,有关部门陆续出台了一系列引导和鼓励高校毕业生面向农村基层就业的优惠政策。然而却收效甚微。毕业生择业意向依然偏重于条件优越、收入可观的大中城市,真正愿意到农村基层就业的毕业生少之又少,甚至到了农村也很难留住。这远没有达到政策的初衷,也与当下新农村建设的任务相悖。如何更好引导高校毕业生服务新农村建设已经成为社会各界广泛关注且又亟待解决的热点问题。
鉴于此,本文从行为科学视角,运用定性分析、定量研究、实证调查、系统仿真相结合的方法,对高校毕业生农村就业的现状、农村就业的发生机制、动力机制等“高校—农村”人才流动机理展开了研究。具体做了如下工作：(1)基于深度访谈,研究了新农村建设对人才的需求以及大学生在农村工作的现状,明确了毕业生农村就业的两个关键问题“下不去”和“留不住”。(2)基于行为科学理论,构建并验证了毕业生农村就业意愿、离职倾向影响因素模型。找到了毕业生个体层面农村就业和离职行为的“发生机制”。(3)基于系统建模和仿真,从宏观层面考察了毕业生农村就业的“动力机制”和总体趋势。通过研究,主要结论如下：
(1)非正式制度对高校毕业生就业有显著影响。在我国劳动力市场二元分割状态下,非正式制度在毕业生就业过程中越来越占据主导,显著影响着不同类型毕业生的就业质量。拥有社会网络优势的毕业生,更可能在一级劳动力市场实现就业,而较少考虑到待遇较差、保障较少的次级劳动力市场如农村就业。相反,那些不具备社会网络优势的毕业生,农村就业意愿较强。就业过程中非正式制度导致的不公平竞争将有损青年一代的进取之心和奋斗激情。
(2)现有制度安排使高校服务新农村建设动力不足。人才培养、科学研究、服务社会是高等学校的三大职能,高校在毕业生农村就业工作中应起到宣传、引导、鼓励、推动作用。然而本文研究发现,毕业生通过学校信息宣传而了解到的农村就业政策和信息十分稀少,并且“高校引导”变量对农村就业意愿作用并不显著。事实上,在毕业生就业工作中,高校仅关注整体就业率,至于就业地区是城市/农村并不作为考核指标,导致其动力不足。
(3)“定向招生、国家培养、回乡就业”是毕业生农村就业的良好途径。本文构建并验证的“离职倾向模型”表明,毕业生到农村后普遍离职倾向较高,然而一类群体表现出较好的稳定性,即回家乡工作的毕业生,其他条件不变的情况下,其选择离职的可能性是在非家乡所在地工作毕业生的0.481倍。
(4)用第一手资料揭示了影响我国大学生职业选择的主要因素,并得到一些新的发现,如父母亲对子女就业的作用路径显著不同。对于一个家庭来说,母亲的受教育程度比父亲更加重要,而父亲不管学历如何,关键是其从事的职业决定了其拥有的社会网络和资源,并通过此影响子女就业选择,这点与中国传统家庭的性别分工十分相符。
基于研究结论,本文认为在促进高校毕业生农村就业过程中,有如下几方而工作刻不容缓：(1)通过制度变革,缩短“体制内／外”就业的收入、福利、权利、地位等差距,消除寻租现象,并通过此倡导和构建全社会多元的择业价值观；(2)根据不同农村地区的资源禀赋,差异化规划和建设新农村,让美丽乡村与经济农村成为新农村的两道风景线,进而吸引不同专业、不同层次的大学生人才；(3)设计合理可行的激励考核机制,使高校在农村就业工作中发挥应有作用；(4)在部分涉农高校和欠发达农村地区试点“定向招生,国家培养,回乡工作”,保证农村青年“农村—城市—农村”的回流。
Under the background of the "new rural construction", to guide and encourage college graduates to work in rural areas is a feasible solution to solve talent shortage in new rural construction, and to relive the pressure on urban employment and also to promote the rational talent flow between urban and rural. Therefore, the relevant departments in recent years gradually introduced a series of policies to guide and encourage college graduates for the employment of rural grassroots. The actual situation is, however, with little success, graduates' employment intentions remain biased towards large cities and government agencies, very few of graduates are truly willing to go rural grass-roots. This does not meet the original goal of the policy. Thus, on the basis of theoretical analysis and field survey, this paper tries to analyze the nature reason of the phenomenon, and to explore the key factors that affect graduates" employment intentions and turnover behavior in rural areas. The following are new findings:
(1) The results show that:in the context of Dual Labor Market in China, the informal institution act as more and more dominant role, and significantly affect the quality of the different types of graduates employment. Graduates with the advantages of social network, are more likely to achieve employment in the primary labor market, and less taking into account the secondary labor market with less pay and social security, such as rural employment. In contrast, graduates who have no advantage of social networks have strong willingness of rural employment.
(2) Colleges and universities did not incentive to guide the graduates to rural employment under the existing system. Colleges and universities should play an advocacy role in guiding graduates working in rural through information broadcasting, employment guidance and other approaches. However, from the investigation in this paper, rural employment policies and the information is very scarce in campus, and the empirical study also show that the "school guide" factor has no significant affect on the employment intentions of rural, indicating that the universities did not play the main role of guide the graduates to rural employment. In fact, in the work of graduate employment, the college is only concerned with the overall employment rate.
(3) Graduates of "hometowns employment" showed high stability in rural ares. We launched an investigation in rural, looking for college graduates who works in local, and requested them to finish our questionnaire, and372sample data are collected and turnover intention model is validated based on them. We found that graduates to rural areas generally have high turnover intention, however, there is a class of groups has shown good stability, that is "hometowns employment" graduates who comes from rural and go back home working after graduate from college. In situation of other conditions remain unchanged, their possibility of turnover is of0.481times than "non-hometown employment". Through interviews we found out many graduates chose rural employment because of near home, they can take care of their parents, especially a number of one-child families. Meanwhile,"hometowns employment" have much advantage in working, language, nostalgia can help them better integrate into the work and life of the local, therefore stability.
(4) There are significant differences in the impact of parents on their children's employment:mother's level of education affects employment intentions of children, while father affect their children's choice of employment by their occupation and occupational hierarchy. In this paper, in order to find out what kind of factors are to affects graduates'employment intentions toward rural areas,15colleges and universities nationwide are selected as samples by the typical sampling method,2533valid samples are collected, with those sample date, the model of graduates' employment intentions are verified and findings are followed:for a family, mother's level of education is more important than the father, which have an important impact on children's education, values, autonomy, and mother with higher level of education, their children may have the right to make decision by their own opinion, and treat things by their own views, and also may increase their intentions to work on rural ares; father does not affect the family and children by the level of educational attainment, but by the type of occupation and occupational hierarchy. Studies show that father's occupation have important influence on family's social network size, network heterogeneity, properties of top node, but no significant effects are found between father's education level and family's social network. Thus, regardless of the qualifications of the father, their occupation is the key to decision their social network, status and resources, and through this they can influence their children's employment.
Based on the research conclusions, in order to promote college graduates employment in rural areas, there are several aspects as follows must be down:(1) through system reform to short the "system/external" employment income, welfare, rights, status and gap, to eliminate rent-seeking phenomenon;(2) according to the different resource endowment of rural areas to do New rural construction, let the beautiful countryside and economy countryside become the two landscape in the new countryside, and attract different majors, different levels of college graduates;(3) new system and performance assessment in colleges and universities should be put out. Which can inspire them become the main role of guiding graduates to rural employment;(4) try the mode of "Directional recruit students, return rural" in part of agriculture-related colleges and underdeveloped rural areas, guarantee the rural youth "rural-city-rural " reflux.
鉴于此,本文从行为科学视角,运用定性分析、定量研究、实证调查、系统仿真相结合的方法,对高校毕业生农村就业的现状、农村就业的发生机制、动力机制等“高校—农村”人才流动机理展开了研究。具体做了如下工作：(1)基于深度访谈,研究了新农村建设对人才的需求以及大学生在农村工作的现状,明确了毕业生农村就业的两个关键问题“下不去”和“留不住”。(2)基于行为科学理论,构建并验证了毕业生农村就业意愿、离职倾向影响因素模型。找到了毕业生个体层面农村就业和离职行为的“发生机制”。(3)基于系统建模和仿真,从宏观层面考察了毕业生农村就业的“动力机制”和总体趋势。通过研究,主要结论如下：
(1)非正式制度对高校毕业生就业有显著影响。在我国劳动力市场二元分割状态下,非正式制度在毕业生就业过程中越来越占据主导,显著影响着不同类型毕业生的就业质量。拥有社会网络优势的毕业生,更可能在一级劳动力市场实现就业,而较少考虑到待遇较差、保障较少的次级劳动力市场如农村就业。相反,那些不具备社会网络优势的毕业生,农村就业意愿较强。就业过程中非正式制度导致的不公平竞争将有损青年一代的进取之心和奋斗激情。
(2)现有制度安排使高校服务新农村建设动力不足。人才培养、科学研究、服务社会是高等学校的三大职能,高校在毕业生农村就业工作中应起到宣传、引导、鼓励、推动作用。然而本文研究发现,毕业生通过学校信息宣传而了解到的农村就业政策和信息十分稀少,并且“高校引导”变量对农村就业意愿作用并不显著。事实上,在毕业生就业工作中,高校仅关注整体就业率,至于就业地区是城市/农村并不作为考核指标,导致其动力不足。
(3)“定向招生、国家培养、回乡就业”是毕业生农村就业的良好途径。本文构建并验证的“离职倾向模型”表明,毕业生到农村后普遍离职倾向较高,然而一类群体表现出较好的稳定性,即回家乡工作的毕业生,其他条件不变的情况下,其选择离职的可能性是在非家乡所在地工作毕业生的0.481倍。
(4)用第一手资料揭示了影响我国大学生职业选择的主要因素,并得到一些新的发现,如父母亲对子女就业的作用路径显著不同。对于一个家庭来说,母亲的受教育程度比父亲更加重要,而父亲不管学历如何,关键是其从事的职业决定了其拥有的社会网络和资源,并通过此影响子女就业选择,这点与中国传统家庭的性别分工十分相符。
基于研究结论,本文认为在促进高校毕业生农村就业过程中,有如下几方而工作刻不容缓：(1)通过制度变革,缩短“体制内／外”就业的收入、福利、权利、地位等差距,消除寻租现象,并通过此倡导和构建全社会多元的择业价值观；(2)根据不同农村地区的资源禀赋,差异化规划和建设新农村,让美丽乡村与经济农村成为新农村的两道风景线,进而吸引不同专业、不同层次的大学生人才；(3)设计合理可行的激励考核机制,使高校在农村就业工作中发挥应有作用；(4)在部分涉农高校和欠发达农村地区试点“定向招生,国家培养,回乡工作”,保证农村青年“农村—城市—农村”的回流。
Under the background of the "new rural construction", to guide and encourage college graduates to work in rural areas is a feasible solution to solve talent shortage in new rural construction, and to relive the pressure on urban employment and also to promote the rational talent flow between urban and rural. Therefore, the relevant departments in recent years gradually introduced a series of policies to guide and encourage college graduates for the employment of rural grassroots. The actual situation is, however, with little success, graduates' employment intentions remain biased towards large cities and government agencies, very few of graduates are truly willing to go rural grass-roots. This does not meet the original goal of the policy. Thus, on the basis of theoretical analysis and field survey, this paper tries to analyze the nature reason of the phenomenon, and to explore the key factors that affect graduates" employment intentions and turnover behavior in rural areas. The following are new findings:
(1) The results show that:in the context of Dual Labor Market in China, the informal institution act as more and more dominant role, and significantly affect the quality of the different types of graduates employment. Graduates with the advantages of social network, are more likely to achieve employment in the primary labor market, and less taking into account the secondary labor market with less pay and social security, such as rural employment. In contrast, graduates who have no advantage of social networks have strong willingness of rural employment.
(2) Colleges and universities did not incentive to guide the graduates to rural employment under the existing system. Colleges and universities should play an advocacy role in guiding graduates working in rural through information broadcasting, employment guidance and other approaches. However, from the investigation in this paper, rural employment policies and the information is very scarce in campus, and the empirical study also show that the "school guide" factor has no significant affect on the employment intentions of rural, indicating that the universities did not play the main role of guide the graduates to rural employment. In fact, in the work of graduate employment, the college is only concerned with the overall employment rate.
(3) Graduates of "hometowns employment" showed high stability in rural ares. We launched an investigation in rural, looking for college graduates who works in local, and requested them to finish our questionnaire, and372sample data are collected and turnover intention model is validated based on them. We found that graduates to rural areas generally have high turnover intention, however, there is a class of groups has shown good stability, that is "hometowns employment" graduates who comes from rural and go back home working after graduate from college. In situation of other conditions remain unchanged, their possibility of turnover is of0.481times than "non-hometown employment". Through interviews we found out many graduates chose rural employment because of near home, they can take care of their parents, especially a number of one-child families. Meanwhile,"hometowns employment" have much advantage in working, language, nostalgia can help them better integrate into the work and life of the local, therefore stability.
(4) There are significant differences in the impact of parents on their children's employment:mother's level of education affects employment intentions of children, while father affect their children's choice of employment by their occupation and occupational hierarchy. In this paper, in order to find out what kind of factors are to affects graduates'employment intentions toward rural areas,15colleges and universities nationwide are selected as samples by the typical sampling method,2533valid samples are collected, with those sample date, the model of graduates' employment intentions are verified and findings are followed:for a family, mother's level of education is more important than the father, which have an important impact on children's education, values, autonomy, and mother with higher level of education, their children may have the right to make decision by their own opinion, and treat things by their own views, and also may increase their intentions to work on rural ares; father does not affect the family and children by the level of educational attainment, but by the type of occupation and occupational hierarchy. Studies show that father's occupation have important influence on family's social network size, network heterogeneity, properties of top node, but no significant effects are found between father's education level and family's social network. Thus, regardless of the qualifications of the father, their occupation is the key to decision their social network, status and resources, and through this they can influence their children's employment.
Based on the research conclusions, in order to promote college graduates employment in rural areas, there are several aspects as follows must be down:(1) through system reform to short the "system/external" employment income, welfare, rights, status and gap, to eliminate rent-seeking phenomenon;(2) according to the different resource endowment of rural areas to do New rural construction, let the beautiful countryside and economy countryside become the two landscape in the new countryside, and attract different majors, different levels of college graduates;(3) new system and performance assessment in colleges and universities should be put out. Which can inspire them become the main role of guiding graduates to rural employment;(4) try the mode of "Directional recruit students, return rural" in part of agriculture-related colleges and underdeveloped rural areas, guarantee the rural youth "rural-city-rural " reflux.
引文
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① 曾湘泉,《劳动经济学第二版》,复旦大学出版社,2011年,第159-160页。
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