基于3S技术的干旱区水土资源高效利用研究
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摘要
本研究针对水土资源开发利用过程中产生的水土流失、水环境恶化、土地资源退化及农业面源污染等问题,以水土保持学、水资源学、分形理论及农牧平衡理论等理论为指导,采用外业调查、实验观测和系统分析法,综合运用“3S”技术,以位于干旱区的乌梁素海上游区域为研究对象,开展水土资源高效利用研究。提出了水土资源高效利用措施配置模式及关键技术,为水土流失治理及水土资源高效利用提供理论支撑和技术指导。主要结论如下：
(1)建立了以3S技术为基础的土壤侵蚀时空动态变化评价方法。以3S技术为手段,采用马尔可夫模型构建不同土壤侵蚀面积的转移矩阵,运用分形理论研究分析了土壤侵蚀强度变化速率、空间结构分形特征及稳定性等。结果表明：1)不同土壤侵蚀强度的土地图斑破碎度复杂程度大小排序为：1985年,轻度、微度、强度；2000年,微度、轻度、中度、极强度、强度；2011年,剧烈、微度、强度、极强度、轻度、中度；2)1985-2011年间,微度侵蚀图斑稳定性指数变差,轻度侵蚀的稳定性指数值由小变大,说明图斑稳定性变好；而中度侵蚀基本保持不变,较为稳定；变化幅度较大的为强度侵蚀和极强度侵蚀,是需要重点治理的区域。
(2)构建了基于GIS和RUSLE的土壤侵蚀模型。在GIS平台下实现了RUSLE计算过程的自动化,为土地资源的质量评价、利用规划和治理措施配置等提供科学依据与决策手段。
(3)初步探讨了土地资源及植被退化的驱动因素及其定量分析方法。结果表明：自1985年以来,高覆盖度草地面积急剧减少,其面积由1985年的882.38km2锐减至2000年的462.55km2,降幅达47.57%；2000年至2011年面积减少了122.48km2,主要驱动因素为过度放牧及开垦；盐碱地面积呈快速增加趋势,1985至2011增加了21.93km2,主要驱动因素为不合理灌溉。
(4)定量分析评价了研究区农牧业、工业及人畜需水量与水资源供给量的均衡性关系,结果表明：1)需水总量为9115.90×104m3／a,总补给量为4521.67×104m3,供需严重不平衡；2)地下水资源超采严重,地下水位年均下降速度为0.87m／a,局部区域达1.56m／a,地下水环境日趋恶化。
(5)综合考虑区域内地形地貌、水土资源利用及水土流失特征及农牧面源污染等因素,将研究区划分为三个功能区,即：源头带水源涵养与土壤保持区、过程带农牧生产与防风固沙区以及滨海带污染控制与生态滤水区,针对各功能区属性特征及水土资源利用存在的问题,结合水土流失综合治理、生态修复、节水灌溉、风沙区治理及面源污染控制等技术,提出了水上资源高效利用措施配置模式及关键技术。
This thesis takes the upstream of Wuliangsuhai lake, an arid area, as the study object, and carries out the research on water and soil resources efficient use to solve the problem of soil erosion, water environmental degradation, land contamination, agricultural non-point source, etc. Based on soil and water conservation theory, water resources science, fractal theory and Feed-Animal Balance theory, this study adopts the methodology of field investigation, experimental observation, system analysis and3S techniques(Remote sensing, Geography information systems. Global positioning systems), and puts forward configuration mode and key techniques of high-efficiency utilization of water and soil resources. The findings provide a scientific reference for problem of soil and water loss control and efficient use. The main results are as follows:
1) The evaluation method of spatial and temporal dynamic changes of oil erosion was established based on3s technology. Using3s technology and Markov models to construct transfer matrix of different soil erosion area, and applying geo-fractal theory, this study analyzes the change rate of intensity, fractal characteristic and Stability of different soil erosion intensity. The results show that, the annual erosion intensity levels in1985were ranked as light, tiny, strong. In2000. tiny, light, moderate, ultra strong, strong. In2011, intense, tiny, strong, extremely strong, light, moderate.From1985to2011, the stability of tiny-eroded soil decreased, and the stability of light-eroded increased, which indicate that plaque stability is good. While the stability of moderate erosion stayed unchanged. The sharp change takes place in the strong erosion and ultra strong erosion areas, which call for urgent treatment and protection.
2) The soil erosion model is established based on GIS and RUSLE. The automation of RUSLE calculation process is realized on GIS platform. This will provide scientific basis for quality evaluation, utilization, planning and configuration of water and land resources.
3) The main factors that contribute to land resources and vegetation degradation are analyzed and the quantitative analysis method is discussed.The results show that. high coverage grassland area decreased sharply during1985-2000, from882.38km in1985to462.55km in2000.The area has reduced by47.57percent.From2000to2011the area declined by122.48km,the main reason is overgrazing and other unsuitable farming techniques. Saline-alkali land area showed a fast increase of122.48km from1985to2011. the main cause is unreasonable irrigation.
4) The balance relationship between Water supply and Water demand of Agriculture, industry and human and animal in the object area was carried out with the method of quantitative analysis.The results show that, a) The total water demand is9115.90×10-m3/a. while the total recharge is4521.67×104m3,b) Water tables are falling at an average speed of0.87m/a. local area the speed of1.56m/a due to the serious exploitation of groundwater resources, which alarmed the serious deterioration of ground water environment.
5) Considering regional topography, soil and water resources utilization and water loss and soil erosion characteristic and fanning non-point source pollution, the study area can be divided into three functional areas, they are Source water conservation and soil conservation area, Agriculture and animal husbandry production and windbreak and sand-fixation areas, Pollution control and ecological water. According to the attributes of three functional areas and the problems of soil and water resources use in areas. The measures for water and soil resources utilization configuration mode and key technology were put forward combining with the comprehensive control of soil erosion, ecological restoration, water-saving irrigation, sandstorm area management and non-point source pollution control technology.
(1)建立了以3S技术为基础的土壤侵蚀时空动态变化评价方法。以3S技术为手段,采用马尔可夫模型构建不同土壤侵蚀面积的转移矩阵,运用分形理论研究分析了土壤侵蚀强度变化速率、空间结构分形特征及稳定性等。结果表明：1)不同土壤侵蚀强度的土地图斑破碎度复杂程度大小排序为：1985年,轻度、微度、强度；2000年,微度、轻度、中度、极强度、强度；2011年,剧烈、微度、强度、极强度、轻度、中度；2)1985-2011年间,微度侵蚀图斑稳定性指数变差,轻度侵蚀的稳定性指数值由小变大,说明图斑稳定性变好；而中度侵蚀基本保持不变,较为稳定；变化幅度较大的为强度侵蚀和极强度侵蚀,是需要重点治理的区域。
(2)构建了基于GIS和RUSLE的土壤侵蚀模型。在GIS平台下实现了RUSLE计算过程的自动化,为土地资源的质量评价、利用规划和治理措施配置等提供科学依据与决策手段。
(3)初步探讨了土地资源及植被退化的驱动因素及其定量分析方法。结果表明：自1985年以来,高覆盖度草地面积急剧减少,其面积由1985年的882.38km2锐减至2000年的462.55km2,降幅达47.57%；2000年至2011年面积减少了122.48km2,主要驱动因素为过度放牧及开垦；盐碱地面积呈快速增加趋势,1985至2011增加了21.93km2,主要驱动因素为不合理灌溉。
(4)定量分析评价了研究区农牧业、工业及人畜需水量与水资源供给量的均衡性关系,结果表明：1)需水总量为9115.90×104m3／a,总补给量为4521.67×104m3,供需严重不平衡；2)地下水资源超采严重,地下水位年均下降速度为0.87m／a,局部区域达1.56m／a,地下水环境日趋恶化。
(5)综合考虑区域内地形地貌、水土资源利用及水土流失特征及农牧面源污染等因素,将研究区划分为三个功能区,即：源头带水源涵养与土壤保持区、过程带农牧生产与防风固沙区以及滨海带污染控制与生态滤水区,针对各功能区属性特征及水土资源利用存在的问题,结合水土流失综合治理、生态修复、节水灌溉、风沙区治理及面源污染控制等技术,提出了水上资源高效利用措施配置模式及关键技术。
This thesis takes the upstream of Wuliangsuhai lake, an arid area, as the study object, and carries out the research on water and soil resources efficient use to solve the problem of soil erosion, water environmental degradation, land contamination, agricultural non-point source, etc. Based on soil and water conservation theory, water resources science, fractal theory and Feed-Animal Balance theory, this study adopts the methodology of field investigation, experimental observation, system analysis and3S techniques(Remote sensing, Geography information systems. Global positioning systems), and puts forward configuration mode and key techniques of high-efficiency utilization of water and soil resources. The findings provide a scientific reference for problem of soil and water loss control and efficient use. The main results are as follows:
1) The evaluation method of spatial and temporal dynamic changes of oil erosion was established based on3s technology. Using3s technology and Markov models to construct transfer matrix of different soil erosion area, and applying geo-fractal theory, this study analyzes the change rate of intensity, fractal characteristic and Stability of different soil erosion intensity. The results show that, the annual erosion intensity levels in1985were ranked as light, tiny, strong. In2000. tiny, light, moderate, ultra strong, strong. In2011, intense, tiny, strong, extremely strong, light, moderate.From1985to2011, the stability of tiny-eroded soil decreased, and the stability of light-eroded increased, which indicate that plaque stability is good. While the stability of moderate erosion stayed unchanged. The sharp change takes place in the strong erosion and ultra strong erosion areas, which call for urgent treatment and protection.
2) The soil erosion model is established based on GIS and RUSLE. The automation of RUSLE calculation process is realized on GIS platform. This will provide scientific basis for quality evaluation, utilization, planning and configuration of water and land resources.
3) The main factors that contribute to land resources and vegetation degradation are analyzed and the quantitative analysis method is discussed.The results show that. high coverage grassland area decreased sharply during1985-2000, from882.38km in1985to462.55km in2000.The area has reduced by47.57percent.From2000to2011the area declined by122.48km,the main reason is overgrazing and other unsuitable farming techniques. Saline-alkali land area showed a fast increase of122.48km from1985to2011. the main cause is unreasonable irrigation.
4) The balance relationship between Water supply and Water demand of Agriculture, industry and human and animal in the object area was carried out with the method of quantitative analysis.The results show that, a) The total water demand is9115.90×10-m3/a. while the total recharge is4521.67×104m3,b) Water tables are falling at an average speed of0.87m/a. local area the speed of1.56m/a due to the serious exploitation of groundwater resources, which alarmed the serious deterioration of ground water environment.
5) Considering regional topography, soil and water resources utilization and water loss and soil erosion characteristic and fanning non-point source pollution, the study area can be divided into three functional areas, they are Source water conservation and soil conservation area, Agriculture and animal husbandry production and windbreak and sand-fixation areas, Pollution control and ecological water. According to the attributes of three functional areas and the problems of soil and water resources use in areas. The measures for water and soil resources utilization configuration mode and key technology were put forward combining with the comprehensive control of soil erosion, ecological restoration, water-saving irrigation, sandstorm area management and non-point source pollution control technology.
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