三峡库区三种土地利用方式优先流特征及其对硝态氮运移的影响
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摘要
坡面土壤优先流能够造成养分深层流失、农作物减产、地下水污染、河流富营养化等一系列恶果。研究坡面土壤优先流对了解土壤养分深层流失的作用机制、优先流在农业生产上的作用、减轻地下水污染和提高环境质量均具有重要意义。
本研究采用田间亮蓝染色示踪观测和室内土柱试验相结合的方法,以三峡库区坡面荒地、玉米地、柑橘地三种土地利用方式为对象,依据图像解析、空间点格局分析等方法对土壤优先路径数量及空间分布状态、优先流形态特征、优先流形成的影响因素、土壤水分及硝态氮优先运移特征进行了分析,系统研究三峡库区坡面土壤优先流特征及其对硝态氮运移的影响。研究主要结论如下：
(1)采用点格局方法对三峡库区坡面土壤优先路径的空间分布规律进行研究,结果表明水平染色剖面中,荒地优先路径的总数量最大,而竖直染色剖面中柑橘地处理最大。三种土地利用方式不同影响半径的优先路径分布上表现为：≤1mm的优先路径数量最多,>10mm的优先路径数量极少,5-10mm的优先路径多分布于0-20cm表土层。水平染色剖面中,荒地除了>10mm的优先路径分布状态以随机分布为主外,其他径级优先路径多数呈聚集分布或聚集分布向随机分布发展状态,玉米地和柑橘地均以聚集分布状态为主；三种土地利用方式竖直染色剖面>10mm的优先路径均表现出显著的随机分布状态,其他径级优先路径均表现出显著的聚集分布状态,说明土壤中不同径级的优先路径竖直空间分布格局具有一致性。
(2)通过图像解析提取染色面积比参数,进一步研究了土壤优先流的形态变化特征。三种土地利用方式水平剖面染色面积比均随着土层深度增加呈显著递减趋势,其中荒地各土层染色面积比较大,说明其水平剖面优先路径数量较多；竖直剖面染色图像表明柑橘地剖面内土壤优先流现象最为明显,最深可延伸到基岩母质层顶部,荒地次之,而玉米地10cm以下的深层土壤中无明显优先流现象。水平染色剖面内染色面积比变化趋势多数表现为多峰型,说明优先流形态存在显著分化,优先路径密集分布,土壤剖面有着较强的整体水分传导能力；竖直剖面土壤优先流形态主要以垂直方向延伸为主,部分存在一定的弯曲、侧向流动现象,这主要与根系延伸、土壤质地和结构特征随土壤深度的变化以及优先流路径连通性有关。
(3)坡面土壤优先流的形成受到土壤基本理化性质、作物根系状况等环境因子影响。在三种土地利用方式土壤剖面染色区的染色面积比与土壤理化性质及作物根系状况等25个指标之间进行Spearman相关分析,结果表明：染色面积比与土壤密度、体积含水量、粘粒含量呈极显著负相关(p<0.01),与总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、砂粒含量、>0.25mm水稳性团聚体含量、饱和导水率、有机质含量、3-5mm根长密度、根孔数量呈极显著正相关(p<0.01),与<1mm根长密度、1-3mm根长密度和根重密度呈显著正相关(p<0.05),与粉粒含量、全氮含量、碱解氮含量、全磷含量、速效磷含量、全钾含量、有效钾含量、A1元素含量、Fe元素含量和>5mm根长密度不相关(p>0.05)。说明三峡库区坡面三种土地类型土壤优先流主要受土壤基本物理性质和径级在5mm以下的细根系生长状况的影响。
(4)分别采用三维原状和重塑土柱以及二维重塑土柱,观测大孔隙对坡面土壤水分及硝态氮运移影响。三维原状和重塑土柱试验结果表明各处理土壤中均存在优先流,相同时间内,原状土柱的累积出流量均显著高于重塑土柱,说明原状土柱与重塑土柱中水分运动存在差别。土壤优先水流出流速率具有不稳定性,水分穿透曲线具有不对称性和拖尾等特征。土壤优先流导致了硝态氮的快速大量运移,优先运移的溶质量占总运移量的40.9%-48.8%。二维重塑土柱试验结果表明O-C处理(包含大孔隙的土柱,孔隙顶部与表土连通,底部埋于土壤基质中)土柱的出流速率是CK处理(无大孔隙的土柱)的1.6倍。O-C处理土柱中水流通过大孔隙到达大孔隙底端的速度要远远大于CK处理,其早期的水流分布主要是沿水平方向,而CK处理土柱中水流分布主要是沿垂直方向。O-C处理土柱内亮蓝浓度分布图的质心在施加相同体积溶液条件下显著深于CK处理,亮蓝主要通过大孔隙底端向大孔隙两侧的土壤内扩散。
Preferential flow in slope land soils could cause lots of disastrous effect, such as nutrient loss in deep soil, crops reduction, groundwater pollution, river eutrophication and so on. The study of preferential flow in slope land soils has important significance for realizing the mechanism of nutrient loss in deep soil and the effect of preferential flow on agricultural industry, and alleviating the groundwater pollution and improving the quality of the environment.
Brilliant blue dye tracing and soil column infiltration methods were applied in soils of three land use types (waste land, maze field, citrus land). Based on the image analytic, spatial point pattern analysis method, the quantity and distribution characteristics of preferential flow paths, the morphological characteristics and the influencing factors of preferential flow, characteristics of preferential flow and nitrate nitrogen transport were studied, respectively. A systematic study has been done on the characteristics of preferential flow and its effect on nitrate nitrogen transport. The main results were as follows:
(1) Point pattern analysis was used to reveal the spatial distribution of preferential flow paths in slope land soils of the Three Gorges Reservoir area. The results showed that in the horizon dye profiles, the maximum quantity of preferential flow paths was in the waste land, and the maximum quantity was in the citrus land in the vertical dye profiles. The distribution of prefer ential flow paths with different diameter grade of the three kinds of planting patterns showed t hat the maximum quantity was the≤1mm preferential flow paths, and the minimum quantity was the>10mm preferential flow paths, and most of the5-10mm preferential flow paths distri buted in the0-20cm soil. In the horizon dye profiles, except for most of the distribution of th e>10mm preferential flow paths was random distribution, others were aggregate distribution or trended to uniform in the waste land, and the distribution of the preferential flow paths were aggregate distribution in the maze field and citrus land; In the vertical dye profiles, the distribu tion of the>10mm preferential flow paths was significant random distribution, others were wa s significant aggregate distribution. This suggests that the spatial distribution of preferential flow paths in the vertical dye profiles has consistency.
(2) Dye coverage ratio was extracted by image analytic and the morphological characteristic of preferential flow was studied. In the horizon dye profiles, the dye coverage ratio showed significant decrease with soil depth, the dye coverage ratio in the waste land was larger than other treatments, which suggest that there are more preferential flow paths; In the vertical dye profiles, there was obvious preferential flow phenomenon in the citrus land, the water could even move to the top of the basement. But there was no significant preferential flow under the top10cm soil in the maze field. In the horizon dye profiles, most of the variation tendency of dye coverage ratio showed multi peak pattern, which suggest that there is significant differentiation of the morphological characteristics of preferential flow and the preferential flow paths show dense distribution. So the moisture conduction capacity of the soil profile. In the vertical dye profiles, the preferential flow mainly moved to the vertical direction, but there also existed curve and lateral movement. This maily related to root extension, soil texture and connectivity of the preferential flow paths.
(3) Preferential flow occurrence in slope farmland soil was attributed to environmental factors such as soil physicochemical property and crop root system and so on.25environmental factors were selected for the spearman correlation analysis. The results showed that there was a significant negative correlation between the dye coverage ratio and soil density, volumetric water content and clay content (p<0.01), a significant positive correlation with total porosity, the3-5mm root length density and the quality of root holes (p<0.01), a significant positive correlation with the root weight density,<1and3-5mm root length density (p<0.05), but was uncorrelated with the silt content, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, total phosphorous, available phosphorous, total kalium, available kalium, aluminum content, iron content and>5mm root length density. This illustrates that the preferential flow in the soils of three land use types of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area is affected mostly by the soil basic physical properties and the crop root system with diameter less than5mm.
(4) The three-dimensional undistributed and packed soil column and the two-dimensional packed soil column were used respectively to observe the characteristics of preferential flow and its effect on nitrate nitrogen transport. The results of the three-dimensional undistributed and packed soil column experiment showed that there existed preferential flow in all the treatments. In the same time, the cumulative outflow amount of the undistributed soil column was significant higher than the packed soil column, which illustrate that the water movement in the two columns is different from each other. The outflow velocity of the preferential flow had instability and the breakthrough curve had asymmetry and tailing phenomenon. The preferential flow resulted in mass and fast transport of nitrate nitrogen, which account for40.9%-48.8%of the total transport amount. The results of the two-dimensional packed soil column experiment showed that the outflow velocity of O-C (macropore open at the soil surface-closed at the bottom of the column) treatment was1.6times higher than CK (column without macropore) treatment. The water in the O-C treatment moved faster than CK treatment from the top of the macropore to its bottom. The water in the O-C treatment moved toward to horizontal direction in the early time, but moved toward to vertical direction in the CK treatment. The barycenter of the brilliant blue distribution map of the O-C treatment was deeper than the CK treatment, and the brilliant blue diffused to the soil on either side of the macropore through the bottom of the macropore.
本研究采用田间亮蓝染色示踪观测和室内土柱试验相结合的方法,以三峡库区坡面荒地、玉米地、柑橘地三种土地利用方式为对象,依据图像解析、空间点格局分析等方法对土壤优先路径数量及空间分布状态、优先流形态特征、优先流形成的影响因素、土壤水分及硝态氮优先运移特征进行了分析,系统研究三峡库区坡面土壤优先流特征及其对硝态氮运移的影响。研究主要结论如下：
(1)采用点格局方法对三峡库区坡面土壤优先路径的空间分布规律进行研究,结果表明水平染色剖面中,荒地优先路径的总数量最大,而竖直染色剖面中柑橘地处理最大。三种土地利用方式不同影响半径的优先路径分布上表现为：≤1mm的优先路径数量最多,>10mm的优先路径数量极少,5-10mm的优先路径多分布于0-20cm表土层。水平染色剖面中,荒地除了>10mm的优先路径分布状态以随机分布为主外,其他径级优先路径多数呈聚集分布或聚集分布向随机分布发展状态,玉米地和柑橘地均以聚集分布状态为主；三种土地利用方式竖直染色剖面>10mm的优先路径均表现出显著的随机分布状态,其他径级优先路径均表现出显著的聚集分布状态,说明土壤中不同径级的优先路径竖直空间分布格局具有一致性。
(2)通过图像解析提取染色面积比参数,进一步研究了土壤优先流的形态变化特征。三种土地利用方式水平剖面染色面积比均随着土层深度增加呈显著递减趋势,其中荒地各土层染色面积比较大,说明其水平剖面优先路径数量较多；竖直剖面染色图像表明柑橘地剖面内土壤优先流现象最为明显,最深可延伸到基岩母质层顶部,荒地次之,而玉米地10cm以下的深层土壤中无明显优先流现象。水平染色剖面内染色面积比变化趋势多数表现为多峰型,说明优先流形态存在显著分化,优先路径密集分布,土壤剖面有着较强的整体水分传导能力；竖直剖面土壤优先流形态主要以垂直方向延伸为主,部分存在一定的弯曲、侧向流动现象,这主要与根系延伸、土壤质地和结构特征随土壤深度的变化以及优先流路径连通性有关。
(3)坡面土壤优先流的形成受到土壤基本理化性质、作物根系状况等环境因子影响。在三种土地利用方式土壤剖面染色区的染色面积比与土壤理化性质及作物根系状况等25个指标之间进行Spearman相关分析,结果表明：染色面积比与土壤密度、体积含水量、粘粒含量呈极显著负相关(p<0.01),与总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、砂粒含量、>0.25mm水稳性团聚体含量、饱和导水率、有机质含量、3-5mm根长密度、根孔数量呈极显著正相关(p<0.01),与<1mm根长密度、1-3mm根长密度和根重密度呈显著正相关(p<0.05),与粉粒含量、全氮含量、碱解氮含量、全磷含量、速效磷含量、全钾含量、有效钾含量、A1元素含量、Fe元素含量和>5mm根长密度不相关(p>0.05)。说明三峡库区坡面三种土地类型土壤优先流主要受土壤基本物理性质和径级在5mm以下的细根系生长状况的影响。
(4)分别采用三维原状和重塑土柱以及二维重塑土柱,观测大孔隙对坡面土壤水分及硝态氮运移影响。三维原状和重塑土柱试验结果表明各处理土壤中均存在优先流,相同时间内,原状土柱的累积出流量均显著高于重塑土柱,说明原状土柱与重塑土柱中水分运动存在差别。土壤优先水流出流速率具有不稳定性,水分穿透曲线具有不对称性和拖尾等特征。土壤优先流导致了硝态氮的快速大量运移,优先运移的溶质量占总运移量的40.9%-48.8%。二维重塑土柱试验结果表明O-C处理(包含大孔隙的土柱,孔隙顶部与表土连通,底部埋于土壤基质中)土柱的出流速率是CK处理(无大孔隙的土柱)的1.6倍。O-C处理土柱中水流通过大孔隙到达大孔隙底端的速度要远远大于CK处理,其早期的水流分布主要是沿水平方向,而CK处理土柱中水流分布主要是沿垂直方向。O-C处理土柱内亮蓝浓度分布图的质心在施加相同体积溶液条件下显著深于CK处理,亮蓝主要通过大孔隙底端向大孔隙两侧的土壤内扩散。
Preferential flow in slope land soils could cause lots of disastrous effect, such as nutrient loss in deep soil, crops reduction, groundwater pollution, river eutrophication and so on. The study of preferential flow in slope land soils has important significance for realizing the mechanism of nutrient loss in deep soil and the effect of preferential flow on agricultural industry, and alleviating the groundwater pollution and improving the quality of the environment.
Brilliant blue dye tracing and soil column infiltration methods were applied in soils of three land use types (waste land, maze field, citrus land). Based on the image analytic, spatial point pattern analysis method, the quantity and distribution characteristics of preferential flow paths, the morphological characteristics and the influencing factors of preferential flow, characteristics of preferential flow and nitrate nitrogen transport were studied, respectively. A systematic study has been done on the characteristics of preferential flow and its effect on nitrate nitrogen transport. The main results were as follows:
(1) Point pattern analysis was used to reveal the spatial distribution of preferential flow paths in slope land soils of the Three Gorges Reservoir area. The results showed that in the horizon dye profiles, the maximum quantity of preferential flow paths was in the waste land, and the maximum quantity was in the citrus land in the vertical dye profiles. The distribution of prefer ential flow paths with different diameter grade of the three kinds of planting patterns showed t hat the maximum quantity was the≤1mm preferential flow paths, and the minimum quantity was the>10mm preferential flow paths, and most of the5-10mm preferential flow paths distri buted in the0-20cm soil. In the horizon dye profiles, except for most of the distribution of th e>10mm preferential flow paths was random distribution, others were aggregate distribution or trended to uniform in the waste land, and the distribution of the preferential flow paths were aggregate distribution in the maze field and citrus land; In the vertical dye profiles, the distribu tion of the>10mm preferential flow paths was significant random distribution, others were wa s significant aggregate distribution. This suggests that the spatial distribution of preferential flow paths in the vertical dye profiles has consistency.
(2) Dye coverage ratio was extracted by image analytic and the morphological characteristic of preferential flow was studied. In the horizon dye profiles, the dye coverage ratio showed significant decrease with soil depth, the dye coverage ratio in the waste land was larger than other treatments, which suggest that there are more preferential flow paths; In the vertical dye profiles, there was obvious preferential flow phenomenon in the citrus land, the water could even move to the top of the basement. But there was no significant preferential flow under the top10cm soil in the maze field. In the horizon dye profiles, most of the variation tendency of dye coverage ratio showed multi peak pattern, which suggest that there is significant differentiation of the morphological characteristics of preferential flow and the preferential flow paths show dense distribution. So the moisture conduction capacity of the soil profile. In the vertical dye profiles, the preferential flow mainly moved to the vertical direction, but there also existed curve and lateral movement. This maily related to root extension, soil texture and connectivity of the preferential flow paths.
(3) Preferential flow occurrence in slope farmland soil was attributed to environmental factors such as soil physicochemical property and crop root system and so on.25environmental factors were selected for the spearman correlation analysis. The results showed that there was a significant negative correlation between the dye coverage ratio and soil density, volumetric water content and clay content (p<0.01), a significant positive correlation with total porosity, the3-5mm root length density and the quality of root holes (p<0.01), a significant positive correlation with the root weight density,<1and3-5mm root length density (p<0.05), but was uncorrelated with the silt content, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, total phosphorous, available phosphorous, total kalium, available kalium, aluminum content, iron content and>5mm root length density. This illustrates that the preferential flow in the soils of three land use types of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area is affected mostly by the soil basic physical properties and the crop root system with diameter less than5mm.
(4) The three-dimensional undistributed and packed soil column and the two-dimensional packed soil column were used respectively to observe the characteristics of preferential flow and its effect on nitrate nitrogen transport. The results of the three-dimensional undistributed and packed soil column experiment showed that there existed preferential flow in all the treatments. In the same time, the cumulative outflow amount of the undistributed soil column was significant higher than the packed soil column, which illustrate that the water movement in the two columns is different from each other. The outflow velocity of the preferential flow had instability and the breakthrough curve had asymmetry and tailing phenomenon. The preferential flow resulted in mass and fast transport of nitrate nitrogen, which account for40.9%-48.8%of the total transport amount. The results of the two-dimensional packed soil column experiment showed that the outflow velocity of O-C (macropore open at the soil surface-closed at the bottom of the column) treatment was1.6times higher than CK (column without macropore) treatment. The water in the O-C treatment moved faster than CK treatment from the top of the macropore to its bottom. The water in the O-C treatment moved toward to horizontal direction in the early time, but moved toward to vertical direction in the CK treatment. The barycenter of the brilliant blue distribution map of the O-C treatment was deeper than the CK treatment, and the brilliant blue diffused to the soil on either side of the macropore through the bottom of the macropore.
引文
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