浓缩风能装置流场风切变特性实验研究
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摘要
本论文选题是国家自然科学基金资助项目《浓缩风能型风力发电机叶轮系列化的风洞实验与研究》[批准号：59776033]中的一部分。风切变对大型的风电机组危害不容忽视。浓缩风能型风电机组具有提高风能的能流密度，改善风能的不稳定性作用。为研究浓缩风能装置减弱来自风切变对风电机组的危害，论文以浓缩风能装置为对象，采用仿真、车载实验和风洞实验方法，主要进行了以下工作。
论文首先介绍了选题背景，揭示出大型风电机组的风切变问题，综述了风电机组风切变的研究情况，介绍了浓缩风能型风电机组的研究现状以及优势；其次，详细分析了浓缩风能理论基础、基本思想、技术可行性和计算流体力学的相关知识；然后，将浓缩风能装置模型置于均匀平行来流风的流场中采用数值仿真和车载实验，对浓缩风能装置进行研究；接着，将浓缩风能装置模型置于带有风速梯度的来流风的流场中采用数值仿真和风洞实验，对传统浓缩风能装置和改进浓缩风能装置进行研究。研究成果如下：
（1）中央圆筒直径900mm的传统浓缩风能装置在均匀平行来流流场中，当流体流过浓缩风能装置首先近壁面流体被加速，在中央圆筒中间截面前0.22m截面近壁面流体流速超过中心轴流体流速，而后在中央圆筒附近达到最高值，之后随着轴向距离增加，逐渐形成中心轴流体流速大于近壁面流体流速的流场。
（2）对实验用风洞进行均匀性和稳定性测试，并测试出风洞模拟大气边界层的风速梯度曲线；以测试过的风洞，进行传统浓缩风能装置模型、浓缩风能装置改进模型I和改进模型II的风切变风洞实验，实验证明浓缩风能装置具有减轻风切变的能力；传统浓缩风能装置使来流风速梯度由4.2/s减弱为中央圆筒流速梯度3.4/s，使来流风速梯度降低20%；改进模型I使来流风速梯度由4.2/s减弱为中央圆筒流速梯度2.08/s，使来流风速梯度降低50%；改进模型II使来流风速梯度由4.2/s减弱为中央圆筒流速梯度1.36/s，使来流风速梯度降低68%。
（3）建立了浓缩风能装置的数值模拟模型，以风洞测试的风速梯度为来流风速梯度进行了浓缩风能装置的风切变数值模拟，计算结果显示传统风能浓缩风能装置模型、改进模型I、改进模型II减轻风切变作用的能力逐渐加大。
（4）中央圆筒直径900mm的浓缩风能装置在距中央圆筒壁面50mm附近出现边界层效应；中央圆筒直径300mm的浓缩风能装置在距中央圆筒壁面15mm附近出现边界层效应。
（5）仿真和实验表明风切变下浓缩风能装置具有提高风力发电质量和载荷均匀度作用。
（6）由传统浓缩风能装置模型、浓缩风能装置改进模型I和改进模型II的实验与仿真结果可以看出，数值计算与实验相符。数值计算结果大于实验测得的数据，主要原因是数值计算模型的理想化和实验模型的模型不对称度、壁厚等没有在数值模拟中体现与约束。
The research is a part of the National Natural Science Foundation of China Project“Wind Tunnel Experiment and Research on Series Blades of Concentrated Wind EnergyTurbine”[NO:59776033]. The hazard of wind shear to large wind turbines cannot beignored. CWETS (Concentrated Wind Energy Turbine Generator Systems) can increasewind energy density and improve wind energy instability. In order to study the ability ofconcentrated equipment to weaken the hazard to the CWETS from wind shear, thecombination study method of numerical simulation, test-in-truck experiment and the windtunnel experiment are used in this thesis. The main jobs are as follows:
At first, this paper introduces the topic background, reveals the wind shear problemof large wind turbines, summarizes the research situation of wind turbines wind shear, andpresents the research status and advantages of the CWETS. Secondly, detailed analysis ofthe concentrated wind energy theory basis, basic thought, technical feasibility and therelative knowledge of computational fluid dynamics is carried. Then, the concentratedequipment model is placed in uniform and paralleled to the wind flow in the flow field,with the methods of numerical simulation and test-in-truck experiment, the concentratedequipment model is studied. At last, the concentrated equipment model is set in flow fieldwhich with wind speed gradient, with the methods of numerical simulation and tunnelexperiment, the traditional concentrated equipment and improved concentrated equipmentare studied. Research results are as follows:
(1) Conventional concentrated equipment with the central cylinder of900mmdiameter is fixed in uniform and paralleled flow field, when wind fluid flow through theconcentrated equipment, First of all, the close inner surface fluid is accelerated. In front0.22m of the middle section of the central cylinder, the speed of the close inner surfacefluid is faster than the speed of center axial fluid, the former speed reaches its maximumnear the middle of the central cylinder, then with the axial distance increasing, the flowfield is come into being, which with the faster speed of center axial fluid than the that ofclose inner surface fluid.
(2) Uniformity and stability are tested for the experimental wind tunnel, and the windspeed gradient for simulated atmospheric boundary layer in the wind tunnel is also tested;wind shear tests of conventional concentrated equipment model, improved for theconventional concentrated equipment model I and improved concentrated model II arecarried out in this tested wind tunnel. Tests results show that the conventional concentrated equipment has the ability to decrease the influence of wind shear. The conventionalconcentrated equipment can reduce the coming wind speed gradient from4.2/s to3.4/s ofthe central cylinder wind speed gradient and decrease the coming wind gradient by20%.The improved concentrated model I can reduce the coming wind speed gradient from4.2/s to2.08/s of the central cylinder wind speed gradient and decrease the coming windgradient by50%. The improved concentrated model II can reduce the coming wind speedgradient from4.2/s to1.36/s of the central cylinder wind speed gradient and decrease thecoming wind gradient by68%.
（3）Wind shear numerical simulation model is set up for concentrated equipmentmodels, and the wind shear values of the concentrated equipments are calculated by takingthe wind speed gradient tested in the wind tunnel as the coming wind speed gradient.Simulated results show the ability to reduce the wind shear of the conventionalconcentrated equipment, of the improved model I and of the improved model II enhancedgradually.
（4）Inthe central cylinder with900mm diameter, boundary layer effect appears near50mm away from the inner surface of the central cylinder. In the central cylinder with300mm diameter, boundary layer effect appears near15mm away from the inner surfaceof the central cylinder.
（5）The results of the experiments and simulation show, that the concentratedequipment can improve the quality of wind power and load uniformity.
（6）It can be seen through the results of the experiments and simulation for theconventional concentrated equipment model, improved concentrated model I andimproved concentrated model II, the numerical calculation results are coincide with theresults of experiments. Values obtained by the numerical calculation are always greaterthan the experimental data. The main reason is the idealized numerical simulation model,while the asymmetric degree and wall thickness of the actual experiment model can not beembodied and constrained in numerical simulation.
论文首先介绍了选题背景，揭示出大型风电机组的风切变问题，综述了风电机组风切变的研究情况，介绍了浓缩风能型风电机组的研究现状以及优势；其次，详细分析了浓缩风能理论基础、基本思想、技术可行性和计算流体力学的相关知识；然后，将浓缩风能装置模型置于均匀平行来流风的流场中采用数值仿真和车载实验，对浓缩风能装置进行研究；接着，将浓缩风能装置模型置于带有风速梯度的来流风的流场中采用数值仿真和风洞实验，对传统浓缩风能装置和改进浓缩风能装置进行研究。研究成果如下：
（1）中央圆筒直径900mm的传统浓缩风能装置在均匀平行来流流场中，当流体流过浓缩风能装置首先近壁面流体被加速，在中央圆筒中间截面前0.22m截面近壁面流体流速超过中心轴流体流速，而后在中央圆筒附近达到最高值，之后随着轴向距离增加，逐渐形成中心轴流体流速大于近壁面流体流速的流场。
（2）对实验用风洞进行均匀性和稳定性测试，并测试出风洞模拟大气边界层的风速梯度曲线；以测试过的风洞，进行传统浓缩风能装置模型、浓缩风能装置改进模型I和改进模型II的风切变风洞实验，实验证明浓缩风能装置具有减轻风切变的能力；传统浓缩风能装置使来流风速梯度由4.2/s减弱为中央圆筒流速梯度3.4/s，使来流风速梯度降低20%；改进模型I使来流风速梯度由4.2/s减弱为中央圆筒流速梯度2.08/s，使来流风速梯度降低50%；改进模型II使来流风速梯度由4.2/s减弱为中央圆筒流速梯度1.36/s，使来流风速梯度降低68%。
（3）建立了浓缩风能装置的数值模拟模型，以风洞测试的风速梯度为来流风速梯度进行了浓缩风能装置的风切变数值模拟，计算结果显示传统风能浓缩风能装置模型、改进模型I、改进模型II减轻风切变作用的能力逐渐加大。
（4）中央圆筒直径900mm的浓缩风能装置在距中央圆筒壁面50mm附近出现边界层效应；中央圆筒直径300mm的浓缩风能装置在距中央圆筒壁面15mm附近出现边界层效应。
（5）仿真和实验表明风切变下浓缩风能装置具有提高风力发电质量和载荷均匀度作用。
（6）由传统浓缩风能装置模型、浓缩风能装置改进模型I和改进模型II的实验与仿真结果可以看出，数值计算与实验相符。数值计算结果大于实验测得的数据，主要原因是数值计算模型的理想化和实验模型的模型不对称度、壁厚等没有在数值模拟中体现与约束。
The research is a part of the National Natural Science Foundation of China Project“Wind Tunnel Experiment and Research on Series Blades of Concentrated Wind EnergyTurbine”[NO:59776033]. The hazard of wind shear to large wind turbines cannot beignored. CWETS (Concentrated Wind Energy Turbine Generator Systems) can increasewind energy density and improve wind energy instability. In order to study the ability ofconcentrated equipment to weaken the hazard to the CWETS from wind shear, thecombination study method of numerical simulation, test-in-truck experiment and the windtunnel experiment are used in this thesis. The main jobs are as follows:
At first, this paper introduces the topic background, reveals the wind shear problemof large wind turbines, summarizes the research situation of wind turbines wind shear, andpresents the research status and advantages of the CWETS. Secondly, detailed analysis ofthe concentrated wind energy theory basis, basic thought, technical feasibility and therelative knowledge of computational fluid dynamics is carried. Then, the concentratedequipment model is placed in uniform and paralleled to the wind flow in the flow field,with the methods of numerical simulation and test-in-truck experiment, the concentratedequipment model is studied. At last, the concentrated equipment model is set in flow fieldwhich with wind speed gradient, with the methods of numerical simulation and tunnelexperiment, the traditional concentrated equipment and improved concentrated equipmentare studied. Research results are as follows:
(1) Conventional concentrated equipment with the central cylinder of900mmdiameter is fixed in uniform and paralleled flow field, when wind fluid flow through theconcentrated equipment, First of all, the close inner surface fluid is accelerated. In front0.22m of the middle section of the central cylinder, the speed of the close inner surfacefluid is faster than the speed of center axial fluid, the former speed reaches its maximumnear the middle of the central cylinder, then with the axial distance increasing, the flowfield is come into being, which with the faster speed of center axial fluid than the that ofclose inner surface fluid.
(2) Uniformity and stability are tested for the experimental wind tunnel, and the windspeed gradient for simulated atmospheric boundary layer in the wind tunnel is also tested;wind shear tests of conventional concentrated equipment model, improved for theconventional concentrated equipment model I and improved concentrated model II arecarried out in this tested wind tunnel. Tests results show that the conventional concentrated equipment has the ability to decrease the influence of wind shear. The conventionalconcentrated equipment can reduce the coming wind speed gradient from4.2/s to3.4/s ofthe central cylinder wind speed gradient and decrease the coming wind gradient by20%.The improved concentrated model I can reduce the coming wind speed gradient from4.2/s to2.08/s of the central cylinder wind speed gradient and decrease the coming windgradient by50%. The improved concentrated model II can reduce the coming wind speedgradient from4.2/s to1.36/s of the central cylinder wind speed gradient and decrease thecoming wind gradient by68%.
（3）Wind shear numerical simulation model is set up for concentrated equipmentmodels, and the wind shear values of the concentrated equipments are calculated by takingthe wind speed gradient tested in the wind tunnel as the coming wind speed gradient.Simulated results show the ability to reduce the wind shear of the conventionalconcentrated equipment, of the improved model I and of the improved model II enhancedgradually.
（4）Inthe central cylinder with900mm diameter, boundary layer effect appears near50mm away from the inner surface of the central cylinder. In the central cylinder with300mm diameter, boundary layer effect appears near15mm away from the inner surfaceof the central cylinder.
（5）The results of the experiments and simulation show, that the concentratedequipment can improve the quality of wind power and load uniformity.
（6）It can be seen through the results of the experiments and simulation for theconventional concentrated equipment model, improved concentrated model I andimproved concentrated model II, the numerical calculation results are coincide with theresults of experiments. Values obtained by the numerical calculation are always greaterthan the experimental data. The main reason is the idealized numerical simulation model,while the asymmetric degree and wall thickness of the actual experiment model can not beembodied and constrained in numerical simulation.
引文
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