小电流接地故障定位方法及其应用研究
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摘要
国内外中压配电网广泛采用中性点非有效接地运行方式,主要包括中性点不接地方式和经消弧线圈接地方式。配电网结构复杂,故障多发,尤以单相接地故障为甚。发生单相接地故障(又称小电流接地故障)后,系统可以带故障运行一段时间,且瞬时故障可白行恢复,供电可靠性较高。但接地故障会产生过电压,危害系统安全,甚至导致线路跳闸,造成供电中断。为保证系统安全和供电可靠性,必须迅速确定故障点位置以采取处理措施。由于故障电流微弱、接地电弧不稳定等原因,小电流接地故障的检测(包括故障选线和故障定位)比较困难。目前,小电流接地故障选线技术已基本成熟,但小电流接地故障定位技术一直未能取得突破,已有技术大多仍处于理论研究阶段,缺乏实际的现场应用。小电流接地故障定位问题长期困扰电力部门,是制约配网自动化技术发展的严重障碍,亟待解决。
本文在深入分析小电流接地故障特征的基础上,研究利用故障本身所产生信号的故障定位方法,主要研究工作及取得成果如下：
1、分析了小电流接地故障定位技术现状以及存在的主要问题。目前小电流接地故障定位技术大多还处在理论研究阶段,已有方法多数只是理论上可行,现场应用的关键技术尚未能得到有效解决,未能达到实用化水平。当前存在的问题主要有方法适用范围不够广、所需信号获取困难、FTU间难以精确同步等。
2、提出了基于区段零序导纳的小电流接地故障定位方法。定义线路区段的零序导纳为区段首端与末端分段开关零序测量导纳之差,分析了健全区段与故障区段零序导纳在幅值与相位上的差异,构造了基于区段零序导纳的故障区段判据,给出了故障定位流程。
3、分析了故障点上游侧与故障点下游侧暂态零模电流的特征差异。采用Karrenbauer变换将三相系统变为没有耦合的模量系统,将各模阻抗进行简化等效,得到小电流接地故障简化模型。研究发现,故障点上游侧和下游侧暂态过程相互独立,两侧暂态零模电流特征由各自零模网络参数决定。
4、提出了利用暂态线电压和暂态零模电流的小电流接地故障定位方法。分析了小电流接地故障时暂态线电压与暂态零模电流之间的相位关系；提出了利用线电压判定接地故障相的方法；定义了故障方向参数,即暂态线电压经Hilbert变换后与暂态零模电流的乘积在暂态时段内的平均值。故障点下游线路和健全线路上各FTU计算所得方向参数大于零；故障点上游各FTU计算所得方向参数小于零。定位主站分析各FTU上传的方向参数,根据该特征可确定故障区段。
5、改进了基于暂态零模电流波形相似性原理的故障定位方法。改进后的方法考虑了相关系数极性,利用波形前后平移计算,减小FTU启动不同步的影响。利用电流信号幅值差对计算结果进行修正,根据故障线路各区段相关系数自适应设定阈值。若区段相关系数大于阈值,则为健全区段,否则为故障区段。
6、利用仿真数据和现场试验数据进行验证。使用ATP-EMTP和Matlab软件对本文所提的故障定位方法进行了全面仿真验证。使用现场接地故障试验的数据,进一步验证所提定位方法。仿真和试验结果验证了本文所提出方法的正确性。
7、设计了小电流接地故障定位系统,使用暂态零模电流波形相似性定位方法。通过人工接地试验对定位系统进行了验证,并将定位系统在现场投入实际运行。现场试验和运行结果表明,该系统可实现小电流接地故障的准确定位,满足现场运行要求。
本文所提故障定位方法基于配网自动化系统实现,具有不受经消弧线圈影响、安全经济且容易实施的优点。区段零序导纳法利用稳态信号,不需要高速采样和复杂计算,对FTU的硬件处理能力要求低。利用暂态线电压与暂态零模电流的方法可靠性高,可适用于FTU安装有相间电压互感器的情况。暂态零模电流相似法只需要比较零模电流信号,适应性最广,可用于电压信号难以获得、只能测量零模电流信号的情况。具体应用中可根据现场实际情况,选择适合的定位方法。仿真和试验数据验证结果表明所提方法正确可行,具备实用化条件,其中暂态零模电流相似法已投入实际运行,满足现场定位要求。本文研究成果的推广应用可望解决小电流接地故障可靠定位的技术难题。
Non-effectively earthed system, mainly including neutral point ungrounded and grounded via arc suppression coil, is widely used for MV distribution network in many countries. Single phase-to-earth fault is the most common fault type in distribution network. The distribution network can run for a period after the single phase-to-earth fault (also known as the small current grounding fault) occurring and some instantaneous faults can recover automatically. But the single phase-to-earth fault can produce over-voltage, which will damage the system security and even lead to power interruption. The location of fault point must be determined quickly to ensure the system security and reliability of power supply. For a long time, selection of the fault line and location of the fault point are very difficult in non-effectively earthed system because fault current is very weak and fault arc is often intermittent. Now the technology of fault line selection has almost matured and achieved satisfactorily effect in field applications. But the difficulty of fault location has not yet been resolved very well. Most fault location technology is still in the phase of theoretical research and lack of actual field applications. The location difficulty of single phase-to-earth fault has plagued electric power enterprise for a long time, which restricts the development of distribution automation technology strongly and must be solved as soon as possible.
The single phase-to-earth fault location method using signals generated by the fault itself is researched. The main research works and results in this paper are as follows:
(1)The present situation of single phase-to-earth fault location technologies and main problems are analyzed. The fault location technologies are still in the phase of theoretical research, most of the existing method is just feasible in theory, but the key technology of field application has not been effectively resolved, failed to achieve practical application level. The main problems faced by fault location method are applicable range not wide enough, difficult to acquire the required signals, difficult to synchronize precisely between FTUs, etc.
(2)A novel fault location method based on zero-sequence admittance of section is presented. Zero-sequence admittance of section is defined as the zero-sequence measured admittance difference between the two sectionalized switches of that section. The difference of zero-sequence admittance between the sound section and fault section is analyzed. The fault section criterion based on zero-sequence admittance and process of fault location is presented.
(3)Transient characteristic difference between upstream and downstream of fault point is analyzed. The three-phase system is transformed into module system by using Karrenbauer transformation. The circuit model of earth fault is obtained by simplifying the mode-impedance. Research results show that transient process of upstream and downstream of fault point are independent, and the transient zero-mode current characteristics is determined by parameters of the zero-mode network.
(4)A novel fault location method using transient line-voltage and transient zero-mode current is proposed. The phase relationship between transient line voltage and transient zero-mode current is analyzed. The method to monitor earth fault and determine fault phase by using line-voltage is proposed. The mean value in transient period of the product of transient line-voltage after Hilbert transformation and transient zero-mode current is defined as the fault direction parameter. The direction parameter calculated by FTU downstream the fault point is greater than zero, but that calculated by FTU upstream the fault point is less than zero. According to this characteristic, master station can determine the fault point location by analyzing direction parameters uploaded by FTUs.
(5)The fault location method based on transient zero-mode current waveform similarity is improved. The improved method takes into account the correlation coefficient polarity, determining section that correlation coefficient less than zero is fault section. The method calculating maximum correlation coefficient with waveform panning is adopted to reduce the effect of asynchronous sampling between FTUs. The correlation coefficient result is corrected by using difference of current signal amplitude. Correlation coefficient threshold value is set self-adaptively according to the correlation coefficients of all sections of the fault line. If the section correlation coefficient is greater than threshold value, it is sound section, otherwise it is the fault section.
(6)The fault location methods are validated using simulation data and field fault experiment data. Simulation models are built by the ATP-EMTP software, and simulation data are processed and calculated by the Matlab software. The correctness of location methods presented in this paper is validated by the simulation and experiment results.
(7)Location system for single phase-to-earth fault is designed to put into operation in the field. The method based on transient zero-mode current waveform similarity is adopted by the location system. The location system is validated by the artificial grounding experiment and put into practical operation in the field. Field experiment and operation results show that the location system can achieve accurate location for single phase-to-earth fault and meets the field operation requirements.
The fault location methods proposed in this paper are realized based on the distribution automation (DA) system, with the advantage of free from influences of arc suppression coil, safe, economical and easy to implement. Section zero-sequence admittance method does not need high speed sampling and complicated calculation, with a low requirement for hardware processing ability of FTU. Method using transient line-voltage and transient zero-mode current with a high reliability, can be applied to situation that FTU has the line-voltage transformers. Transient zero-mode current similarity method only needs to compare the zero-mode currents, thus it meets the condition that only the zero-mode current signal can be measured. The validation results by simulation and experiment data show that proposed location methods are feasible and provided with the condition of practical application. Transient zero-mode current similarity method has been put into actual operation and can meet the field requirements for fault location. The application of study achievements in this paper is expected to solve the technical problem of reliable location for single phase-to-earth fault in distribution network.
本文在深入分析小电流接地故障特征的基础上,研究利用故障本身所产生信号的故障定位方法,主要研究工作及取得成果如下：
1、分析了小电流接地故障定位技术现状以及存在的主要问题。目前小电流接地故障定位技术大多还处在理论研究阶段,已有方法多数只是理论上可行,现场应用的关键技术尚未能得到有效解决,未能达到实用化水平。当前存在的问题主要有方法适用范围不够广、所需信号获取困难、FTU间难以精确同步等。
2、提出了基于区段零序导纳的小电流接地故障定位方法。定义线路区段的零序导纳为区段首端与末端分段开关零序测量导纳之差,分析了健全区段与故障区段零序导纳在幅值与相位上的差异,构造了基于区段零序导纳的故障区段判据,给出了故障定位流程。
3、分析了故障点上游侧与故障点下游侧暂态零模电流的特征差异。采用Karrenbauer变换将三相系统变为没有耦合的模量系统,将各模阻抗进行简化等效,得到小电流接地故障简化模型。研究发现,故障点上游侧和下游侧暂态过程相互独立,两侧暂态零模电流特征由各自零模网络参数决定。
4、提出了利用暂态线电压和暂态零模电流的小电流接地故障定位方法。分析了小电流接地故障时暂态线电压与暂态零模电流之间的相位关系；提出了利用线电压判定接地故障相的方法；定义了故障方向参数,即暂态线电压经Hilbert变换后与暂态零模电流的乘积在暂态时段内的平均值。故障点下游线路和健全线路上各FTU计算所得方向参数大于零；故障点上游各FTU计算所得方向参数小于零。定位主站分析各FTU上传的方向参数,根据该特征可确定故障区段。
5、改进了基于暂态零模电流波形相似性原理的故障定位方法。改进后的方法考虑了相关系数极性,利用波形前后平移计算,减小FTU启动不同步的影响。利用电流信号幅值差对计算结果进行修正,根据故障线路各区段相关系数自适应设定阈值。若区段相关系数大于阈值,则为健全区段,否则为故障区段。
6、利用仿真数据和现场试验数据进行验证。使用ATP-EMTP和Matlab软件对本文所提的故障定位方法进行了全面仿真验证。使用现场接地故障试验的数据,进一步验证所提定位方法。仿真和试验结果验证了本文所提出方法的正确性。
7、设计了小电流接地故障定位系统,使用暂态零模电流波形相似性定位方法。通过人工接地试验对定位系统进行了验证,并将定位系统在现场投入实际运行。现场试验和运行结果表明,该系统可实现小电流接地故障的准确定位,满足现场运行要求。
本文所提故障定位方法基于配网自动化系统实现,具有不受经消弧线圈影响、安全经济且容易实施的优点。区段零序导纳法利用稳态信号,不需要高速采样和复杂计算,对FTU的硬件处理能力要求低。利用暂态线电压与暂态零模电流的方法可靠性高,可适用于FTU安装有相间电压互感器的情况。暂态零模电流相似法只需要比较零模电流信号,适应性最广,可用于电压信号难以获得、只能测量零模电流信号的情况。具体应用中可根据现场实际情况,选择适合的定位方法。仿真和试验数据验证结果表明所提方法正确可行,具备实用化条件,其中暂态零模电流相似法已投入实际运行,满足现场定位要求。本文研究成果的推广应用可望解决小电流接地故障可靠定位的技术难题。
Non-effectively earthed system, mainly including neutral point ungrounded and grounded via arc suppression coil, is widely used for MV distribution network in many countries. Single phase-to-earth fault is the most common fault type in distribution network. The distribution network can run for a period after the single phase-to-earth fault (also known as the small current grounding fault) occurring and some instantaneous faults can recover automatically. But the single phase-to-earth fault can produce over-voltage, which will damage the system security and even lead to power interruption. The location of fault point must be determined quickly to ensure the system security and reliability of power supply. For a long time, selection of the fault line and location of the fault point are very difficult in non-effectively earthed system because fault current is very weak and fault arc is often intermittent. Now the technology of fault line selection has almost matured and achieved satisfactorily effect in field applications. But the difficulty of fault location has not yet been resolved very well. Most fault location technology is still in the phase of theoretical research and lack of actual field applications. The location difficulty of single phase-to-earth fault has plagued electric power enterprise for a long time, which restricts the development of distribution automation technology strongly and must be solved as soon as possible.
The single phase-to-earth fault location method using signals generated by the fault itself is researched. The main research works and results in this paper are as follows:
(1)The present situation of single phase-to-earth fault location technologies and main problems are analyzed. The fault location technologies are still in the phase of theoretical research, most of the existing method is just feasible in theory, but the key technology of field application has not been effectively resolved, failed to achieve practical application level. The main problems faced by fault location method are applicable range not wide enough, difficult to acquire the required signals, difficult to synchronize precisely between FTUs, etc.
(2)A novel fault location method based on zero-sequence admittance of section is presented. Zero-sequence admittance of section is defined as the zero-sequence measured admittance difference between the two sectionalized switches of that section. The difference of zero-sequence admittance between the sound section and fault section is analyzed. The fault section criterion based on zero-sequence admittance and process of fault location is presented.
(3)Transient characteristic difference between upstream and downstream of fault point is analyzed. The three-phase system is transformed into module system by using Karrenbauer transformation. The circuit model of earth fault is obtained by simplifying the mode-impedance. Research results show that transient process of upstream and downstream of fault point are independent, and the transient zero-mode current characteristics is determined by parameters of the zero-mode network.
(4)A novel fault location method using transient line-voltage and transient zero-mode current is proposed. The phase relationship between transient line voltage and transient zero-mode current is analyzed. The method to monitor earth fault and determine fault phase by using line-voltage is proposed. The mean value in transient period of the product of transient line-voltage after Hilbert transformation and transient zero-mode current is defined as the fault direction parameter. The direction parameter calculated by FTU downstream the fault point is greater than zero, but that calculated by FTU upstream the fault point is less than zero. According to this characteristic, master station can determine the fault point location by analyzing direction parameters uploaded by FTUs.
(5)The fault location method based on transient zero-mode current waveform similarity is improved. The improved method takes into account the correlation coefficient polarity, determining section that correlation coefficient less than zero is fault section. The method calculating maximum correlation coefficient with waveform panning is adopted to reduce the effect of asynchronous sampling between FTUs. The correlation coefficient result is corrected by using difference of current signal amplitude. Correlation coefficient threshold value is set self-adaptively according to the correlation coefficients of all sections of the fault line. If the section correlation coefficient is greater than threshold value, it is sound section, otherwise it is the fault section.
(6)The fault location methods are validated using simulation data and field fault experiment data. Simulation models are built by the ATP-EMTP software, and simulation data are processed and calculated by the Matlab software. The correctness of location methods presented in this paper is validated by the simulation and experiment results.
(7)Location system for single phase-to-earth fault is designed to put into operation in the field. The method based on transient zero-mode current waveform similarity is adopted by the location system. The location system is validated by the artificial grounding experiment and put into practical operation in the field. Field experiment and operation results show that the location system can achieve accurate location for single phase-to-earth fault and meets the field operation requirements.
The fault location methods proposed in this paper are realized based on the distribution automation (DA) system, with the advantage of free from influences of arc suppression coil, safe, economical and easy to implement. Section zero-sequence admittance method does not need high speed sampling and complicated calculation, with a low requirement for hardware processing ability of FTU. Method using transient line-voltage and transient zero-mode current with a high reliability, can be applied to situation that FTU has the line-voltage transformers. Transient zero-mode current similarity method only needs to compare the zero-mode currents, thus it meets the condition that only the zero-mode current signal can be measured. The validation results by simulation and experiment data show that proposed location methods are feasible and provided with the condition of practical application. Transient zero-mode current similarity method has been put into actual operation and can meet the field requirements for fault location. The application of study achievements in this paper is expected to solve the technical problem of reliable location for single phase-to-earth fault in distribution network.
引文
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