结构在非饱和黄土抗剪特性中的控制机理
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摘要
黄土是一类典型的结构性土体，黄土地区的许多工程事故、地质灾害都与黄土的亚稳定结构密切相关。滑坡是我国黄土地区最常见的灾害类型之一，而黄土滑坡的变形破坏特征受制于黄土的抗剪特性。结构在黄土抗剪强度中的作用一直是工程地质领域研究的热点问题，然而针对结构的作用程度及控制机理依旧争议不断。目前，滑坡灾害已经成为黄土地区经济发展面临的巨大挑战之一。针对上述问题，本文在前人相关研究的基础上，以兰州黄土为对象，以黄土的抗剪特性为切入点，主要进行了以下四部分内容的试验研究与数值计算。
利用直接剪切与三轴剪切两类方法进行了大量室内试验，对比研究了不同试验条件下天然与重塑非饱和黄土抗剪特性及其变化规律。结果显示，随着天然结构破坏、丧失，天然黄土的抗剪强度与粘聚力均显著降低，但其内摩擦角的降低幅度并不明显。
在对比分析天然与重塑黄土的抗剪强度及其参数差异特征的基础上，借助结构强度与灵敏度两类结构性定量化参数，直接衡量了结构对黄土抗剪特性的作用程度。研究发现，使用不同试验方法获取抗剪强度和强度参数的情况下，结构在黄土抗剪特性中的作用程度既有相似之处，又有很大差异。研究认为，结构对不同试验条件下黄土抗剪特性的控制规律基本相似，但受围压影响，三轴条件下黄土的抗剪强度及其参数对结构变化的灵敏度低于直剪强度与其参数。
通过扫描电镜、压汞仪与压力板仪三种试验途径系统分析了结构对黄土抗剪特性的控制机理。研究发现，黄土结构体系中骨架颗粒间难溶盐、易溶盐及粘粒的胶结作用，大孔隙塌陷作用对黄土抗剪特性的控制作用最为关键，尤以粘粒的胶结作用在结构对黄土抗剪特性的作用中最为显著，碳酸盐的作用次之。相对而言，非饱和基质吸力的作用较弱。
基于兰州市亨达小区回填黄土滑坡实例，开展了填土与天然土边坡稳定性对比分析，验证了结构在维持斜坡稳定性中的作用。
上述研究成果对目前黄土地区的工程建设具有重要的实用和指导价值，并且加深了对黄土滑坡形成机理的认识。
Loess is typically a kind of structural soil, many engineering accidents andgeological disasters are closely associated with its metastable structure. Landslide is oneof the most common types of disasters in loess strata in China, and the landslides’deformation and failure characteristics are controlled by loess’s shear behavior. Theinfluence of structure on shear strength of loess is thus always a hotspot issue inengineering geological region, however, the control degree of loess structure and itsbehind mechanism are still controversial. At present, landslide disasters have become onebiggest challenge facing loess region’s economic development. After reviewing thisquestion, basing on these previous academic researches, this dissertation studies Lanzhouloess’s shear characteristics, summaries and presents four key chapters on experimentalinvestigations and numerical calculations.
First of all, through amount of experimental data obtained by means of conventionaldirect shear and triaxial shear test, this paper systematically investigates the variation ofshear strength and its parameters of both natural and remolded loess samples underdifferent experimental conditions. It finds that the peak shear strength and cohesion of thenatural loess significantly reduced once its structure is destroyed and remolded, whileinternal frictional angle of the loess shows little decrease.
Secondly, basing on the comparative analysis of shear strength and its parameters(cohesion and internal frictional angle) between natural and remolded loess specimens, theinfluence degree of structure on shear behavior can be directly evaluated via twoquantitative parameters of sensitivity and structural strength. With different test methods,structure doesn’t play the same role in the shearing procedure, however, similarities priorto distinguish, owing to the influence of confining pressure, sensitivity of shear strengthand its parameters of loess obtained from triaxial test are lower than that from direct sheartest.
Thirdly, the mechanisms behind structure influence loess’s shear characteristics areanalyzed though three laboratory approaches of scanning electron microscope, mercury injection apparatus and pressure plate equipment. The result shows that the cementationprovided by carbonate, soluble salt and clay-sized grains among skeletal grain contacts,big pore collapse are key factors in the action of structure. Particularly, among all thesefactors, the clay grain’s impact is the largest, carbonate’s is subsequent, while matricsuction is the least important.
Finally, a backfill landslide example (HengDa landslide) in Lanzhou city is chosen tocarry out a compared analysis of stability condition between backfill loess slope andnatural loess slope, which fully certify the advantage role of structure in maintaining stablestate of loess slope.
The results presented in this dissertation can not only provide practical guidance ofgreat importance on the city construction in loess regions, but also give furtherimplication on formation mechanisms of loess landslides.
利用直接剪切与三轴剪切两类方法进行了大量室内试验，对比研究了不同试验条件下天然与重塑非饱和黄土抗剪特性及其变化规律。结果显示，随着天然结构破坏、丧失，天然黄土的抗剪强度与粘聚力均显著降低，但其内摩擦角的降低幅度并不明显。
在对比分析天然与重塑黄土的抗剪强度及其参数差异特征的基础上，借助结构强度与灵敏度两类结构性定量化参数，直接衡量了结构对黄土抗剪特性的作用程度。研究发现，使用不同试验方法获取抗剪强度和强度参数的情况下，结构在黄土抗剪特性中的作用程度既有相似之处，又有很大差异。研究认为，结构对不同试验条件下黄土抗剪特性的控制规律基本相似，但受围压影响，三轴条件下黄土的抗剪强度及其参数对结构变化的灵敏度低于直剪强度与其参数。
通过扫描电镜、压汞仪与压力板仪三种试验途径系统分析了结构对黄土抗剪特性的控制机理。研究发现，黄土结构体系中骨架颗粒间难溶盐、易溶盐及粘粒的胶结作用，大孔隙塌陷作用对黄土抗剪特性的控制作用最为关键，尤以粘粒的胶结作用在结构对黄土抗剪特性的作用中最为显著，碳酸盐的作用次之。相对而言，非饱和基质吸力的作用较弱。
基于兰州市亨达小区回填黄土滑坡实例，开展了填土与天然土边坡稳定性对比分析，验证了结构在维持斜坡稳定性中的作用。
上述研究成果对目前黄土地区的工程建设具有重要的实用和指导价值，并且加深了对黄土滑坡形成机理的认识。
Loess is typically a kind of structural soil, many engineering accidents andgeological disasters are closely associated with its metastable structure. Landslide is oneof the most common types of disasters in loess strata in China, and the landslides’deformation and failure characteristics are controlled by loess’s shear behavior. Theinfluence of structure on shear strength of loess is thus always a hotspot issue inengineering geological region, however, the control degree of loess structure and itsbehind mechanism are still controversial. At present, landslide disasters have become onebiggest challenge facing loess region’s economic development. After reviewing thisquestion, basing on these previous academic researches, this dissertation studies Lanzhouloess’s shear characteristics, summaries and presents four key chapters on experimentalinvestigations and numerical calculations.
First of all, through amount of experimental data obtained by means of conventionaldirect shear and triaxial shear test, this paper systematically investigates the variation ofshear strength and its parameters of both natural and remolded loess samples underdifferent experimental conditions. It finds that the peak shear strength and cohesion of thenatural loess significantly reduced once its structure is destroyed and remolded, whileinternal frictional angle of the loess shows little decrease.
Secondly, basing on the comparative analysis of shear strength and its parameters(cohesion and internal frictional angle) between natural and remolded loess specimens, theinfluence degree of structure on shear behavior can be directly evaluated via twoquantitative parameters of sensitivity and structural strength. With different test methods,structure doesn’t play the same role in the shearing procedure, however, similarities priorto distinguish, owing to the influence of confining pressure, sensitivity of shear strengthand its parameters of loess obtained from triaxial test are lower than that from direct sheartest.
Thirdly, the mechanisms behind structure influence loess’s shear characteristics areanalyzed though three laboratory approaches of scanning electron microscope, mercury injection apparatus and pressure plate equipment. The result shows that the cementationprovided by carbonate, soluble salt and clay-sized grains among skeletal grain contacts,big pore collapse are key factors in the action of structure. Particularly, among all thesefactors, the clay grain’s impact is the largest, carbonate’s is subsequent, while matricsuction is the least important.
Finally, a backfill landslide example (HengDa landslide) in Lanzhou city is chosen tocarry out a compared analysis of stability condition between backfill loess slope andnatural loess slope, which fully certify the advantage role of structure in maintaining stablestate of loess slope.
The results presented in this dissertation can not only provide practical guidance ofgreat importance on the city construction in loess regions, but also give furtherimplication on formation mechanisms of loess landslides.
引文
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