面向河流生态健康的供水水库群联合调度研究
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摘要
近年来,水库修建运用的生态环境效应越来越为人们所关注,水库(群)生态调度已成为水资源学、生态学等领域的研究热点。与国外相比,我国水库(群)生态调度相关研究起步较晚,虽已有许多成果,但整体来看尚处于起步阶段,部分理论、技术有待进一步完善。本文围绕生态调度理论、技术方法展开,着重解决滦河下游水库群联合生态调度问题,对其它北方缺水地区水库(群)生态调度具有一定借鉴意义。论文结合河流生态水文学、河流生态水力学及水库群优化调度等理论,开展河流栖息地模拟、区域生态需水评估整合、水库群联合生态调度规则优化等方面的研究：并以滦河下游河流及潘家口、大黑汀、桃林口3库为例进行实证研究。主要研究内容及成果如下：
(1)提出了一种面向河流生态健康的供水水库群联合调度模式。论文在国内外相关研究的基础上,对水库(群)生态调度的内涵、措施进行了讨论,并结合滦河流域水资源特征及生态调度实际需求,提出了面向河流生态健康的供水水库群联合调度模式,旨在协调缺水地区兴利、生态用水间的矛盾,以期能够为缺水地区生态调度研究提供理论支撑。
(2)考虑到现阶段河流物理栖息地模型中存在的不足,论文提出了一个用于模拟、评估不同流量下河流栖息地面积变化的集成建模方式,并耦合一维水动力模型MIKE11及物理栖息地模拟模型PHABSIM对大黑汀、桃林口水库至滦县水文站区间河段的流量—加权可利用栖息地面积关系进行模拟：将研究区河流划分为10个独立河段,采用MIKE11模拟全部河段整体的水力学过程；并以鲤鱼为目标物种,采用PHABSIM获得各河段的流量—栖息地面积关系,其中PHABSIM所需的边界条件由MIKE11模拟结果给出。论文结合实地调查结果对栖息地模拟结果进行验证,结果表明,该栖息地模拟结果与滦河下游栖息地特征基本相符,模拟结果可靠。
(3)提出了一种流域／区域复合系统生态需水分级评估、整合模式,并构建了相应的方法及模型。针对现阶段水库生态调度中多关注局部河段,对沿程河流、河口及与河流有水力联系的滨河生态系统考虑不多的问题,论文从下游影响区域整体出发,在分析各子系统生态需水要求的基础上,构建了流域／区域复合系统生态需水整合模式及模型,以水循环及其伴生生态过程为主线,通过差值逆向传播循环算法将水库调度下游影响区各生态系统的需水要求整合到坝址断面处,为水库(群)生态调度决策提供支撑。在此基础上,以滦河下游河段为例进行生态需水评估、整合实证研究。
(4)构建了供水水库群联合生态调度模型,并对其求解方法进行了研究。论文结合滦河流域径流特征及生态调度实际需求,提出了一种基于生态流量分级控制的水库群调度规则模式：将生态需水划分为最小生态需水及适宜生态需水两级,要求在枯水时按照最小生态需水要求供水,保证下游生态不退化；丰水时按照适宜生态需水要求供水,为下游提供良好生境。以此为支撑,论文采用聚合水库调度图及供水量分解系数作为调度规则标度,结合大系统分解协调理论构建了供水水库群联合生态调度优化模型,并采用自适应遗传算法(AGA)、逐次优化法(POA)作为求解工具,对滦河下游潘家口、大黑汀、桃林口3水库联合生态调度规则进行了优化研究。结果表明,生态调度规则可在牺牲部分兴利供水效益的同时,提高最小生态供水保证率及适宜生态供水保证率。研究可为滦河下游水库群联合生态调度提供理论、技术支撑,并可为其他相似流域研究提供参考。
In recent years, more attention has been paid on the effects of reservoir operation on eco-environment. The ecological operation of reservoir and reservoir group has become the focus of water resources science and ecology research. Compared with the situation abroad, research on ecological operation started late in China. There are still many theories and technologies need to be further improved, although some research has been done already. This paper focuses on the theory and technology of ecological operation, with the purpose to solve the problem on ecological operation of reservoir group in downstream of Luan River. It also has reference value for ecological operation research of other water-scarce regions in northern China. Researches about river physical habitat simulation, assessment of regional ecological water demand and optimization of operation rules for reservoir group have been done in the paper based on river ecohydrology, river ecohydraulics and optimal operation theory of reservoir group. The downstream reaches of Luan River and Panjiakou reservoir, Daheiting reservoir, and Taolinkou reservoir were taken as an example. The study content and results are as follows:
(1) A pattern of joint operation for reservoir group for river ecosystem health was proposed. Based on the related research both at home and abroad, this paper discussed the connotation and measures of ecological operation of reservoir and reservoir group. According to the runoff characteristics of Luan River and the actual demand of the reservoir group operation, a pattern of joint operation for reservoir group to maintain river health has been proposed in the paper. It can provide theoretical support for ecological operation research in water-scarce regions.
(2) Taking the deficiencies of river physical habitat simulation model into account, this paper proposed an integrated modeling method to simulate and assess river habitat area under different discharge. The1-dimensional hydrodynamic model MIKE11and Physical Habitat Simulation Model (PHABSIM) were coupled in this paper to simulate the Q-WUA relationship of the reaches in Luan River downstream. The study river is firstly divided into10separate reaches; Then, MIKE11was used to simulate the hydraulics process for all reaches, and PHABSIM was used to get the Q-WUA relationship of each reach. The boundary conditions of PHABSIM were given by MIKE11simulation results. The results of field surveys were used to verify the habitat simulation. It shows that the simulation results were reliable for the Q-WUA relationships basically consistent to the habitat characteristics of Luan River downstream.
(3) A classification assessment and integration pattern for ecological water demand of watershed/regional complex ecosystem has been proposed, and the method and model has been build. Nowadays, people pay more attention on the downstream river ecosystem near dam(s) in ecological operation study. However, the river ecosystem with further distance, estuaries ecosystem and the riparian ecosystem with hydraulic connection to the river were ignored. Thus, an integration pattern and model for ecological water demand of watershed/regional complex ecosystem have been proposed according to the water demand of each ecosystem in the downstream effect region. In order to support ecological operation decisions, the ecological water demand of different ecosystems is integrated to discharge process of dam(s) through a reverse passing loop algorithm. The downstream reaches of the Luan River have been taken as an example based on the pattern and model.
(4) An ecological operation optimization model for feeding reservoir group has been built and its solving algorithm was given. According to the runoff characteristics of the Luan River and the actual demand of the reservoir group, this paper proposed a pattern of joint operation for reservoir group based on classification of ecological water demand. Ecological water demand was divided into two levels, minimum ecological water demand and suitable ecological water demand. During dry season, the discharge of reservoir group should meet the minimum ecological water demand so that the downstream ecosystem is non-degenerate, while the discharge should meet the suitable ecological water demand in wet season in order to provide a nice habitat conditions. Based on the pattern, an ecological operation optimization model for feeding reservoir group has been built according to the large system decomposition-coordination theory, which takes the operation chart of polymerization reservoir and the decomposition coefficients of water supply amount as measurement tools. Adaptive Genetic Algorithms (AGA) and Progressive Optimality Algorithm (POA) were used as solver tools and the reservoir group in the downstream of Luan River was taken as an example. The result shows that the guaranteed rates of minimum and suitable ecological water demand were increasing while the social-economic benefits were reduced. The research could provide theory and technical support to ecological operation of reservoir group in downstream of the Luan River, and also has reference value for other similar region.
(1)提出了一种面向河流生态健康的供水水库群联合调度模式。论文在国内外相关研究的基础上,对水库(群)生态调度的内涵、措施进行了讨论,并结合滦河流域水资源特征及生态调度实际需求,提出了面向河流生态健康的供水水库群联合调度模式,旨在协调缺水地区兴利、生态用水间的矛盾,以期能够为缺水地区生态调度研究提供理论支撑。
(2)考虑到现阶段河流物理栖息地模型中存在的不足,论文提出了一个用于模拟、评估不同流量下河流栖息地面积变化的集成建模方式,并耦合一维水动力模型MIKE11及物理栖息地模拟模型PHABSIM对大黑汀、桃林口水库至滦县水文站区间河段的流量—加权可利用栖息地面积关系进行模拟：将研究区河流划分为10个独立河段,采用MIKE11模拟全部河段整体的水力学过程；并以鲤鱼为目标物种,采用PHABSIM获得各河段的流量—栖息地面积关系,其中PHABSIM所需的边界条件由MIKE11模拟结果给出。论文结合实地调查结果对栖息地模拟结果进行验证,结果表明,该栖息地模拟结果与滦河下游栖息地特征基本相符,模拟结果可靠。
(3)提出了一种流域／区域复合系统生态需水分级评估、整合模式,并构建了相应的方法及模型。针对现阶段水库生态调度中多关注局部河段,对沿程河流、河口及与河流有水力联系的滨河生态系统考虑不多的问题,论文从下游影响区域整体出发,在分析各子系统生态需水要求的基础上,构建了流域／区域复合系统生态需水整合模式及模型,以水循环及其伴生生态过程为主线,通过差值逆向传播循环算法将水库调度下游影响区各生态系统的需水要求整合到坝址断面处,为水库(群)生态调度决策提供支撑。在此基础上,以滦河下游河段为例进行生态需水评估、整合实证研究。
(4)构建了供水水库群联合生态调度模型,并对其求解方法进行了研究。论文结合滦河流域径流特征及生态调度实际需求,提出了一种基于生态流量分级控制的水库群调度规则模式：将生态需水划分为最小生态需水及适宜生态需水两级,要求在枯水时按照最小生态需水要求供水,保证下游生态不退化；丰水时按照适宜生态需水要求供水,为下游提供良好生境。以此为支撑,论文采用聚合水库调度图及供水量分解系数作为调度规则标度,结合大系统分解协调理论构建了供水水库群联合生态调度优化模型,并采用自适应遗传算法(AGA)、逐次优化法(POA)作为求解工具,对滦河下游潘家口、大黑汀、桃林口3水库联合生态调度规则进行了优化研究。结果表明,生态调度规则可在牺牲部分兴利供水效益的同时,提高最小生态供水保证率及适宜生态供水保证率。研究可为滦河下游水库群联合生态调度提供理论、技术支撑,并可为其他相似流域研究提供参考。
In recent years, more attention has been paid on the effects of reservoir operation on eco-environment. The ecological operation of reservoir and reservoir group has become the focus of water resources science and ecology research. Compared with the situation abroad, research on ecological operation started late in China. There are still many theories and technologies need to be further improved, although some research has been done already. This paper focuses on the theory and technology of ecological operation, with the purpose to solve the problem on ecological operation of reservoir group in downstream of Luan River. It also has reference value for ecological operation research of other water-scarce regions in northern China. Researches about river physical habitat simulation, assessment of regional ecological water demand and optimization of operation rules for reservoir group have been done in the paper based on river ecohydrology, river ecohydraulics and optimal operation theory of reservoir group. The downstream reaches of Luan River and Panjiakou reservoir, Daheiting reservoir, and Taolinkou reservoir were taken as an example. The study content and results are as follows:
(1) A pattern of joint operation for reservoir group for river ecosystem health was proposed. Based on the related research both at home and abroad, this paper discussed the connotation and measures of ecological operation of reservoir and reservoir group. According to the runoff characteristics of Luan River and the actual demand of the reservoir group operation, a pattern of joint operation for reservoir group to maintain river health has been proposed in the paper. It can provide theoretical support for ecological operation research in water-scarce regions.
(2) Taking the deficiencies of river physical habitat simulation model into account, this paper proposed an integrated modeling method to simulate and assess river habitat area under different discharge. The1-dimensional hydrodynamic model MIKE11and Physical Habitat Simulation Model (PHABSIM) were coupled in this paper to simulate the Q-WUA relationship of the reaches in Luan River downstream. The study river is firstly divided into10separate reaches; Then, MIKE11was used to simulate the hydraulics process for all reaches, and PHABSIM was used to get the Q-WUA relationship of each reach. The boundary conditions of PHABSIM were given by MIKE11simulation results. The results of field surveys were used to verify the habitat simulation. It shows that the simulation results were reliable for the Q-WUA relationships basically consistent to the habitat characteristics of Luan River downstream.
(3) A classification assessment and integration pattern for ecological water demand of watershed/regional complex ecosystem has been proposed, and the method and model has been build. Nowadays, people pay more attention on the downstream river ecosystem near dam(s) in ecological operation study. However, the river ecosystem with further distance, estuaries ecosystem and the riparian ecosystem with hydraulic connection to the river were ignored. Thus, an integration pattern and model for ecological water demand of watershed/regional complex ecosystem have been proposed according to the water demand of each ecosystem in the downstream effect region. In order to support ecological operation decisions, the ecological water demand of different ecosystems is integrated to discharge process of dam(s) through a reverse passing loop algorithm. The downstream reaches of the Luan River have been taken as an example based on the pattern and model.
(4) An ecological operation optimization model for feeding reservoir group has been built and its solving algorithm was given. According to the runoff characteristics of the Luan River and the actual demand of the reservoir group, this paper proposed a pattern of joint operation for reservoir group based on classification of ecological water demand. Ecological water demand was divided into two levels, minimum ecological water demand and suitable ecological water demand. During dry season, the discharge of reservoir group should meet the minimum ecological water demand so that the downstream ecosystem is non-degenerate, while the discharge should meet the suitable ecological water demand in wet season in order to provide a nice habitat conditions. Based on the pattern, an ecological operation optimization model for feeding reservoir group has been built according to the large system decomposition-coordination theory, which takes the operation chart of polymerization reservoir and the decomposition coefficients of water supply amount as measurement tools. Adaptive Genetic Algorithms (AGA) and Progressive Optimality Algorithm (POA) were used as solver tools and the reservoir group in the downstream of Luan River was taken as an example. The result shows that the guaranteed rates of minimum and suitable ecological water demand were increasing while the social-economic benefits were reduced. The research could provide theory and technical support to ecological operation of reservoir group in downstream of the Luan River, and also has reference value for other similar region.
引文
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