高效喷射式制冷系统性能的理论与实验研究
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摘要
喷射制冷是一种能有效利用低品位热能、维修方便、系统可靠性高、可直接利用水等环保型制冷剂的“绿色制冷”方式。但由于系统的工作效率不高,制约了其广泛应用,如何提高喷射式制冷系统性能就成为当前研究的首要任务。喷射器结构和蒸发器性能对喷射式制冷系统性能有着直接的影响,为此本文进行了理论和实验研究,主要做了以下工作：
1)运用热力学及流体力学理论对喷射器理论模型进行了研究。根据工作流体流过喷嘴、混合室和扩压器的特点,导出了由能量损失定义的能耗系数,修正了喷射器的等压混合理论模型。分别研究了工作蒸汽温度和蒸发温度的变化对喷射式制冷系统性能及结构的影响规律,为本文喷射器结构的设计提供了理论依据。将文献中的实验结果与本文所提出的理论模型计算结果进行对比,结果表明本文所提出的喷射器理论模型的模拟计算结果优于目前广泛采用的Eames等人提出的理论模型。
2)以水为工质分别对工作参数、喷射器结构尺寸和喷嘴出口位置对喷射式制冷系统性能的影响进行了实验研究。设计并搭建了喷射器结构可改变且能够测量沿喷射器轴线方向压力分布的蒸汽喷射式制冷系统性能实验台。通过实验研究,获得了工作流体温度、蒸发温度、冷凝压力、混合室结构、扩压器结构和喷嘴结构等参数的变化对喷射式制冷系统性能的影响规律,发现了本实验系统在不同条件下的最佳喷嘴出口位置及上述各参数的变化对最佳喷嘴出口位置的影响。
3)运用细薄膜蒸发理论,针对矩形沟槽内液体分布的细薄膜区和弯月面区的传热建立了数学模型,获得了矩形沟槽内液相具有曲面界面边界条件温度分布的解析解,并采用无因次变量用伽辽金方法进行求解。根据所建立的数学模型分别模拟计算了随着接触角和壁面过热度的变化对不同区域传热量、总传热系数以及薄膜区传热量与总传热量比率的影响。细薄膜蒸发对矩形沟槽内的传热起主要作用。搭建了矩形沟槽表面细薄膜蒸发实验台,分别研究了在不同蒸发温度条件下,矩形沟槽表面细薄膜蒸发热流密度、过热度和热阻的变化情况。
Ejector refrigeration can utilize thermal energy with a relatively low temperature ranging from100℃to200℃such as solar energy or industrial waste heat, to power the system and use the most environmentally friendly substance-water as the working fluid. The ejector refrigeration system has a number of other unique features such as simplicity in construction, high reliability and low cost. However, the ejector refrigeration system is labeled as low coefficient of performance (COP) and low cooling capacity which restricts its applications. In the current dissertation, theoretical analysis and experimental investigation have been carried out to improve the thermal performance of the ejector refrigeration. The main works in this dissertation are summarized as follows:
1. The mathematical model of the ejector was investigated based on the thermodynamic analysis and compressible fluid flow. Considering the flow characteristics of the working fluid in the nozzle, mixing chamber and diffuser, an efficiency was defined. Using this new defined efficiency a mathematical model has been redeveloped. The effect of the generation temperature and evaporation temperature on the performance and structure of the ejector refrigeration system, which can provide theoretical basis for the design of the ejector. In addition, results were compared with available experimental data in the literature and it shows that the model developed herein can result in a better prediction.
2. The effects of the working conditions, ejector structure and nozzle exit position (NXP) on the ejector refrigeration performance have been conducted. A novel steam ejector refrigeration system was developed which could adjust the nozzle position, modify the mixing chamber, and change diffuser. In addition, the pressure distribution along the ejector could be readily measured. Experimental results show that the effects of generation temperature, evaporation temperature, condensing pressure and the structure of mixing chamber, diffuser and nozzle on the performance of the steam ejector refrigeration system could be readily obtained. Using this system, the optimal nozzle exit position (NXP) at a given working condition could be found.
3. A highly efficient ejector system requires an extra-high efficient evaporator. In order to develop this highly efficient evaporator for the ejector system, a mathematical model was developed to determine heat transfer through both the thin film and bulk regions of a liquid in a rectangular micro groove. An analytical solution of the temperature distribution within the meniscus bulk region, where the interface is dominated by surface tension was found via a coordinate transformation and the Galerkin Method. The model includes the effect of contact angle and wall superheat on heat transfer and total heat transfer coefficient through both regions and the ratio of heat transfer in thin film region to total heat transfer. A thin film evaporation test setup has been built with rectangular micro groove surface to investigate the heat flux, superheat and thermal resistance of the thin film evaporator under different evaporating temperature.
1)运用热力学及流体力学理论对喷射器理论模型进行了研究。根据工作流体流过喷嘴、混合室和扩压器的特点,导出了由能量损失定义的能耗系数,修正了喷射器的等压混合理论模型。分别研究了工作蒸汽温度和蒸发温度的变化对喷射式制冷系统性能及结构的影响规律,为本文喷射器结构的设计提供了理论依据。将文献中的实验结果与本文所提出的理论模型计算结果进行对比,结果表明本文所提出的喷射器理论模型的模拟计算结果优于目前广泛采用的Eames等人提出的理论模型。
2)以水为工质分别对工作参数、喷射器结构尺寸和喷嘴出口位置对喷射式制冷系统性能的影响进行了实验研究。设计并搭建了喷射器结构可改变且能够测量沿喷射器轴线方向压力分布的蒸汽喷射式制冷系统性能实验台。通过实验研究,获得了工作流体温度、蒸发温度、冷凝压力、混合室结构、扩压器结构和喷嘴结构等参数的变化对喷射式制冷系统性能的影响规律,发现了本实验系统在不同条件下的最佳喷嘴出口位置及上述各参数的变化对最佳喷嘴出口位置的影响。
3)运用细薄膜蒸发理论,针对矩形沟槽内液体分布的细薄膜区和弯月面区的传热建立了数学模型,获得了矩形沟槽内液相具有曲面界面边界条件温度分布的解析解,并采用无因次变量用伽辽金方法进行求解。根据所建立的数学模型分别模拟计算了随着接触角和壁面过热度的变化对不同区域传热量、总传热系数以及薄膜区传热量与总传热量比率的影响。细薄膜蒸发对矩形沟槽内的传热起主要作用。搭建了矩形沟槽表面细薄膜蒸发实验台,分别研究了在不同蒸发温度条件下,矩形沟槽表面细薄膜蒸发热流密度、过热度和热阻的变化情况。
Ejector refrigeration can utilize thermal energy with a relatively low temperature ranging from100℃to200℃such as solar energy or industrial waste heat, to power the system and use the most environmentally friendly substance-water as the working fluid. The ejector refrigeration system has a number of other unique features such as simplicity in construction, high reliability and low cost. However, the ejector refrigeration system is labeled as low coefficient of performance (COP) and low cooling capacity which restricts its applications. In the current dissertation, theoretical analysis and experimental investigation have been carried out to improve the thermal performance of the ejector refrigeration. The main works in this dissertation are summarized as follows:
1. The mathematical model of the ejector was investigated based on the thermodynamic analysis and compressible fluid flow. Considering the flow characteristics of the working fluid in the nozzle, mixing chamber and diffuser, an efficiency was defined. Using this new defined efficiency a mathematical model has been redeveloped. The effect of the generation temperature and evaporation temperature on the performance and structure of the ejector refrigeration system, which can provide theoretical basis for the design of the ejector. In addition, results were compared with available experimental data in the literature and it shows that the model developed herein can result in a better prediction.
2. The effects of the working conditions, ejector structure and nozzle exit position (NXP) on the ejector refrigeration performance have been conducted. A novel steam ejector refrigeration system was developed which could adjust the nozzle position, modify the mixing chamber, and change diffuser. In addition, the pressure distribution along the ejector could be readily measured. Experimental results show that the effects of generation temperature, evaporation temperature, condensing pressure and the structure of mixing chamber, diffuser and nozzle on the performance of the steam ejector refrigeration system could be readily obtained. Using this system, the optimal nozzle exit position (NXP) at a given working condition could be found.
3. A highly efficient ejector system requires an extra-high efficient evaporator. In order to develop this highly efficient evaporator for the ejector system, a mathematical model was developed to determine heat transfer through both the thin film and bulk regions of a liquid in a rectangular micro groove. An analytical solution of the temperature distribution within the meniscus bulk region, where the interface is dominated by surface tension was found via a coordinate transformation and the Galerkin Method. The model includes the effect of contact angle and wall superheat on heat transfer and total heat transfer coefficient through both regions and the ratio of heat transfer in thin film region to total heat transfer. A thin film evaporation test setup has been built with rectangular micro groove surface to investigate the heat flux, superheat and thermal resistance of the thin film evaporator under different evaporating temperature.
引文
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